21. (Unsaved Publication) WHO ALLIANCE for the GLOBAL ELIMINATION of trachoma. Issue 2, October 1999. Editorial AZYTHROMICIN a new era for trachoma elimination? . Prof. http://www.who.int/pbd/trachoma/Newsletter/Issue2/E/

22. Trachoma Hub Links to information and resources for trachoma. http://www.knowdeep.org/trachoma

Trachoma is an eye infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis that can lead to blindness after repeated re-infections. It spreads easily from one family member to another. Flies can also transmit infected ocular or nasal secretions. Trachoma occurs worldwide and most often in poor rural communities in developing countries- in the Middle East, northern and sub-Saharan Africa, India, Southeast Asia, and China. Trachoma - Technical Information - from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases. Dana Center Trachoma Study - from Wilmer Eye Institute at Johns Hopkins. Trachoma by MEDLINEplus Medical Encyclopedia - updated by Rocio Hurtado, M.D., Infectious Diseases Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA. Can Blinding Trachoma Be Eliminated Worldwide? - by Chandler Dawson, MD; Julius Schachter, PhD. Prevention of Blindness: Trachoma Control - by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Trachoma by World Water Day - reviewed by staff and experts from the Water, Sanitation and Health unit (WSH), World Health Organization (WHO).

23. Trachoma Biological Environment trachoma. trachoma is caused by the parasitic bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis which grows only within cells of the eyelid. http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/trachoma.html

Basic Information Further Information Other Hotu Pages Questions, Answers, Comments Biological Environment This site tells the story of the history of the universe. Click Earlier and Later to follow the story. Note: Many facts have been simplified to make them easier to understand. This chronic inflammatory disease of the eye is the largest preventable cause of blindness in the world today, infecting 150 million people and blinding around 6 million in developing countries, especially in Asia and North Africa. The disease has been eradicated in Europe and North America, and in November 1998 an international campaign was announced to fight the disease using antibiotics and improved hygiene (see reference below). Trachoma is caused by the parasitic bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis which grows only within cells of the eyelid. Repeated infections over the years scar the upper eyelid, eventually causing the eyelashes to point inwards, scratch the lens of the eye and in many cases cause blindness. Transmission occurs because of lack personal hygiene. Washing faces and hands, or keeping flies out of eyes, is difficult in hot poor countries. Like this web site? Get the pocket book version with comprehensive index for only $8!

24. Trachoma Background Information GENERAL trachoma INFORMATION. Areas where trachoma is endemic 5.5 million people blind or at high risk of blindness; 150 million people in need of treatment; http://www.trachomahki.org/Tracbackground.html

HOME HKI PROGRAMS TRACHOMA BACKGROUND RESOURCES ... FRENCH GENERAL TRACHOMA INFORMATION Areas where trachoma is endemic 5.5 million people blind or at high risk of blindness 150 million people in need of treatment 540 million people at risk of getting the disease Trachoma usually begins in childhood, but does not cause blindness until much later in life as repeated infections cause scarring on the inside of the eyelid. Women are three times more likely to go blind from trachoma than men, probably due to their frequent contact with children. There are five signs of trachoma, and a person with trachoma can have more than one sign at the same time. The World Health Organization (WHO) has develop a simplified grading system for recognizing and naming these signs: Click here to see the Trachoma Grading Card 1. TF - TRACHOMATOUS INFLAMMATION - FOLLICULAR The presence of five or more follicles in the upper tarsal conjunctiva. Follicles are round swellings that are paler than the surrounding conjunctiva, appearing white, gray, or yellow. 2. TI - TRACHOMATOUS INFLAMMATION - INTENSE

25. THE MERCK MANUALSECOND HOME EDITION, Trachoma In Ch. 229 trachoma. trachoma (granular conjunctivitis, Egyptian ophthalmia) is a prolonged infection of the conjunctiva caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. http://www.merck.com/mrkshared/mmanual_home2/sec20/ch229/ch229c.jsp

26. EMJA: Taylor, Trachoma In Australia Indigenous Health trachoma in Australia. Hugh R Taylor. Australia is the only developed country in the world where blinding trachoma still exists. http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/175_07_011001/taylor/taylor.html

Home Issues Classifieds Contact ... Search Indigenous Health Trachoma in Australia Hugh R Taylor Australia is the only developed country in the world where blinding trachoma still exists MJA Trachoma is a disease that has been with us from antiquity. It is discussed in ancient Egyptian texts written on papyrus and in even earlier writings from ancient China. Chronic infection with the trachoma organism, Chlamydia trachomatis , can lead to blindness. The disease came to prominence in Europe during the Napoleonic wars, when tens of thousands of British and French troops returned with trachoma after fighting in Egypt. It spread rapidly through the armies of Europe, where the troops lived in crowded and insanitary barracks. Most of all, trachoma was a disease of the urban slums. In Europe, as people left their relatively healthy rural homes they were crowded into the workhouses and tenements created by the Industrial Revolution. Personal and community hygiene fell to an all-time low and the prevalence of trachoma surged. The early European settlers of Australia brought trachoma with them. Whether the Australian Indigenous people had trachoma before colonisation is unclear, but it seems unlikely, as small groups of nomadic hunter-gatherers can maintain good hygiene.

27. EMJA: An Evaluation Of A SAFE-style Trachoma Control Program In Central Australi (Medical Journal of Australia) An evaluation of a SAFEstyle trachoma control program in Central Australia. http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/178_02_200103/ewa10298_fm.html

Home Issues Classifieds Contact ... Other articles have cited this article Research An evaluation of a SAFE-style trachoma control program in Central Australia Dan P Ewald Gillian V Hall and Christine C Franks MJA Abstract Introduction Methods Study community ... Author details Abstract Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of a trachoma control program in a remote community before and after major environmental health improvements. Design: Interventions: Treatment of affected children and their households with azithromycin at baseline, 7 and 21 months, and health promotions. Housing and sewerage infrastructure improvements were completed at 12 months. Setting: Participants: All community residents. Main outcome measures: Prevalence of active trachoma among children under 13 years; community population changes; and adequacy of housing facilities for healthy living practices. Results: Conclusions: Population mobility (both within and between communities), inadequate housing and continued crowding (despite improvements), as well as uncertainty about compliance with antibiotic treatment, are the likely factors contributing to the lack of effect of this trachoma control program. Because of high population mobility, a region-wide approach is needed for effective trachoma control. Trachoma is a keratoconjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis . Recurrent chronic infection in childhood can lead to conjunctival scarring, trichiasis (inturned lashes which damage the cornea) and ultimately blindness through corneal opacification later in life. In Australia it is now almost exclusively a disease of Aboriginal people.

28. Eye Conditions > Trachoma -- EyeMDLink.com Last Updated 9/30/2001. trachoma. Also referred to as Trachomiatopolisology trachoma is the leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide. http://www.eyemdlink.com/Condition.asp?ConditionID=40

29. Physicians & Students/ Trachoma trachoma. The signs of trachoma are usually more severe and more frequently present in the superior half of the cornea rather than the lower. http://www.eyeweb.org/trachoma.htm

Trachoma by Shady Awwad, MD Epidemiology: World leading cause of preventable blindness Definition: Infection caused by serotypes A,B,Ba, and C of Chlamydia trachomatis It is the disease of the under-priviledged populations with poor condition and hygiene. The main vector is the common fly Presentation: Usually bilateral During childhood: Bulbar and conjunctival follicles and diffuse inflammation with papillae Chronic inflammation leading to conjunctival scarring +/- Trichiasis with corneal complications like scarring in older children and adults. WHO classification: TF : Trachomatous follicular reaction of more than 5 follicles larger than 0.5 mm on the upper tarsus TI : associated thickening due to infiltration and papillary hypertrophy obscuring 50% of the large deep tarsal vessels TS : conjunctival scarring( feathered bands seen on the upper palpebral conjunctiva) TT : Trichiasis or entropion CO Clinical findings: Course: Initially a chronic follicular conjunctivitis of childhood that progresses to conjunctival scarring.

30. BBC Worldservice Trust In early 2002, the Trust launched a multimedia campaign to support the elimination of blinding trachoma. Preventing trachoma. A clean http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/trust/news/story/2003/09/020306_trachoma.shtml

Text Only Version Help BBC World Service Trust Projects in depth ... Donate SERVICES Feedback RELATED SITES BBC World Service Trust Using communications for development Last updated: 05 December, 2002 - Published 10:30 GMT Email a friend Printable version Preventing Trachoma A clean face and eyes helps prevent trachoma Trachoma is the world's leading cause of preventable blindness. Almost 6 million people are blind worldwide due to the disease and almost 10% of the world's population are at risk of blindness or severe visual impairment if the disease is not controlled. International Trachoma Initiative (ITI) In 2001, the BBC World Service Trust organised a health communications campaign to support the elimination of blinding trachoma in Ghana. The campaign was implemented with the support of the ITI, in partnership with national radio broadcasters. IN PICTURES: TRACHOMA CAMPAIGN Following the success of this project, the Trust was awarded further funds by ITI to conduct simultaneous campaigns in Ethiopia, Nepal and Niger from late 2001. After hearing one of our dramas, a few people went to the eye hospital with eye complaints. It turned out they had trachoma. People in the village now tease each other about poor cleanliness and how it can lead to trachoma.

31. Bbc.co.uk Health - Ask The Doctor - Trachoma Q trachoma My penfriend in India has problems with her eyes because of something called trachoma. trachoma is very common in the developing world. http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/ask_doctor/trachoma.shtml

@import url('/includes/tbenh.css') ; Home TV Radio Talk ... A-Z Index THURSDAY 3rd June 2004 Text only BBC Homepage Health Home Lifestyle Home ... Help Like this page? Send it to a friend! Ask the Doctor Q: Trachoma... My penfriend in India has problems with her eyes because of something called trachoma. What is this? Debs Dr Trisha Macnair responds Trachoma is a chromic inflammation of the conjunctiva, or tissues, which cover the surface of the eye (apart from over the iris and pupil) and line the back of the eyelids. It is caused by an infection with an organism called Chlamydia trachomatis. Repeated infections cause scarring. The upper eyelid becomes distorted and short so that it doesn't fully protect the eye. The eyelashes turn in and scratch the surface of the eye, leading to damage to the cornea, which is the delicate layer covering the iris and pupil. This damage makes the cornea opaque rather than transparent, so light cannot pass through as it should and the person become blind. The production of tears is also affected by the scarring caused by the infection. This makes the eyes dry, aggravating the damage. Common in the developing world Trachoma is very common in the developing world. It's the leading cause of preventable blindness, and affects more than 150 million people, mostly children.

32. Trachoma trachoma. Dr. Sanjay Dhawan. Go Back. Definition. Opacification of cornea. Classification of trachoma. McCallan (1908). Stage I Incipient trachoma (Infiltration). http://sdhawan.com/ophthalmology/trachoma.html

Trachoma Dr. Sanjay Dhawan Go Back Definition A specific communicable keratoconjunctivitis usually of chronic evolution caused by the chlamydia trachomatis, primarily affecting the superficial epithelium, characterized by formation of follicles, papillary hyperplasia and pannus, the natural reolution of which is by cicatrization involving potentially considerable visual disability. (Duke-Elder) It means rough (Greek) Epidemiology Worldwide 500 million affected 2 million are blind 15.5 % of global blindness Nepal 6.5 % (1 million) of population affected 2.4 % of blindness Disease Characteristics Poverty, dirt, flies, poor sanitation, etc. Transmission by direct inoculation by finger, flies and fomites. Prevalence a fly population in a region Age commonest in childhood Reservoir of infection children with active disease Clamydia trachomatis Pathology Primary epithelial lesion of conjunctiva and cornea Chronic inflammation characterized by papillary hypertrophy of epithelium and lymphoid infiltration of subepithelial tissue. Follicle May be large (upto 5 mm) Central necrosis ® mature (Sago grain) ® cicatrization Many follicles may coalesce ® Folliculoma of Pascheff Papillae Epithelium undergoes hypertrophy and is thrown in folds to form papillae.

33. Introduction: Trachoma - WrongDiagnosis.com Introduction to trachoma as a medical condition including symptoms, diagnosis, misdiagnosis, treatment, prevention, and prognosis. Introduction trachoma. http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/t/trachoma/intro.htm

Diseases IMPORTANT! Use of this site is subject to our and Home Symptoms Diseases Risks Search: We show you all these ads in order to provide this free site; give your feedback WrongDiagnosis TM Premium Report: Diabetes Diagnosis and Misdiagnosis Available Now! Condition Lists By Organ By Symptom By Class By Prevalence ... List A-Z Current chapter: Trachoma Next sections Basic Summary for Trachoma Prevalence and Incidence of Trachoma Types of Trachoma Risk Factors for Trachoma ... Symptoms of Trachoma Next chapters: Concussion Amnesia Amnesic shellfish poisoning Amnestic disorder ... Feedback Introduction: Trachoma Trachoma: Chronic Bacterial eye condition in the developing world Trachoma: Trachoma is a chronic follicular conjunctivitis that leads to scarring in the conjunctiva and cornea. Repeat active infections occur in children < 10 years of age. Subsequently, conjunctival scarring (cicatricial disease) and inversion of the eyelashes so they irritate the cornea (trichiasis) develops as a result of earlier infections. Trichiasis predisposes to corneal ulceration and corneal opacities resulting in decreased vision and blindness. Contents for Trachoma: Basic Summary for Trachoma Prevalence and Incidence of Trachoma Types of Trachoma Risk Factors for Trachoma ... Statistics about Trachoma Footnotes: 1. excerpt from

34. Trachoma - Library A-Z - Health Matters trachoma is an eye disease caused by aa bacteria called Chlamydia trachomatis. It is the leading cause trachoma. trachoma is an eye disease http://www.abc.net.au/health/regions/library/trachoma.htm

Home Health News Features Your Stories ... Regions Trachoma Trachoma is an eye disease caused by a bacteria called Chlamydia trachomatis News Resignation doesn't surprise doctors' group News Online 18/07/2003 Stories and Transcripts ABC-wide Trachoma Ockham's Razor 01/07/2001 Medical team struggles to battle eye disease in NT 7.30 Report 05/01/2000 Aboriginal Health Health Report 05/07/1999 more stories and transcripts Fact File Trachoma fact file includes: Background Symptoms Treatment more Links/www Guide Non-ABC sites about Trachoma Trachoma in Australia Eye health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people (pdf document) International Trachoma Initiative Christian Blind Mission International - Trachoma ... Health Matters: Regions Health issues for Australians living outside the major cities. About Contact Us Mailing List Events ... Links

35. Trachoma - Links - Health Matters Links trachoma. trachoma in individual countries. Health Library trachoma. Includes Health Matters Factfile and selected links. Topics AZ. http://www.abc.net.au/health/links/includes/Links_Trachoma.htm

Home Health News Features Your Stories ... Regions Select links from the subjects below ... Acne ADHD Alzheimer's and Dementia Asbestos ... Vaccines and Immunity Links - Trachoma Trachoma in Australia In an article in the Medical Journal of Australia , Hugh Taylor explains why Australia is the only developed country in the world where blinding trachoma still exists - and what can be done about it. WHO Alliance for the Global Elimination of Trachoma Website of an international alliance under the auspices of the World Health Organization. Includes information for health professionals. Christian Blind Mission International - Trachoma CBMI is an organisation for preventing and curing blindness, and for the education and rehabilitation of disabled people. Includes info about trachoma prevention and treatment programs. Eye health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people (pdf document) A review of research and data about eye health among Indigenous Australians, published by the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Clearinghouse in 1998. [Note: You need Adobe's Acrobat Reader program to read pdf documents.]

36. AllRefer Health - Trachoma (Egyptian Ophthalmia, Granular Conjunctivitis) trachoma (Egyptian Ophthalmia, Granular Conjunctivitis) information center covers causes, prevention, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, incidence, risk factors http://health.allrefer.com/health/trachoma-info.html

AllRefer Channels :: Yellow Pages Reference Health Home ... Contact Us Quick Jump ADD/ADHD Allergies Alzheimer's Disease Arthritis Asthma Back Pain Breast Cancer Cancer Colon Cancer Depression Diabetes Gallbladder Disease Heart Attack Hepatitis High Cholesterol HIV/AIDS Hypertension Lung Cancer Menopause Migraines/Headaches Osteoporosis Pneumonia Prostate Cancer SARS Stroke Urinary Tract Infection 1600+ More Conditions Alternative Medicine Health News Symptoms Guide Special Topics ... Medical Encyclopedia You are here : AllRefer.com Health Trachoma Trachoma Definition Prevention Treatment Expectations or Prognosis ... Go To Main Page Alternate Names : Egyptian Ophthalmia, Granular Conjunctivitis Definition Trachoma is an eye infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis which may result in chronic scarring and blindness if left untreated. Eye Trachoma is caused by infection with the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis . It has an incubation period of 5 to 12 days and begins slowly as conjunctivitis (irritation near the eye, "pink eye"), which if untreated may become chronic and lead to scarring. If the eyelids are severely irritated, the eyelashes may turn in and rub against the cornea. This can cause eye ulcers, further scarring, visual loss, and even

37. Trachoma - Information / Diagnosis / Treatment / Prevention home eye disorders trachoma trachoma. Information Preventing trachoma and Blindness Information by Global Child Net. ? trachoma http://www.healthcyclopedia.com/eye-disorders/trachoma.html

Home Health cyclopedia All Topics by Category The Good Health Search Engine Health Conditions A-Z Gurus ... eye disorders > trachoma Trachoma Information / Diagnosis / Treatment / Prevention External links (marked with an arrow ) open in a new window. This site is a web directory and does not offer medical advice. We cannot take responsibility for information found on listed sites. This Page Related Topics Medical Definition Health News Web Directory: Related Topics: Infectious Diseases/Vector Borne Medical Definition: University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne Medical Dictionary: "trachoma" Health News: Search millions of published articles for news on Trachoma Modern Medicine Aging The Ardell Wellness Report HealthFacts Medical Post Medical Update Men's Health and the National Women's Health Report Note: Subscription required to access the full text of articles. Web Directory: International Trachoma Initiative (ITI) Includes information on trachoma, prevention, treatment, initiative and programs. Founded by Pfizer Inc and The Edna McConnell Clark Foundation. DBMD - Trachoma Factsheet on the disease with cause, incidence, and symptoms.

38. Dana Center Trachoma Study Dana Center trachoma Study. trachoma continues to be a leading cause of blindness in the world. Once found world wide, trachoma has http://www.wilmer.jhu.edu/research/DC.HTM

Dana Center Trachoma Study Overview of Project Introduction Sources of re-emergence Azithromycin offers a new alternative Benefits of Azithromycin ... Conclusion Introduction Trachoma continues to be a leading cause of blindness in the world. Once found world wide, trachoma has largely disappeared from North America and Europe in connection with socioeconomic changes and development. However, large areas of Africa, the Middle East, and Asia still suffer from this preventable disease. Approximately 5-10% of the world's population has been infected. While adequate doses of topical antibiotic treatment have been shown to be effective against ocular C. Trachomiatis, the community based topical treatment programs are ineffective in controlling trachoma, as their effects are relatively short lived. Within a year, the levels of disease activity approximate those found before the intervention. The benefits of the treatment programs in preventing blinding lesions are thought to be due to reduction of the duration of severe inflammation. Studies have documented the rapid re-emergence of active trachoma in communities that have implemented mass treatment with topical antibiotics. In one study in Tanzania, 7% of children who were direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) negative for chlamydia immediately following topical tetracycline were DFA positive 4 weeks later. With the more sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test, fully 20% of those who were PCR negative following treatment became PCR-positive. By the end of 10 months following treatment, the cumulative risk of severe disease in children free of severe trachoma following treatment was twenty percent.

39. Trachoma Eyeatlas Online Atlas of OphthalmologyEyeatlas. The online Atlas of Ophthalmology. trachoma lid scars. © Copyright Oculisti OnLine. http://www.chclibrary.org/micromed/00068660.html

Main Search Index Definition Description Causes ... Resources Trachoma Definition Trachoma, which is also called granular conjunctivitis or Egyptian ophthalmia, is a contagious, chronic inflammation of the mucous membranes of the eyes, caused by Chlamydia trachomatis . It is characterized by swelling of the eyelids, sensitivity to light, and eventual scarring of the conjunctivae and corneas of the eyes. Description Trachoma is a major cause of blindness in the world. It is found in the Far East, as well as countries with desert climates. In the United States, it is most common among certain Native Americans and in parts of Appalachia. The infection is highly contagious in its early stages. Blindness results from recurrent untreated infections. The conjunctiva is the clear mucous membrane that lines the inside of the eyelid and covers the white part (sclera) of the eye. Conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctiva. Trachoma is caused by C. trachomatis , a parasitic organism closely related to bacteria. It is transmitted by insects, by hand-to-eye contact, or by the sharing of infected handkerchiefs or towels. The incubation period is about a week. The early symptoms of trachoma include the development of follicles (small sacs) on the conjunctivae of the upper eyelids

40. Eyeatlas - Online Atlas Of Ophthalmology Eyeatlas. The online Atlas of Ophthalmology. trachoma. © Copyright Oculisti OnLine. http://www.eyeatlas.com/box/162.htm

Eyeatlas The online Atlas of Ophthalmology Trachoma Oculisti OnLine

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