1. Rubella (German Measles) rubella infection is also known as German measles. It may begin with 1 or 2 to 100 degrees Fahrenheit) and swollen glands. http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/skin/german_measles.html

KidsHealth Parents Infections Rubella - commonly known as German measles or 3-day measles - is an infection that primarily affects the skin and lymph nodes. It is caused by the rubella virus ( not the same virus that causes measles), which is usually transmitted by secretions from the nose or throat. It can also pass through a pregnant woman's bloodstream to infect her unborn child. As this is a generally mild disease in children, the primary medical danger of rubella is the infection of pregnant women, which may cause congenital rubella syndrome in developing babies. Before a vaccine against rubella became available in 1969, rubella epidemics occurred every 6 to 9 years. Children ages 5 to 9 were primarily affected, and many cases of congenital rubella occurred as well. Now, due to immunization of younger children and teens, there are fewer cases of congenital rubella. Most rubella infections today appear in young, unimmunized adults rather than children. In fact, experts estimate that 10% of young adults are currently susceptible to rubella, which could pose a danger to any children they might have someday. Signs and Symptoms Rubella infection may begin with 1 or 2 days of mild fever (99 to 100 degrees Fahrenheit, or 37.2 to 37.8 degrees Celsius) and swollen, tender lymph nodes, usually in the back of the neck or behind the ears. On the second or third day, a rash appears that begins on the face and spreads downward. As it spreads down the body, it usually clears on the face. This rash is often the first sign of illness that a parent notices.

2. Medinfo: German Measles (Rubella) Easy to understand information for patients on German measles, a mild viral illness caused by the rubella virus. Written by a UK general practitioner. http://www.medinfo.co.uk/conditions/rubella.html

index search health books site map German Measles (Rubella) German measles is a mild viral illness caused by the rubella virus. It causes a mild feverish illness associated with a rash, and aches in the joints when it affects adults. The major reason for any attention being devoted to the eradication of this condition is the nasty effects that it has on the unborn baby (known as a fetus), when a pregnant woman catches it in early pregnancy. Symptoms Children are not usually affected too badly, and often the first manifestation is the rash. This is a fine, pink rash spreading from the forehead and face downwards. The rash may last for 1 to 5 days. There are often some of the glands (lymph nodes) enlarged, especially behind the ears and on the back of the head. Adults often feel more unwell before the rash appears, and may have pains in the joints rather like arthritis. Possible complications as a result of catching rubella Complications Risk Damage to unborn fetus (multiple defects common) 9 out of 10 pregnancies (in the first 8 to 10 weeks) Damage to unborn fetus 1 in 5 to 10 (between 10 and 16 weeks) After 16 weeks damage is rare Bleeding disorders 1 in 3000 Encephalitis 1 in 6000 Causes The cause is the rubella virus. The incubation period, from exposure to the appearance of the rash, is usually 14 to 21 days.

3. MedlinePlus: Rubella Other health topics A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W XYZ List of All Topics. rubella. Search MEDLINE for recent research articles on rubella . General . Congenital rubella syndrome http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/rubella.html

@import url(http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/images/advanced.css); Skip navigation Other health topics: A B C D ... List of All Topics Rubella Contents of this page: From the NIH General/Overviews Diagnosis/Symptoms Prevention/Screening ... Women Search MEDLINE for recent research articles on Rubella: General Congenital rubella syndrome You may also be interested in these MedlinePlus related pages: Childhood Immunization Immunization Child and Teen Health Infections From the National Institutes of Health Rubella (German Measles) (Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction) General/Overviews JAMA Patient Page: Rubella (American Medical Association) Rubella (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research) Rubella (German Measles) (Every Child By Two) Rubella - In Short (National Immunization Program) Diagnosis/Symptoms Neck Swelling (American Academy of Family Physicians) Prevention/Screening Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccine (MMR): What You Need to Know (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) - Links to PDF File Also available in: Spanish Rubella For Adults (National Foundation for Infectious Diseases) Rubella Test (American Association for Clinical Chemistry) Specific Conditions/Aspects (National Immunization Program) Rubella: Health Information for International Travel (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) Organizations Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Immunization Program

4. Rubella CERHR rubella (German Measles) (5/24/02) Facts. What Is rubella? What Risks Does rubella Pose for the Fetus? How Are Babies With Congenital rubella Syndrome Treated? How Can a Woman Find Out If She http://cerhr.niehs.nih.gov/genpub/topics/rubella-ccae.html

home about CERHR news CERHR chemicals ... contact us CERHR: Rubella (German Measles) Rubella Information from the March of Dimes MOD, 2003 Facts What Is Rubella? What Risks Does Rubella Pose for the Fetus? ... Links to Useful Information Facts Rubella (German measles) is a mild childhood illness that poses a serious threat to the fetus, if the mother contracts the illness during pregnancy. More than 20,000 babies were born with birth defects during an outbreak of rubella in 1964-65. The same outbreak also resulted in at least 10,000 miscarriages and stillbirths. Fortunately, major outbreaks of rubella no longer occur in this country. Since 1969, when a vaccine for rubella became available, children have been routinely vaccinated, helping to prevent the spread of the illness to susceptible pregnant women. Most women of childbearing age are immune to rubella because they either were vaccinated or had the illness during childhood. Because of widespread use of the vaccine, birth defects caused by rubella have become rare. However, since small outbreaks of rubella continue to occur, the potential for susceptible pregnant women to become infected continues to exist. As many as 2 in 10 women of childbearing age are susceptible to rubella. Women can protect their future children from the effects of rubella by getting tested for immunity prior to pregnancy and being vaccinated if they are not immune.

5. Facts About Rubella For Adults Facts About rubella For Adults. What is rubella? rubella is also spread by direct contact with the nasal or throat secretions of an infected person. http://www.nfid.org/factsheets/rubellaadult.html

Facts About Rubella For Adults What is rubella? Rubella, also called German measles, is caused by a virus that is spread from person to person when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Rubella is also spread by direct contact with the nasal or throat secretions of an infected person. If a pregnant woman gets rubella during the first 3 months of pregnancy, her baby is at risk of having serious birth defects or dying. Prevention There is a safe and effective vaccine to protect against rubella. The vaccine is frequently given to adults as part of a combination vaccine, called the MMR vaccine, that protects against measles, mumps and rubella. There is also a vaccine that protects against rubella only. Symptoms Symptoms of rubella may include a rash, slight fever, aching joints, headaches, discomfort, runny nose and reddened eyes. The rash first appears on the face and spreads from head to toe. The lymph nodes just behind the ears and at the back of the neck may swell, causing soreness and pain. Many people with rubella have few or no symptoms, and only about half of the people who have the disease get a rash. In most cases of rubella, symptoms appear within 16-18 days after exposure. Who should get MMR vaccine?

6. Baby Planning Time - German Measles (rubella) Find out about German measles (rubella)and why it is important for you to test your immunity to it if you are planning to have a baby. http://www.mothersbliss.co.uk/planning/rubella.asp

The only place you need for expectant mums, new born babies, mothers and young families Call us from the UK on 0208 925 6150 or internationally on +44 208 925 6150 What do you want to find? Home Shopping Request Catalogue Catalogue QuickShop ... Baby's First Year Select Page Can you afford it? What can he do? Checklist FAQs Conception .. fertile days .. ovulation .. ejaculation .. fertilisation .. implantation .. assisted (IVF) Contraception .. contraception .. male pill .. unplanned Failure? .. reasons .. is there hope .. cancer .. no father Health .. diet .. folic acid .. exercise .. medication .. miscarriage .. work risk .. rubella .. smoking .. stress sex of your baby Mother's Best Friends About Us Contact Us Privacy Contact Us PO Box 240, Loughton, IG10 1ZB, UK Tel: +44 (0)208 9256150 e-mail: info@mothersbliss.com Baby planning time - German measles IMMUNITY TO RUBELLA (GERMAN MEASLES) Rubella can cause heart and brain defects, deafness and cataract in your unborn baby. It is strongly recommended that if your pregnancy is planned, have a blood test to determine if you are immune to rubella before you start trying to conceive. Although rubella is not dangerous for you, it can have very serious implications for your unborn baby if the infection is contracted during pregnancy (the risk being highest in the first three months).

7. Www.rubella.net Archive of news articles and references regarding medical policy issues. http://www.rubella.net/

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8. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Rubella rubella. Three day measles; German measles Definition Return to top. rubella is a contagious viral infection with mild symptoms associated with a rash. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001574.htm

@import url(http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/images/advanced.css); Skip navigation Medical Encyclopedia Other encyclopedia topics: A-Ag Ah-Ap Aq-Az B-Bk ... Z Rubella Contents of this page: Illustrations Alternative names Definition Causes, incidence, and risk factors ... Prevention Illustrations Rubella on an infant's back Rubella Antibodies Alternative names Return to top Three day measles; German measles Definition Return to top Rubella is a contagious viral infection with mild symptoms associated with a rash. Causes, incidence, and risk factors Return to top The disease is caused by a virus that is spread through the air or by close contact. It can also be transmitted to a fetus by a mother with an active infection, causing severe disease in the fetus. In children and adults, rubella is usually mild and may even go unnoticed. Children generally have few symptoms, but adults may experience fever, headache, malaise, and a runny nose before the rash appears. A person can transmit the disease from 1 week before the onset of the rash, until 1-2 weeks after the rash disappears. The disease is less contagious than rubeola (measles). Lifelong

9. [Clinical Preventive Services] Screening For Rubella -- Including Immunization O Guide to Clinical Preventive Services, Second Edition. Infectious Diseases. Screening for rubella Including Immunization of Adolescents and Adults. RECOMMENDATION Routine screening for rubella http://cpmcnet.columbia.edu/texts/gcps/gcps0042.html

Guide to Clinical Preventive Services, Second Edition Infectious Diseases Screening for Rubella Including Immunization of Adolescents and Adults RECOMMENDATION Routine screening for rubella susceptibility by history of vaccination or by serology is recommended for all women of childbearing age at their first clinical encounter. Susceptible nonpregnant women should be offered rubella vaccination; susceptible pregnant women should be vaccinated immediately after delivery. An equally acceptable alternative for nonpregnant women of childbearing age is to offer vaccination against rubella without screening (see Clinical Intervention). There is insufficient evidence to recommend for or against screening or routine vaccination of young men in settings where large numbers of susceptible young adults of both sexes congregate, such as military bases and colleges. Routine screening or vaccination of other young men, of older men, and of postmenopausal women is not recommended. Burden of Suffering Rubella is generally a mild illness; when contracted by pregnant women, however, especially those in the first 16 weeks of pregnancy, it frequently causes serious complications including miscarriage, abortion, stillbirth, and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS).1,2 The 1964 rubella pandemic in the U.S. caused over 12 million infections, 11,000 fetal losses, and 20,000 cases of CRS in infants.3 The most common manifestations of CRS are hearing loss, developmental delay, growth retardation, and cardiac and ocular defects.1,2 The lifetime costs of treating a patient with CRS were estimated in 1985 to exceed $220,000.3

10. Rubella Vaccine rubella vaccine. Summary and conclusions. rubella occurs worldwide and is normally a mild childhood disease. However, infection during http://www.who.int/vaccines/en/rubella.shtml

World Health Organization [English] Text only About Us Documents ... Vaccines Home Rubella vaccine Summary and conclusions Public health impact The pathogen and the disease Immune responses to infection ... Other useful links Summary and conclusions Rubella occurs worldwide and is normally a mild childhood disease. However, infection during early pregnancy may cause fetal death or congenital rubella syndrome (CRS); the latter characterized by multiple defects, particularly to the brain, heart, eyes and ears. CRS is an important cause of hearing and visual impairment and mental retardation in countries where acquired rubella infection has not been controlled or eliminated. Although the burden of CRS is not well characterized in all countries, it is estimated that more than 100 000 cases occur each year in developing countries alone. Caring for CRS cases is costly because of the permanent disabilities caused by this condition. Cost-benefit studies in developed as well as developing countries have demonstrated that, when combined with measles vaccine in countries with coverage of over 80%, the benefits of rubella vaccination outweigh the costs. The primary purpose of rubella vaccination is to prevent the occurrence of congenital rubella infection including CRS. Two approaches are recommended: (a) prevention of CRS only, through immunization of adolescent girls and/or women of childbearing age; or (b) elimination of rubella as well as CRS through universal vaccination of infants and young children (with/without mass campaigns), surveillance, and assuring immunity in women of childbearing age.

11. Rubella Facts Includes cause, symptoms, diagnosis, complications, prevention, and treatment. http://www.astdhpphe.org/infect/rubella.html

Rubella Rubella is dangerous because of its ability to harm unborn babies. Infection in a pregnant woman can result in miscarriage, stillbirth, or serious birth defects. People get rubella by breathing in droplets that get into the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. Rubella can also spread by direct contact with fluids from the nose or throat of an infected person. Rubella can be prevented by immunization. What is rubella? Rubella is a mild but very contagious disease that is preventable with a vaccine. Other names for rubella are German measles and three-day measles. Rubella is dangerous because of its ability to harm unborn babies. Infection of a pregnant woman can result in miscarriage, stillbirth, or serious birth defects. What is the infectious agent that causes rubella? Rubella is caused by the rubella virus. Where is rubella found? Rubella is found worldwide. How do people get rubella? People get rubella by breathing in droplets that get into the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. Rubella can also spread by direct contact with fluids from the nose or throat of an infected person. What are the signs and symptoms of rubella?

12. Rubella MAIN SEARCH INDEX. rubella. rubella is a highly contagious viral disease, spread through contact with discharges from the nose and throat of an infected person. http://www.ehendrick.org/healthy/001209.htm

MAIN SEARCH INDEX Rubella Definition Description Causes and symptoms Diagnosis ... Resources Definition Rubella is a highly contagious viral disease, spread through contact with discharges from the nose and throat of an infected person. Although rubella causes only mild symptoms of low fever , swollen glands, joint pain , and a fine red rash in most children and adults, it can have severe complications for women in their first trimester of pregnancy . These complications include severe birth defects or death of the fetus. Description Rubella is also called German measles or three-day measles. This disease was once a common childhood illness, but its occurrence has been drastically reduced since vaccine against rubella became available in 1969. In the 20 years following the introduction of the vaccine, reported rubella cases dropped 99.6%. Only 229 cases of rubella were reported in the United States in 1996. Rubella is spread through contact with fluid droplets expelled from the nose or throat of an infected person. A person infected with the rubella virus is contagious for about seven days before any symptoms appear and continues to be able to spread the disease for about four days after the appearance of symptoms. Rubella has an incubation period of 12-23 days. Although rubella is generally considered a childhood illness, people of any age who have not been vaccinated or previously caught the disease can become infected. Having rubella once or being immunized against rubella normally gives lifetime immunity. This is why

13. Rubella Ocular involvement is typically cataracts (bilateral in 75% of the cases) but also may include uveal colobomas, searching nystagmus, microphthalmus, strabismus, retinopathy, and infantile glaucoma . http://www.tsbvi.edu/Education/anomalies/rubella.htm

RUBELLA DESCRIPTION: Maternal rubella (German measles) in the first trimester of pregnancy is generally responsible for a triad of defects in the fetus: heart defects, hearing problems and eye problems; mental retardation also often accompanies these defects. Ocular involvement is typically cataracts (bilateral in 75% of the cases) but also may include uveal colobomas, searching nystagmus, microphthalmus, strabismus, retinopathy, and infantile glaucoma. TREATMENT: Cataract surgery is usually delayed until at least age 2, since the live rubella virus remains in ocular tissues for many months after birth. Unfortunately, this preferred delay also results in a poor prognosis for visual functioning following cataract removal. Monitoring of ocular status (for complications) is recommended. Educational adjustments will vary, according to functional vision. Optical aids and/or illumination levels should be according to individual needs. Glare may be a factor. IMPLICATIONS: Some physicians are recommending therapeutic abortion in cases of maternal rubella, since the probability of serious congenital anomalies is so high. Related Websites: The Canadian Deafblind and Rubella Association NORD - Rubella, Congenital

14. EMedicine - Rubella : Article By Peter C Lombardo, MD rubella rubella is usually a mild viral illness involving the skin, the lymph nodes, and, less commonly, the joints. rubella. Last Updated January 29, 2004, http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic380.htm

(advertisement) Home Specialties Resource Centers CME ... Patient Education Articles Images CME Patient Education Advanced Search Consumer Health Link to this site Back to: eMedicine Specialties Dermatology Viral Infections Rubella Last Updated: January 29, 2004 Rate this Article Email to a Colleague Synonyms and related keywords: German measles, congenital rubella syndrome, CRS, rubella vaccination, MMR AUTHOR INFORMATION Section 1 of 11 Author Information Introduction Clinical Differentials ... Bibliography Author: Peter C Lombardo, MD , Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Dermatology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons Peter C Lombardo, MD, is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology American Medical Association , International Society of Dermatology Tropical, Geographic and Ecologic, New York Academy of Medicine , and New York County Medical Society Editor(s): Gregory J Raugi, MD, PhD , Associate Professor, Program Director, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of Washington at Seattle; Chief, Dermatology Section, Primary and Specialty Care Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center of Seattle;

15. EMedicine - Rubella : Article By Elias Ezike, MD rubella. Synonyms and related keywords German measles, 3day measles, roseola, röteln, roetheln, third disease, congenital rubella syndrome, CRS. http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic2025.htm

(advertisement) Home Specialties CME PDA ... Patient Education Articles Images CME Patient Education Advanced Search Link to this site Back to: eMedicine Specialties Pediatrics Infectious Diseases Rubella Last Updated: August 21, 2002 Rate this Article Email to a Colleague Synonyms and related keywords: German measles, 3-day measles, roseola, röteln, roetheln, third disease, congenital rubella syndrome, CRS AUTHOR INFORMATION Section 1 of 10 Author Information Introduction Clinical Differentials ... Bibliography Author: Elias Ezike, MD , Fellow, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Michigan Coauthor(s): Jocelyn Y Ang, MD , Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Michigan and Wayne State University Basim Asmar, MD , Director, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Michigan; Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine Elias Ezike, MD, is a member of the following medical societies:

16. MayoClinic.com - Rubella Includes cause, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, complications, treatment, and prevention. http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00332

17. Rubella rubellaThe name rubella is derived from latin, meaning little red.rubella was initially considered to be a variant of measles or scarlet. fever and was called third disease.. It was not until 1814 that it was http://www.cdc.gov/nip/publications/pink/rubella.pdf

18. Rubella/Measles Virus Vaccine - Familydoctor.org Information for patients in English and Spanish. http://www.familydoctor.org/cgi-bin/multum.pl?op=GetLeaflet&id=12885&nam

19. Redirecting... The American Academy of Pediatrics answers parents' questions about immunizations, including information about the MeaslesMumps-rubella vaccine and alleged links to autism. http://www.aap.org/new/immpublic.htm

20. INFPREG | Röda Hund (Rubella) Om symptom, behandling och om hur man undvikar sjukdomen. Med s¤rskild fokus p¥ gravida kvinnor och nyf¶dda barns sv¥righeter. http://193.10.76.33/infpreg/allinfo/main.asp?topic=18

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