101. Rubella Virus rubella Virus. rubella in the Child and Adult Incubation 23 weeks; Epidemiology rubella virus is spread via respiratory transmission from human to human. http://www.stanford.edu/group/virus/toga/2000/c.html

Rubella Virus Rubella virus has many properties which are unique among the Togaviruses, which is the reasoning behind its classification within its own genus: Rubivirinae. It is the only Togavirus known to be transmitted via the respiratory route, and the disease with which it is associated, Rubella or "German Measles" was once ubiquitous in human populations. Rubella virus can also act as a teratogen, inducing Congenital Rubella Syndrome when spread from mother to fetus in the first trimester of pregnancy. Rubella in the Child and Adult: Incubation: 2-3 weeks Epidemiology: Rubella virus is spread via respiratory transmission from human to human. Virus is shed in oropharyngeal secretions and is highly transmissible. In communities where vaccination is rare, spring outbreaks typically occur every few years. In these communities, children represent the largest number of cases, as adults usually acquire lifelong immunity after the primary infection. Symptoms and Outcomes: The primary symptom of Rubella virus infection is usually the appearance of fine, pink macules on the face. This rash typically spreads to the trunk and limbs and fades within 48 hours. However, in up to 1/2 of all cases, no rash may be apparent. Enlargement of postauricular, suboccipital, and posterior cervical lymph nodes is also common. In adult females, mild polyarthritis may occur. Rubella virus infection typically has no lasting effect. Rare complications of Rubella virus infection include thrombocytopenic purpura and postinfectious encephalopathy.

102. Rubella In Denmark An average of 20 000 rubella cases were recorded annually in Denmark until 1987. In 1989, however, only 1006 cases were reported http://www.eurosurveillance.org/em/v09n04/0904-225.asp

home Eurosurveillance Monthly archives 2004 Volume 9 / Issue 4 previous page Surveillance report Rubella in Denmark volume issue date April 2004 page S Glismann, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark Until 1987, an average of 20 000 rubella cases were recorded annually in the surveillance system, with most cases being in children. By 1989, however, only 1006 cases were reported, giving an incidence of 20 per 100 000 [1]. In 1994 the mandatory surveillance system was changed to include only congenital rubella syn-drome (CRS) and rubella infection during pregnancy. Vaccination of rubella sero-negative women of childbearing age was initiated in Denmark in 1980 and the National Health Security Scheme has refunded vaccina-tion of children since 1982. The significant decrease in the incidence of rubella since 1985 mirrors the success of this intervention though early coverage data are not available. During the following years the low incidence has been sustainable due to the introduction of MMR vaccine in the Danish childhood vaccination pro-gram in 1987 (FIGURE). Between 1975 and1984 only 51 cases of CRS were reported. The reason for this relatively low number compared to the high incidence of rubella infection was primarily that most women chose legal abortion when they were diagnosed with rubella infection during the first 18 weeks of pregnancy. During the same period, a total of 726 women with clinical symptoms were diagnosed with rubella during the first 18 weeks of pregnancy. This number may not be exhaustive, however, as there was no policy of testing all pregnant women for rubella serology and most of these cases were probably tested because of known or suspected risk of infection.

103. WSOCTV.com - Health - Rubella Dangers rubella Dangers. rubella Dangers rubella is an infection caused by a type of togavirus, called the Rubivirus. It is also known as http://www.wsoctv.com/health/2900628/detail.html

Search Make wsoctv.com Your Homepage Contact the Station Sign up for E-News Auto ... Health Email This Story Print This Story // Set DC ad position if(typeof dcadposition == 'undefined')dcadposition = 1; else dcadposition++; document.write(""); Rubella Dangers Rubella Dangers Rubella is an infection caused by a type of togavirus, called the Rubivirus. It is also known as German measles or 3-day measles. The virus is spread by contact with contaminated respiratory droplets or close contact with an infected person. Signs of infection include: red rash, mild fever, headache, swollen lymph nodes, sore throat, red or tearing eyes, runny nose and joint pain. In many cases, symptoms of rubella are often very mild and up to 40 percent of patients never know they have acquired the virus. Those that develop signs of infection usually respond well to supportive care (rest, medications to reduce fever). Rubella becomes dangerous when the virus is acquired by a woman in the early course (first trimester) of pregnancy. The virus interferes with cell division, causing incomplete, delayed or defective development of organs and body parts. In addition, the rubella virus inappropriately stimulates the fetal immune system, leading to inflammation and cellular damage. The infection can lead to fetal death, premature birth, or a variety of medical problems, known as congenital rubella syndrome, or CRS. Researchers estimate 25 to 30 percent of infants born to rubella-infected mothers develop CRS. Children tend to be small in size and may experience hearing loss, heart problems, cataracts, glaucoma, developmental delay and/or mental retardation.

104. Apr_Subject MeaslesMumps-rubella Vaccines A number of claims about immunisation have appeared recently in letters to New Zealand newspapers in relation to the Measles http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/wpg_Index/About-MMR Vaccines

ABOUT Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccines A number of claims about immunisation have appeared recently in letters to New Zealand newspapers in relation to the Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) Vaccine. In some instances, these claims are incorrect. Parents have the right to make informed choices about immunisation. Parents need reliable information about the nine diseases which immunisation protects against, and the effectiveness and side effects of the vaccines. The Ministry of Health fully supports immunisation. It is free, and protects against measles, mumps, rubella, polio, whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus, Haemophilus influenza (Hib) and Hepatitis B. The risk of complications from catching these diseases is far greater than the side effects from vaccines. Parents can get reliable information from: the Immunisation Advisory Centre (IMAC) on 0800 IMMUNE www.imac.auckland.ac.nz their doctor, practice nurse, public health nurse, or from the immunisation section of this website: www.moh.govt.nz/immunisation.html What are some of the current claims being made about the Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine? Claim: there were serious complications following an MMR campaign in the UK.

105. IOM Immunization Safety Review: Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine And Autism Immunization Safety Review MeaslesMumps-rubella Vaccine and Autism Read and Purchase. Immunization Safety Review Measles-Mumps-rubella Vaccine and Autism http://www.iom.edu/view.asp?id=4715

106. Vaccine/Vaccination/Immunization Dangers - Rubella Vaccine rubella Vaccine. 03 November 2004VACCINATION, rubella AND CONGENITAL rubella SYNDROME Separating Fact From Fiction By RFD Columnist, F. Edward Yazbak, MD, FAAP. http://www.nccn.net/~wwithin/rubella.htm

Rubella Vaccine Any information obtained here is not to be construed as medical or legal advice. The decision to vaccinate and how you implement that decision is yours and yours alone. If you have been helped by the information on these pages, please considering donating some to help with my time to research - click above PayPal link. Thank you! 03 November 2004 VACCINATION, RUBELLA AND CONGENITAL RUBELLA SYNDROME Separating Fact From Fiction By RFD Columnist, F. Edward Yazbak, MD, FAAP. Autism : Is there a vaccine connection? Part I Dr. F. Edward Yazbak's Research Autism : Is There a Vaccine Connection? Part II Continuation of Dr. F. Edward Yazbak's Research Autism 99 A National Emergency Dr. F. Edward Yazbak Does Rubella Vaccine Prevent Congenital Rubella Syndrome? Is RA27/3 rubella immunization a cause of chronic fatigue? Postpartum rubella immunization: association with development of prolonged arthritis, neurological sequelae, and chronic rubella viremia. J Infect Dis 1985 Sep;152(3):606-12 Medical Journal Articles Childhood Vaccinations and Juvenile-Onset (Type-1) Diabetes by Harris Coulter, Ph.D., President, Center for Empirical Medicine

107. Rubella - Health File #14d 2003. rubella. What is rubella? rubella (German measles) is a disease caused by a virus. Most cases are mild. Who gets rubella? In http://www.bchealthguide.org/healthfiles/hfile14d.stm

Ministry of Health Services, Health File #14d, December 2003 Rubella What is rubella? Who gets rubella? How is rubella spread? What are the symptoms of rubella? ... Who should get the rubella vaccine? What is rubella? Rubella (German measles) is a disease caused by a virus. Its symptoms include fever, rash, and swollen glands. Most cases are mild. Who gets rubella? In populations that have not been immunized, rubella occurs most often in childhood. Now that most children in BC are immunized, rubella is not reported very often among children. However, teenage and adult infections still occur. How is rubella spread? Rubella is spread by direct contact with nasal (nose) or throat secretions from infected individuals, including air-borne droplets spread by sneezing and coughing. What are the symptoms of rubella? Rubella is usually a mild illness. Symptoms may include a rash, slight fever, joint aches, headache, discomfort, runny nose and irritated eyes. The lymph nodes located behind the ears and at the back of the neck may swell, causing some soreness or pain. The rash, which may be itchy, begins first on the face and then moves downwards from head to foot, and lasts about three days. About half of all rubella infections show no symptoms of a rash.

108. CDBRA http://www.cdbra.ca/index1.html

109. | RobVrins skip intro. http://www.robvrins.com/

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110. Thedailyapple.com thedailyapple.com http://www.thedailyapple.com/target/cs/article/cs/100228.html

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