1. Trachoma trachoma. DESCRIPTION A form of bilateral keratoconjunctivitis which causes corneal scarring; at its onset, it resembles conjunctivitis http://www.spedex.com/resource/documents/veb/trachoma.html

TRACHOMA DESCRIPTION: A form of bilateral keratoconjunctivitis which causes corneal scarring; at its onset, it resembles conjunctivitis with symptoms of tearing, photophobia, pain, swelling of the eyelids, and superior keratitis; as it passes through four stages, the conjunctival tissues become follicular, heal, and finally scar. Lacrimal glands and ducts are often affected as well; the upper lid may turn inward and the lashes then abrade the cornea; corneal ulceration results, becomes infected, and ultimately scars. When scarring is extensive, blindness results. The disease is spread by contact; flies and gnats may also transmit it. TREATMENT: If treated early (with antibiotics, usually tetracycline drugs or sulfonamides), the prognosis is excellent. Untreated, it can cause blindness. IMPLICATIONS: This disease is one the earliest recorded eye diseases; it was identified as early as the 27th century B.C. It is the leading cause of blindness worldwide, and afflicts over 400 million people (primarily in underdeveloped countries in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia). It is preventable with adequate diet, proper sanitation, and education. It is rare in the United States. Back to Contents or Back to SpEdEx Home

2. EMedicine - Trachoma : Article By Denise Mabey, FRCOphth, MBBS trachoma trachoma is the leading infectious cause of blindness and preventable blindness globally. This disease is the leading infectious cause of ocular morbidity in the world, and it is the http://www.emedicine.com/oph/topic118.htm

(advertisement) Home Specialties Resource Centers CME ... Patient Education Articles Images CME Patient Education Advanced Search Consumer Health Link to this site Back to: eMedicine Specialties Ophthalmology Infectious Disease Trachoma Last Updated: April 17, 2001 Rate this Article Email to a Colleague AUTHOR INFORMATION Section 1 of 11 Author Information Introduction Clinical Differentials ... Bibliography Author: Denise Mabey, FRCOphth, MBBS , Consulting Staff, Department of Ophthalmology, St Thomas Hospital of London Coauthor(s): Hugh Taylor, MD , Managing Director of the Center for Eye Research, Ringland Anderson Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne in Australia Editor(s): Anastasios J Kanellopoulos, MD , Assistant Program Director, Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, Manhattan Eye, Ear, and Throat Hospital, New York University; Donald S Fong, MD, MPH , Assistant Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology, UCLA School of Medicine; Consulting Physician, Department of Ophthalmology, Southern California Permamente Medical Group; Christopher J Rapuano, MD

3. The International Trachoma Initiative Includes information on trachoma, prevention, treatment, initiative and programs. Founded by Pfizer Inc and The Edna McConnell Clark Foundation. http://www.trachoma.org/

Trachoma is an easily spread infection of the eye. Repeated occurrences scar the upper eyelid, eventually turning it inward. The eyelashes then scratch the cornea, leading to blindness. It is a gradual yet painful condition affecting the poorest of the poor. Though it has blinded about six million people worldwide, trachoma can now be controlled with a strategy called SAFE that combines treatment with prevention. The International Trachoma Initiative is dedicated to eliminating blinding trachoma by the year 2020. H Mauritania Launches Trachoma Control Program Saving Sight: International Trachoma Initiative

4. Trachoma The trachoma department deals with the leading cause of preventable blindness, which first makes itself known in the early stages of trachoma, a course of tetracycline ointment or http://www.hki.org/programs/trachoma.html

5. WHO Alliance For The Global Elimination Of Trachoma Elimination of blinding trachoma from the globe by the year 2020. http://www.who.int/pbd/trachoma/pressrel.htm

6. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Trachoma trachoma. trachoma is an eye infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, which may result in chronic scarring and blindness if left untreated. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001486.htm

@import url(http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/images/advanced.css); Skip navigation Medical Encyclopedia Other encyclopedia topics: A-Ag Ah-Ap Aq-Az B-Bk ... Z Trachoma Contents of this page: Illustrations Alternative names Definition Causes, incidence, and risk factors ... Prevention Illustrations Eye Alternative names Return to top Granular conjunctivitis; Egyptian ophthalmia Definition Return to top Trachoma is an eye infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis which may result in chronic scarring and blindness if left untreated. Causes, incidence, and risk factors Return to top Trachoma is caused by infection with the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis . It has an incubation period of 5 to 12 days and begins slowly as conjunctivitis (irritation near the eye, "pink eye"), which if untreated may become chronic and lead to scarring. If the eyelids are severely irritated, the eyelashes may turn in and rub against the cornea. This can cause eye ulcers, further scarring, visual loss, and even blindness Trachoma occurs worldwide primarily in rural settings in developing countries. It frequently affects children, although the consequences of scarring may not be evident until later in life. While trachoma is rare in the United States, certain populations marked by poverty, crowded living conditions, and/or poor hygiene are at higher risk for this illness. Trachoma is acquired via direct contact with eye or nose-throat secretions from affected individuals or by contact with inanimate objects which are contaminated with these secretions, such as towels or clothes. In addition, certain flies which have fed on these secretions can transmit trachoma.

7. HealthlinkUSA Trachoma Links Search results from 9 different search engines. Finding trachoma is a Click Away at 2020Search.com you re looking for on%3A trachoma%3F 2020Search will instantly provide you http://www.healthlinkusa.com/Trachoma.html

8. INDEX Includes disease information, programs, resources, and news. In English and French. http://www.trachomahki.org/

HKI TRACHOMA PROGRAMS TRACHOMA INFORMATION RESOURCES SPECIAL HIGHLIGHTS HKI TRACHOMA PROGRAMS TRACHOMA INFORMATION RESOURCES SPECIAL HIGHLIGHTS ... FRENCH

9. Trachoma DESCRIPTION Chronic infectious disease of the conjunctiva and cornea. Characteristics photophobia, pain, lacrimation. The organism is a bacterium, Chlamydia trachomatis. Usual course - acute; progressive. 076.0 trachoma, initial stage. 076.1 trachoma, active http://www.5mcc.com/Assets/SUMMARY/TP0933.html

Trachoma DESCRIPTION: Chronic infectious disease of the conjunctiva and cornea. Characteristics - photophobia, pain, lacrimation. The organism is a bacterium, Chlamydia trachomatis . Usual course - acute; progressive. Endemic areas - Africa; Middle East; Asia; Central America. CAUSES: Chlamydia trachomatis transmission through birth canal Synonyms: granular conjunctivitis Egyptian ophthalmia ICD-9-CM: 076.0 trachoma, initial stage 076.1 trachoma, active 076.9 trachoma, unspecified Author(s): Mark R. Dambro, MD

10. ITI - TRACHOMA About trachoma trachoma is the world s leading cause of preventable blindness. trachoma affects the inner upper eyelid and cornea. http://www.trachoma.org/trachoma.asp

About Trachoma Trachoma is the world's leading cause of preventable blindness. Trachoma is caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis which can be spread easily by hands, clothing, or flies that have come in contact with discharge from the eyes or nose of an infected person. The disease generally occurs in poor countries where people have limited access to water and health care. Trachoma affects the inner upper eyelid and cornea. Children are especially susceptible to the early, inflammatory stage of the disease. Repeated infection leads to scarring, thickening of the conjunctiva, and distortion of the eyelid. The eyelashes begin to rub the eye, leading to corneal opacity and blindness, typically in adulthood. ( See the different stages of trachoma ) The Global Impact of Trachoma Trachoma has an immense impact, globally and in the communities where it is endemic. More than 10 percent of the world's population is at risk of blindness due to trachoma, which has incapacitated families and communities for decades in the poorest regions of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East and in some parts of Latin America and Australia. Trachoma currently blinds some six million people. Globally, the disease results in an estimated US $2.9 billion in lost productivity each year. Because the disease causes blindness in the most productive years of a person's life, trachoma can ruin the economic well being of entire families and communities. Women are two to three times more likely than men to be blinded by trachoma. A woman who becomes visually impaired because of the disease can no longer perform vital activities for her household, such as gathering firewood and cooking. To fill this gap, an older daughter may be taken out of school to assume those responsibilities, forgoing her opportunity to break the cycle of poverty with a formal education. If many adults in a village become blind from trachoma, an entire community may be debilitated. Without intervention, trachoma keeps families shackled to a cycle of poverty as vulnerability to the disease and its effects are passed from one generation to another.

11. TDS; Passports, Visas, Travel Documents All visitors over one year of age arriving from infected areas must have a yellow fever vaccination certificate. Hepatitis B, malaria, cholera, trachoma, schistosomiasis, river blindness, and sleeping sickness are all hazards. http://www.traveldocs.com/ao/tips.htm

Angola Africa TRAVEL TIPS Health Precautions : All visitors over one year of age arriving from infected areas must have a yellow fever vaccination certificate. Hepatitis B, malaria, cholera, trachoma, schistosomiasis, river blindness, and sleeping sickness are all hazards. Tapwater is not potable. Sophisticated medical treatment is not available. Health requirements change; check latest information. Weather and clothing : Angola's climate is tropical, with wet and dry seasons that vary little in temperature. While it is very hot and rainy in the coastal region, temperatures in the inland areas are milder. Casual attire, safari suits are the norm in hot, humid climate. Telephone : When direct dialing to Angola from the U.S., dial 011(international access code) + 244 [country code] + local number, or use international operator. Informations : 112 (telephone numbers). Time : 1 hour ahead of Greenwich Mean Time.

12. CNN.com - Health - Plan Underway To Squash Preventable Blindness Disease - Decem CNN http://cnn.com/2000/HEALTH/12/04/health.trachoma.reut/index.html

health Editions myCNN Video ... Feedback CNN Sites CNN CNN Europe CNNfn CNNSI myCNN CNNfyi AllPolitics Languages Search CNN.com CNNSI.com CNNfn.com The Web HEALTH TOP STORIES New treatments hold out hope for breast cancer patients MORE TOP STORIES Thousands dead in India; quake toll rapidly rising Israelis, Palestinians make final push before Israeli election Davos protesters confront police MORE ... MORE MARKETS 4:30pm ET, 4/16 DJIA NAS SPORTS Jordan says farewell for the third time ... LOCAL EDITIONS: CNN.com Europe change default edition MULTIMEDIA: video video archive audio multimedia showcase ... more services E-MAIL: Subscribe to one of our news e-mail lists Enter your address: DISCUSSION: chat feedback CNN WEB SITES: CNNfyi.com CNN.com Europe AsiaNow Spanish ... Korean Headlines TIME INC. SITES: Go To ... Time.com People Money Fortune EW CNN NETWORKS: CNN anchors transcripts Turner distribution SITE INFO: help contents search ad info ... jobs WEB SERVICES: Plan underway to squash preventable blindness disease LONDON (Reuters) Pilot studies in Morocco and Tanzania have more than halved the number of cases of trachoma as doctors start a drive to eliminate the world's biggest cause of preventable blindness. The success of the International Trachoma Initiative (ITI), health experts said Monday, means the plan will be extended to other countries where the bacterial infection threatens millions of people with blindness, including patients in Ghana, Mali, Sudan and Vietnam.

13. TRACHOMA Introduction INTRODUCTION. The World Health Organization (WHO) will lead an international alliance of interested parties to work for the global elimination of trachoma an infectious disease responsible, at present, for at least 15% of the world's blindness. people largely irreversibly blinded by trachoma, and an estimated 146 million cases http://www.who.int/pbd/trachoma/introd.htm

14. CNN - Carter Sees Worthy Cause In Fighting Eye Disease In Africa - October 23, 1 CNN http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/africa/9910/23/carter.trachoma/index.html

[an error occurred while processing this directive] MAIN PAGE WORLD africa americas ... daily almanac MULTIMEDIA: video video archive audio multimedia showcase ... more services E-MAIL: Subscribe to one of our news e-mail lists. Enter your address: document.write(' '); Or: Get a free e-mail account E-MAIL DISCUSSION: message boards chat feedback CNN WEB SITES: AsiaNow Svenska Norge Danmark ... Italian FASTER ACCESS: europe japan TIME INC. SITES: Go To ... Time.com People Money Fortune EW CNN NETWORKS: more networks transcripts SITE INFO: help contents search ad info ... jobs WEB SERVICES: Carter sees worthy cause in fighting eye disease in Africa Carter talks about trachoma in Selingue, Mali October 23, 1999 Web posted at: 8:19 a.m. EDT (1219 GMT) From Correspondent Brian Cabell ATLANTA (CNN) Former President Jimmy Carter and his wife Rosalynn are lending their clout to an African public health campaign designed to control a blinding eye disease called trachoma. Trachoma, a highly contagious bacterial infection of the upper eyelid, affects 146 million people worldwide. Six million people are sightless because of the disease. The trachoma bacterium causes the eyelid to turn inward. As a result, the eyelashes scratch the cornea, causing blindness. Children living in poverty are especially vulnerable.

15. DBMD - Trachoma - Technical Information trachoma. Clinical Features, trachoma is a chronic follicular conjunctivitis that leads to scarring in the conjunctiva and cornea. http://www.cdc.gov/node.do/id/0900f3ec80007625

Trachoma Clinical Features Trachoma is a chronic follicular conjunctivitis that leads to scarring in the conjunctiva and cornea. Repeat active infections occur in children < 10 years of age. Subsequently, conjunctival scarring (cicatricial disease) and inversion of the eyelashes so they irritate the cornea (trichiasis) develops as a result of earlier infections. Trichiasis predisposes to corneal ulceration and corneal opacities resulting in decreased vision and blindness. Etiologic Agent Chlamydia trachomatis , serovars A, B, Ba, and C. First description of disease in 16th-century BC in the Ebers Papyrus. Infectious potential demonstrated by experimental transmission of agent from a case-patient to an orangutan in 1907. Incidence WHO estimates that approximately 6 million cases of blindness due to trachoma and 11 million cases of trichiasis occur yearly. Prevalence of active disease in children varies from 10-40% in some African countries to 3-10% in several Asian countries. The overall incidence is unknown.

16. Trachoma Health Center. Dictionary. Encyclopedia. Innovation Spotlight. Resources. Optical Illusions. Free Eye Tests. Eye Doctor. Eye Care Mall. Eye Care Library. trachoma. How is trachoma detected? What is http://www.visionrx.com/library/enc/enc_trachoma.asp

Health Center Dictionary Encyclopedia Innovation Spotlight ... Eye Care Library Trachoma How is trachoma detected? What is the treatment for trachoma? Trachoma is a chronic infection of the conjunctiva , the thin membrane that covers the outer surface of the eye and the inside lining of the eyelids. It is caused by a microorganism that grows only within eyelid cells, and it is one of the oldest infectious diseases, dating back several thousand years. Because the disease is not fatal and causes progressive rather than sudden damage to the eyes, it is often not taken seriously and may even be accepted as a fact of life in some countries. The trachoma infection is the leading cause of blindness in the world. The disease is rare in the United States and is most often seen in third-world and developing nations where poverty, overcrowding, personal hygiene, and access to clean water and health care are problems. It is prevalent in many African countries, parts of Central and South America, and some countries in the Eastern Mediterranean and in Asia. Trachoma is caused by infection with the microorganism Chlamydia trachomatis and is highly infectious, usually spread by contact with eye or nose discharge from an infected person. It is also transmitted by flies and gnats that are attracted to eyes and runny noses. Because it is easily transmitted from person to person, the disease often strikes entire communities.

17. CDC - Eliminating Trachoma In Areas With Limited Disease Dispatch. Eliminating trachoma in Areas with Limited Disease. Bruce D al. Eliminating trachoma in areas with limited disease. Emerg http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol9no5/02-0577.htm

Past Issue Vol. 9, No. 5 May 2003 EID Home Ahead of Print Past Issues EID Search ... Figure Dispatch Eliminating Trachoma in Areas with Limited Disease Bruce D. Gaynor,* Yinghui Miao,* Vicky Cevallos,* Hem Jha,† JSP Chaudary,† Ramesh Bhatta,† Susan Osaki-Holm,* Elizabeth Yi,* Julius Schachter,* John P. Whitcher,* and Thomas Lietman* *University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; and †Geta Eye Hospital, Geta, Nepal Suggested citation for this article: Gaynor BD, Miao Y, Cevallos V, Jha H, Chaudary JSP, Bhatta R, et al. Eliminating trachoma in areas with limited disease. Emerg Infect Dis [serial online] 2003 May [date cited]. Available from: URL: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol9no5/02-0577.htm The common wisdom is that a trachoma program cannot eliminate ocular chlamydia from a community, just reduce infection to a level where blindness would be minimal. We describe the success of multiple mass antibiotic treatments, demonstrating that complete elimination of infection may be an attainable goal in an area with modest disease. The World Health Organization (WHO) and a number of its partners have initiated a program to eliminate blinding trachoma by the year 2020 ( ). Many healthcare workers feel that attempting to eradicate the ocular strains of chlamydia that cause trachoma (serovars A, Ba, B, and C) would be unrealistic and perhaps even unnecessary. A more attainable goal would be to reduce clinically active trachoma to some threshold, below which scarring and blindness would never occur or at least would become so rare that trachoma would no longer be a major public health concern (

18. DBMD - Trachoma - Technical Information Factsheet on the disease with cause, incidence, and symptoms. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/trachoma_t.htm

Trachoma Clinical Features Trachoma is a chronic follicular conjunctivitis that leads to scarring in the conjunctiva and cornea. Repeat active infections occur in children < 10 years of age. Subsequently, conjunctival scarring (cicatricial disease) and inversion of the eyelashes so they irritate the cornea (trichiasis) develops as a result of earlier infections. Trichiasis predisposes to corneal ulceration and corneal opacities resulting in decreased vision and blindness. Etiologic Agent Chlamydia trachomatis , serovars A, B, Ba, and C. First description of disease in 16th-century BC in the Ebers Papyrus. Infectious potential demonstrated by experimental transmission of agent from a case-patient to an orangutan in 1907. Incidence WHO estimates that approximately 6 million cases of blindness due to trachoma and 11 million cases of trichiasis occur yearly. Prevalence of active disease in children varies from 10-40% in some African countries to 3-10% in several Asian countries. The overall incidence is unknown.

19. Trachoma trachoma. Dr. Sanjay Dhawan A, B, Ba C ® trachoma (commonest is C) http://www.sdhawan.com/ophthalmology/trachoma.html

Trachoma Dr. Sanjay Dhawan Go Back Definition A specific communicable keratoconjunctivitis usually of chronic evolution caused by the chlamydia trachomatis, primarily affecting the superficial epithelium, characterized by formation of follicles, papillary hyperplasia and pannus, the natural reolution of which is by cicatrization involving potentially considerable visual disability. (Duke-Elder) It means rough (Greek) Epidemiology Worldwide 500 million affected 2 million are blind 15.5 % of global blindness Nepal 6.5 % (1 million) of population affected 2.4 % of blindness Disease Characteristics Poverty, dirt, flies, poor sanitation, etc. Transmission by direct inoculation by finger, flies and fomites. Prevalence a fly population in a region Age commonest in childhood Reservoir of infection children with active disease Clamydia trachomatis Pathology Primary epithelial lesion of conjunctiva and cornea Chronic inflammation characterized by papillary hypertrophy of epithelium and lymphoid infiltration of subepithelial tissue. Follicle May be large (upto 5 mm) Central necrosis ® mature (Sago grain) ® cicatrization Many follicles may coalesce ® Folliculoma of Pascheff Papillae Epithelium undergoes hypertrophy and is thrown in folds to form papillae.

20. WHO: Trachoma Location WHO Health topics trachoma. trachoma. Prevention of blindness and deafness (PBD). RELATED LINKS. Global elimination of blinding trachoma. HIV/AIDS. http://www.who.int/health_topics/trachoma/en/

English Search Home Countries Health topics ... WHO sites Location: WHO Health topics Trachoma Trachoma This page provides links to descriptions of activities, reports, news and events, as well as contacts and cooperating partners in the various WHO programmes and offices working on this topic. Also shown are links to related web sites and topics. MeSH scope note: A chronic infection of the conjunctiva and cornea caused by CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS. RELATED LINKS Trachoma HIV/AIDS 3 by 5 Initiative WHO's drive to provide HIV/AIDS treatment to three million people by the end of 2005. 3 by 5 Initiative DISEASE OUTBREAKS Salmonella Enteritidis United States of America Full text Cholera Niger Full text Disease outbreak news Avian influenza Latest information Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) Latest information EMERGENCIES Sudan humanitarian crisis Latest information Iraq Latest information Health action in crises TOBACCO The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control List of signatories GENERAL WHO INFORMATION Media centre Press releases, statements, fact sheets, photographs and audio and video links.

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