21. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Smallpox smallpox. Variola major and minor; Variola Definition Return to top. smallpox is a viral disease characterized by a skin rash and a high death rate. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001356.htm

@import url(http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/images/advanced.css); Skip navigation Medical Encyclopedia Other encyclopedia topics: A-Ag Ah-Ap Aq-Az B-Bk ... Z Smallpox Contents of this page: Illustrations Alternative names Definition Causes, incidence, and risk factors ... Prevention Illustrations Smallpox lesions Alternative names Return to top Variola - major and minor; Variola Definition Return to top Smallpox is a viral disease characterized by a skin rash and a high death rate. Causes, incidence, and risk factors Return to top Smallpox was once found throughout the world, causing illness and death wherever it occurred. Smallpox was primarily a disease of children and young adults, with family members often infecting each other. A massive program by the World Health Organization (WHO) eradicated all known smallpox viruses from the world in 1977, except for samples that were saved by various governments for research purposes. The vaccine was discontinued in the United States in 1972. In 1980, WHO recommended that all countries stop vaccinating for smallpox. In 1980, WHO also recommended that the remaining virus samples be transferred to two WHO laboratories for storage. Those laboratories were the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in Atlanta, Georgia, and a laboratory in Russia. Russia, however, started a program to produce the smallpox virus in mass quantities, specifically for bombs and other weaponry.

22. Scientists Want Your PCs To Fight Smallpox CNN http://cnn.com/2003/HEALTH/02/05/computers.smallpox.ap/index.html

23. Panel Smallpox Vaccine Warnings Needed CNN http://cnn.com/2003/HEALTH/01/17/smallpox.vaccinations.ap/index.html

24. WHO Smallpox smallpox is an acute contagious disease caused by Variola virus, a member of the orthopoxvirus family caused a limited outbreak. smallpox was officially declared eradicated in 1979. http://www.who.int/emc/diseases/smallpox

25. Graeme | Smallpox | History smallpox is a relatively old disease. Only recently has it been considered under control. Spots on mummified remains of face believed to be smallpox. old world. http://seercom.com/bluto/smallpox/history.html

@import url(http://www.seercom.com/main.css); graeme science year 2 immunoweb ... map smallpox search: Smallpox is a relatively old disease. Only recently has it been considered under control. figure 2: Ramses V c.1000bce. Spots on mummified remains of face believed to be smallpox. old world The disease is at least 3000 years old, confirmed in China and India, with a few isolated cases in North Africa. There is no mention in Europe until the 6th century. During the 17th and 18th Centuries smallpox was the most serious infectious disease in The West and accounted for a substantial proportion of deaths, especially among town dwellers. The mortality rate varied regionally, with 10% in Europe and 90% in America. During the 20th Century there was recognised for the first time a milder form of smallpox, called variola minor or alastrim, with a consistently low mortality rate of the order of 1%. This disease was endemic in Britain until 1935. Still more recently there has been recognised a third form, named East African Smallpox, the mortality rate of which in uncaccinated subjects is about 5%. This has not been recognised as having occurred in The West. The Plague - a different disease than smallpox: a bacteria spread by rats - had eliminated as much as a third of the European population over a five year period. Smallpox was never that devastating in Europe, becoming endemic and occasionally outbreaking. Widespread resistance reduced the losses to local impacts of about 10%. However, introduction of smallpox to America quite rapidly depleted the population. For example, the Spanish attempted to settle Hispanola for sugar cane plantation in 1509. By 1518 every single one of the estimated 2.5 million aboriginals had perished, and the labour population had to be restored with African slaves.

26. CNN.com - Official: Threat Of Smallpox Bioterrorism Real - November 3, 2001 CNN http://cnn.com/2001/HEALTH/conditions/11/02/smallpox.bioterrorism/index.html

MAIN PAGE WORLD U.S. WEATHER ... ABOUT US/HELP CNN TV what's on show transcripts CNN Headline News CNN International ... askCNN EDITIONS CNN.com Asia CNN.com Europe CNNenEspanol.com CNNArabic.com ... set your edition Languages Spanish Portuguese German Italian Korean Arabic Japanese Time, Inc. Time.com People Fortune EW InStyle Business 2.0 Official: Threat of smallpox bioterrorism real WASHINGTON (CNN) The threat of smallpox as a bioterrorist weapon is real and health officials are doing everything they can to "keep the citizens of our nation safe" from such an attack, the head of the National Institutes of Health said Friday. A smallpox attack is just one of many potential bioterrorism threats, but "perhaps it is the most frightening," said Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the NIH. "It's a virus that's easily transmitted from person to person through aerosolized droplets from saliva and other body fluids," said Fauci, speaking before a Senate panel. "It is unlike anthrax in that it can be transmitted from person to person and not just a danger by a direct contact." Smallpox, a highly contagious virus that kills at least 30 percent of its victims and disfigures many who survive, was eradicated from the globe more than two decades ago. Scientists retained stocks of the variola virus, which causes tjhe disease, and stored them in secure laboratories in Atlanta, Georgia, and Moscow, Russia.

27. Smallpox Vaccine Research At The Medical College Of Wisconsin Medical College of Wisconsin researchers have been studying vaccinia virus, which makes up the smallpox vaccine, as a way of understanding how viruses and vaccines work at the cellular level. http://healthlink.mcw.edu/article/1009470534.html

Search Articles: search tips Please Take the HealthLink Survey Email this article Print this article Find related articles: By topic: Infections/Infectious Diseases Vaccines/Immunizations Public Health By keywords: immunizations vaccines Vaccinia Virus smallpox Receive Health Link via email! Subscribe now >> Smallpox Vaccine Research at the Medical College of Wisconsin Researchers at the Medical College of Wisconsin have been studying vaccinia virus, which makes up the smallpox vaccine, for years as a way of understanding how viruses and vaccines work at the cellular level. That research, funded largely by the federal government, may lead to advances in preventing and treating smallpox, which could have ramifications in times of bioterrorism. Vaccinia as Smallpox Vaccine Vaccinia virus was one of the first vaccines ever developed. Smallpox had killed hundreds of millions of people through the centuries, but in the late 1700s medical practitioners noticed that milkmaids who had been exposed to cowpox were immune to smallpox. They began taking cowpox from cows and scratching it into the arms of people to protect them against smallpox. At some point, cowpox virus was replaced by vaccinia virus, which is 90% identical to smallpox but only rarely causes health problems. Modern public health systems worldwide joined in a campaign to vaccinate populations against smallpox, and the dread disease was eradicated globally by the 1970s, at which point vaccination against the disease was discontinued. However, it is theoretically possible that a smallpox-like virus could re-emerge in nature as a result of the many poxviruses that exist in animal species. Furthermore, laboratories in the US and former Soviet Union are known to have stocks of the virus, perhaps refined as weapons. Other nations, potentially some that support terrorism, may also have stores of weaponized smallpox or the ability to produce it. Though unlikely, a smallpox attack would be highly contagious and could overwhelm communities if it occurs.

28. Register At NYTimes.com New York Times article discusses concerns that local public health departments will need to cut back on their normal work in order to implement the U.S. government's smallpox vaccination plan. Requires free registration. http://nytimes.com/2003/01/05/national/05VACC.html

Welcome to The New York Times on the Web! For full access to our site, please complete this simple registration form. As a member, you'll enjoy: In-depth coverage and analysis of news events from The New York Times FREE Up-to-the-minute breaking news and developing stories FREE Exclusive Web-only features, classifieds, tools, multimedia and much, much more FREE Please enter your Member ID: Please enter your password: Remember my Member ID and password on this computer. Forgot your password? Choose a Member ID: Choose a password: (Five character minimum) Re-enter your password for verification: E-Mail Address: Remember my Member ID and password on this computer We'll keep your information private. The following fields are required. NYTimes.com respects your privacy , so we will never share any personal information without your consent. Gender: Year of Birth: Male Female (Click here if you are under 13) Zip Code: Country of Residence: United States Afghanistan Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Anguilla Antarctica Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegowina Botswana Bouvet Island Brazil British Indian Ocean Territory Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso

29. WHO Fact Sheet On Smallpox WHO Fact Sheet on smallpox October 2001. WHO slide set on the diagnosis of smallpox WHO smallpox recognition card Infectivity. http://www.who.int/emc/diseases/smallpox/factsheet.html

CSR Home Outbreak news Disease info Surveillance WHO Fact Sheet on Smallpox October 2001 Historical significance Management of an outbreak Forms of the disease Infection control in facilities ... Contraindications Training Materials used in the eradication of smallpox WHO slide set on the diagnosis of smallpox WHO slide set on the diagnosis of smallpox - African series WHO instructions for vaccine administration using the bifurcated needle WHO smallpox recognition card Historical significance Smallpox is an acute contagious disease caused by variola virus, a member of the orthopoxvirus family. Smallpox, which is believed to have originated over 3,000 years ago in India or Egypt, is one of the most devastating diseases known to humanity. For centuries, repeated epidemics swept across continents, decimating populations and changing the course of history. In some ancient cultures, smallpox was such a major killer of infants that custom forbade the naming of a newborn until the infant had caught the disease and proved it would survive. Smallpox killed Queen Mary II of England, Emperor Joseph I of Austria, King Luis I of Spain, Tsar Peter II of Russia, Queen Ulrika Elenora of Sweden, and King Louis XV of France.

30. AMA Rejects Nationwide Smallpox Vaccinations CNN http://cnn.com/2001/HEALTH/12/05/smallpox.ama.ap/index.html

31. Smallpox And Its Eradication. F. Fenner, DA Henderson, I ARita, Z. Jezek, ID Lad smallpox and its eradication. Stocks of smallpox and its eradication were exhausted some years ago and the book is now out of print. http://www.who.int/emc/diseases/smallpox/Smallpoxeradication.html

CSR Home Outbreak news Disease info Surveillance Smallpox and its eradication. F. Fenner, D.A. Henderson, I. Arita, Z. Jezek, I.D. Ladnyi Smallpox and its eradication Stocks of Smallpox and its eradication Download the free Adobe(R) Acrobat(R) Reader to view these files Contents Foreword, by Dr Halfdan Mahler...vii; Preface...ix; Acknowledgements...xiii Chapter 1. The clinical features of smallpox p1 Page 1-7 Page 8-11 ... Page 37-68 Chapter 2: Variola virus and orthopoxviruses Page 69-85 Page 86-119 Chapter 2. Variola virus and other orthopoxviruses p69 Chapter 3. The pathogenesis, pathology and immunology of smallpox and vaccines p121 ... Acknowledgements

32. CNN.com - Scientist: Diluted Smallpox Vaccines Effective - March 3, 2002 CNN http://cnn.com/2002/HEALTH/03/03/gen.smallpox.vaccine/index.html

MAIN PAGE WORLD U.S. WEATHER ... ABOUT US/HELP CNN TV what's on show transcripts CNN Headline News CNN International ... askCNN EDITIONS CNN.com Asia CNN.com Europe CNNenEspanol.com CNNArabic.com ... set your edition Languages Spanish Portuguese German Italian Korean Arabic Japanese Time, Inc. Time.com People Fortune EW InStyle Business 2.0 Scientist: Diluted smallpox vaccines effective The smallpox virus as seen through a microsope. WASHINGTON (CNN) A nearly completed study indicates that diluted forms of smallpox vaccine are effective, meaning the current national vaccine supply of 15 million doses can be diluted to 150 million doses, a leading government scientist said Sunday. "I can say with some certainty that it's been a successful experiment," Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, told CNN. "If you look at the data in the aggregate, it's what we had hoped," said Fauci, citing a study that has been completed but not yet presented publicly or published. In 1980, after an extensive vaccination program, the World Health Assembly (the annual meeting of World Health Organization members) declared smallpox eradicated from the world and recommended ceasing all vaccinations, including those of children. The disease came under the microscope again after September 11 amid concerns that terrorists could kill millions by unleashing smallpox or other deadly viruses on the public.

33. CNN.com - Rumsfeld Says He'll Take Smallpox Vaccine - Dec. 19, 2002 CNN http://cnn.com/2002/US/12/18/sproject.irq.rumsfeld.lkl/index.html

CNN Europe CNN Asia Languages Spanish Portuguese German Italian Korean Arabic Japanese On CNN TV Transcripts Headline News CNN International ... Special Reports SERVICES Video E-Mail Services CNNtoGO SEARCH Web CNN.com Rumsfeld says he'll take smallpox vaccine Careful steps would precede Iraq war, he tells Larry King Rumsfeld on Larry King Live Story Tools WASHINGTON (CNN) In an interview Wednesday with CNN's Larry King, Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld revealed his plans to take the smallpox vaccine, which can carry severe side effects, including death. "I certainly intend to, simply because it's hard to ask people to do something that you're not willing to do yourself," Rumsfeld said, responding to a question posed by King. President Bush has said he, too, will take the vaccine after ordering vaccinations for some military personnel. The vaccine will be administered to about 500,000 troops deployed in high-risk parts of the world under the first phase of the vaccination plan. The inoculations began this month, according to the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. The Defense Department said vaccinations will be mandatory except for those who have medical exemptions.

34. Smallpox By Ian Sinclair smallpox MYTH It is pathetic and ludicrous to say we ever vanquished smallpox with vaccines, when only 10% of the population was ever vaccinated.Dr Glen http://www.whale.to/vaccines/sinclair.html

Smallpox by Ian Sinclair. In England, compulsory vaccination against smallpox was first introduced in 1852, yet in the period 1857 to 1859, a smallpox epidemic killed 14,244 people. In 1863 to 1865, a second epidemic claimed 20,059 lives. In 1867, a more stringent compulsory vaccination law was passed and those who evaded vaccination were prosecuted. After an intensive tour year effort to vaccinate the entire population between the ages of 2 - 50, the Chief Medical Officer of England announced in May 1871 that 97.5% had been vaccinated. In the following year, 1872, England experienced its worst ever smallpox epidemic which claimed 44,840 lives. Between 1871-1880, during the period of compulsory vaccination, the death rate from smallpox leapt from 28 to 46 per 100,000 population. Writing in the British Medical Journal (21/1/1928 p116) Dr L Parry questions the vaccination statistics which revealed a higher death rate amongst the vaccinated than the unvaccinated and asks: "How is it that smallpox is five times as likely to be fatal in the vaccinated as in the unvaccinated? "How is it that in some of our best vaccinated towns - for example, Bombay and Calcutta - smallpox is rife, whilst in some of our worst vaccinated towns, such as Leicester, it is almost unknown?

35. CNN.com - Soviet-era Test May Have Caused Smallpox Cases - June 15, 2002 CNN http://cnn.com/2002/HEALTH/06/15/smallpox.tests/index.html

MAIN PAGE WORLD U.S. WEATHER ... ABOUT US/HELP CNN TV what's on show transcripts CNN Headline News CNN International ... askCNN EDITIONS CNN.com Asia CNN.com Europe CNNenEspanol.com CNNArabic.com ... set your edition Languages Spanish Portuguese German Italian Korean Arabic Japanese Time, Inc. Time.com People Fortune EW InStyle Business 2.0 Soviet-era test may have caused smallpox cases The smallpox virus as seen through a microsope. WASHINGTON (CNN) A Soviet biological weapons test in 1971 may have infected 10 people with the smallpox virus and killed three of them, according to a report presented Saturday at the Institute of Medicine where experts are collaborating on whether and when to vaccinate against smallpox. The report, summarized by Dr. Alan Zelicoff of Sandia National Laboratories, said a woman aboard a research ship carrying 11 other people in the Aral Sea in July 1971 apparently was infected by aerosolized smallpox carried by winds from the test site, located on an island miles away from the ship. The official, Soviet-era report said the woman was infected with smallpox when she disembarked at ports of call stopped along the way. But Zelicoff said the woman told him recently that she never left the ship because women were forbidden to do so. If so, Zelicoff said, she must have been infected while aboard the ship. MORE STORIES The history of the smallpox virus EXTRA INFORMATION What is smallpox?

36. Government Seeks Public Input On Smallpox Study CNN http://cnn.com/2002/HEALTH/11/01/smallpox.study.ap/index.html

37. Military Vaccines (MILVAX): The DoD Smallpox Vaccination Program resource center, my vaccination, smallpox overview, contact search sitemap. smallpox is contagious, deadly, and would disrupt military missions. http://www.smallpox.mil/

window.open('/browser.html','Browser','width=375,height=260,top=182,left=144') THE DANGER THE VACCINE THE PRIORITY THE STRATEGY ... The Defense Department's smallpox vaccination program is part of our national strategy to safeguard Americans against smallpox attack. SVP Status: 625,000+ people vaccinated with smallpox vaccine since Dec 02 Safety Panel Reports Released Safety Summary to Date NOTICE: Cardiac Adverse Events DoD Smallpox Response Plan ... DoD's Smallpox Vaccination Lessons Learned Last Updated: 05/17/2004

38. Smallpox, Cancer, And A Vaccine CNN http://cnn.com/2003/HEALTH/04/01/cancer.vaccines.ap/index.html

39. Safety Summary - DoD Smallpox Vaccination Program (SVP) DoD smallpox Vaccination Program Safety Summary, May 14, 2004. Background On December 13, 2002, the President directed smallpox http://www.smallpox.mil/event/SPSafetySum.asp

window.open('/browser.html','Browser','width=375,height=260,top=182,left=144') search contact us THE DANGER THE VACCINE ... smallpox overview Last Updated: 05/17/2004 SMALLPOX VACCINATION SAFETY SUMMARY sitemap home Safety Panel Reports Cardiac Disease Info. ... Safety Summary DoD Smallpox Vaccination Program Safety Summary, May 14, 2004 Background: On December 13, 2002, the President directed smallpox vaccinations for selected military personnel, government workers, and contracted workers. DoD vaccinations began immediately for emergency response personnel and hospital staff members. Comprehensive training programs in vaccination technique, infection-control safeguards, screening and education methods, adverse event monitoring, and product storage and handling, aggressively launched in October 2002, made immediate vaccinations possible. In early January 2003, DoD began smallpox vaccinations of selected US military forces, and emergency-essential civilians and contractors deployed or deploying in support of U.S. Central Command missions. Program Status: DoD operational forces and healthcare workers vaccinated against smallpox: 625,000. Detail about the DoD program appeared in the June 25 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA).The abstract of that article appears after the following summation of the program’s current status:

40. Osborn Scientific Group Developer and manufacturer of rapid anthrax, ricin, botulism toxin, smallpox, plaque and infectious disease tests. http://osborn-scientific.com

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