21. Syndrome_X_Overview - HeartCenterOnline For Patients: Heart Health Encyclopedia Also known as Reaven syndrome, Metabolic syndrome X is a term used to describea set of heartdisease risk factors that have been found to cluster in some http://www.heartcenteronline.com/Syndrome_X_Overview.html

Professionals Enter Here Home Register Member Log In ... Increase Type Size Featured Centers Blood Pressure Bypass Surgery Cholesterol Defibrillator (ICD) Heart Failure Stent Free Newsletter! News Quizzes Community ... Physician Finder siteURL = "/myheartdr/animations/flash_content/"; //modify for clients basefolder = "HCO"; BASEurl = siteURL + "BMCfile/" + basefolder + "/atlasvar.js"; popupURL = siteURL + "BMCfile/popupNF.js"; Syndrome X Overview Edited By: George A. Petrossian M.D., FACC There are actually two conditions known as Syndrome X: Cardiac Syndrome X and Metabolic Syndrome X . Cardiac syndrome X is a term used to describe a condition in which patients experience what appears to be angina pain, pressure or discomfort in the chest usually associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). However, a cardiac catheterization reveals that their coronary arteries (which supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart) are normal, with no sign of CAD. Metabolic Syndrome X also has important implications for the heart. Also known as Reaven Syndrome, Metabolic Syndrome X is a term used to describe a set of heart-disease risk factors that have been found to cluster in some people. These risk factors include elevated insulin levels, elevated triglyceride levels, high blood pressure ( hypertension obesity , type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. More recently, additional factors such as elevated uric acid levels on blood tests and higher levels of blood factors which promote blood clotting (e.g., fibrinogen) have been linked to Metabolic Syndrome X. This clustering increases the risk of having a

22. Syndrome X reading. Reaven s, syndrome X Overcoming the Silent Killer That CanGive You a Heart Attack, is his first book for a lay audience. He http://www.mendosa.com/syndromex.htm

The Mysterious Syndrome X By Rick Mendosa In his Banting Lecture at the American Diabetes Association's 1988 annual meeting Dr. Gerald Reaven first described how insulin resistance leads to what he called Syndrome X. It was a brilliant analysis. But the name Syndrome X was an unfortunate choice of terminology. The first problem was that medicine already had a quite different Syndrome X. Coined by H.G. Kemp in 1973, it describes the genuine mystery of why some patients have chest pains but normal coronary arteriograms. Second, the letter X represents the unknown, whether it referred to hidden conspiracies on Fox Television's X-Files or the unknown variable in algebra. When Reaven used the term Syndrome X he was describing a mystery and an unknown cause of heart disease. But it is now well known and all too common. The topic is so hot in fact that in the past two years at least four books about Syndrome X have appeared. Only one of these, however, is worth reading. Reaven's, Syndrome X: Overcoming the Silent Killer That Can Give You a Heart Attack, is his first book for a lay audience. He has written more than 500 professional papers and books. "I wrote this lay book because I was getting disgusted with all the diet books that started with my work and twisted it in ways that were totally wrong," he told me. His Syndrome X Diet is 45 percent carbohydrate, 15 percent protein, 30-35 percent polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats, and 5-10 percent saturated fats.

23. Insulin Resistance years, bringing these concepts to a much broader audience. The bestof the bunch is Dr. Reaven s syndrome X (Simon Schuster, 2000). http://www.mendosa.com/resistance.htm

Insulin Resistance By Rick Mendosa Although we have known about insulin resistance for a long time, it is only recently that most of us have become interested in it. I think that there are two reasons for our greater concern. For 66 years we have known the difference between people who have insulin resistance and those who don't. In his January 1936 Lancet It took the work of Gerald Reaven, M.D., to kick off the current wave of interest in insulin resistance. An endocrinologist who taught at Stanford University from 1959 to 1995 and who since then has been senior vice president for research for Shaman Pharmaceuticals in South San Francisco, Dr. Reaven took us much closer to understanding the condition in a 1988 lecture. His Banting Lecture on the " Role of Insulin Resistance in Human Disease " in the American Diabetes Association's professional journal Diabetes was the first to link insulin resistance with related variables including high cholesterol and high blood pressure as a cluster of risk factors for heart disease. It was in this article that he bestowed the name "Syndrome X" to these variables. Four or five non-professional books about insulin resistance and Syndrome X have appeared in the last couple of years, bringing these concepts to a much broader audience. The best of the bunch is Dr. Reaven's

24. Syndrome X, The "New" Heart Disease Risk Dr. Reaven s new book syndrome X (Simon and Schuster, 2000) gives thehistory of his discovery. In 1968, Dr. Reaven and his colleagues http://www.cbass.com/SyndromeX.htm

Home] Philosophy What's New Products ... Order From The Desk Of Clarence Bass " There's not one shred of evidence that insulin resistance causes obesity ." Gerald Reaven, M.D. If you have Syndrome X, a low-fat high-carbohydrate diet could give you heart disease. SYNDROME X, The "New" Heart Disease Risk Medical science is learning more all the time about the causes of heart disease, and what you can do to lower your risk of having a heart attack. One of the latest discoveries comes from Gerald Reaven, M.D., and his colleagues at Stanford University School of Medicine. It's called Syndrome X, which is a cluster of metabolic disorders that represent a major risk of coronary heart disease. People who have Syndrome X do not respond well to insulin; they are insulin resistant. Their pancreas is forced to secrete excessive amounts of the insulin to dispose of glucose, or blood sugar, by moving it into muscles and fat cells. These people don't have diabetes, because they produce enough insulin to overcome the resistance, but the high insulin levels lead to elevated blood triglycerides (fatty acids), low HDL ("good") cholesterol, high blood pressure and other signs of Syndrome X. Dr. Reaven's new book

25. Reaven practice nurses undertook research to develop criteria for a clinical syndrometaking into consideration the main clinical components of Reaven s syndrome. http://www.abcdiabetescare.org.uk/reaven.htm

Reaven’s Syndrome Home Page The insulin resistance syndrome Also known as: Syndrome X, Reaven’s Syndrome and metabolic syndrome. Many cases of Type 2 DM fall into this category. The features are: Insulin resistance Hyperglycaemia Hypertension Dyslipidaemia (high LDL cholesterol, low HDL) Truncal obesity Increased risk of arterial disease. Other components of this syndrome comprise increased uric acid concentration, obesity, hypertriglyceridaemia, microalbuminuria and high fibrinogen levels. Insulin resistance syndrome has been extensively studied but a clear clinical syndrome has not been defined. The latter in Type 2 diabetes subjects would help identify those with highest risk developing macrovascular and microvascular complications of diabetes. Clinical Reaven’s syndrome Four local practice nurses undertook research to develop criteria for a clinical syndrome taking into consideration the main clinical components of Reaven's Syndrome. A randomized sample of 200 Type 2 diabetes subjects were studied from four large primary care centres. The primary purpose of the study was to collect data on hypertension, lipid profile, adiposity and microalbuminuria to determine the prevalence of “Clinical Reaven’s Syndrome” 5.0 mmol/l, LDL cholesterol

26. Syndrome X Dr Reaven s syndrome X diet derives 45 percent of calories from carbohydrates,15 percent from proteins and a hefty 40 percent from fats. http://www.drlam.com/A3R_brief_in_doc_format/SyndromeX.cfm

dqmcodebase = "" //script folder location Questions? WWW www.LamMD.com Free Newsletter Syndrome X (also known as Insulin Resistance, Metabolic Syndrome, Glucose Intolerance, Pre-diabetes, and Cardiovascular Dysmetabolic Syndrome) (READING TIPS: For fast reading, scan through the topic headings in BOLD BLACK, important conclusions in BOLD BLUE, and " Must Know " in BOLD RED . To jump to specific sections in this article, click on the respective LINKS in the Contents.) Before You Begin Information presented here is for general educational purposes only. Each one of us is biochemically and metabolically different. If you have a specific health concern and wish my personalized nutritional recommendation, write to me by clicking here C ontents Introduction How do you develop Syndrome X SYNDROME X as explained by Dr Reaven Pathology of Syndrome X ... Conclusion Introduction Those who are in the sub-clinical phase (age 35-45) and clinical phase of aging (age 45 and above) have a one in three chance of getting this syndrome and not knowing it. Perhaps the following signs are more recognizable: feeling sluggish , physically and mentally, especially after a meal.

27. Are You Suffering From Syndrome X? diabetes. It wasn t until 1988, when Dr. Gerald Reaven first describedsyndrome X, that they were seen as being connected. syndrome X. http://www.thefactsaboutfitness.com/research/syndromex.htm

Home Health September 16th 2002 Are you suffering from Syndrome X? Print Report Although it might sound like the name of an episode from Star Trek, Syndrome X actually describes a cluster of conditions, such as abnormal levels of fat in the blood, obesity, and high blood pressure. Syndrome X isn't a disease that's just been discovered. Doctors have known for years that each one of these health problems can increase the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease or diabetes. It wasn't until 1988, when Dr. Gerald Reaven first described Syndrome X, that they were seen as being connected. Syndrome X Syndrome X appears to stem from a condition known as insulin resistance. According to some reports, up to 25% of the adult population in America are resistant to insulin to some degree. Normally, the carbohydrate in the food you eat is eventually broken down into glucose (also known as blood sugar). Glucose, in turn, triggers the release of the hormone insulin. Insulin helps to move nutrients from the blood into the cells of your body. However, in someone with insulin resistance, muscle cells are not able to deal with glucose properly. In response to insulin resistance, your pancreas releases as much insulin as it can to prevent glucose levels from increasing. Syndrome X is a combination of insulin resistance, combined with high insulin levels.

28. Healthy & Natural Journal : Unmasking Syndrome.(Syndrome X) @ HighBeam Research What is syndrome X? syndrome X also known as the insulin resistance syndrome andthe Reaven syndrome may be the surest route to a heart attack. It can occur http://static.highbeam.com/h/healthyampnaturaljournal/february012001/unmaskingsy

eLibrary Web Tour Become a Member ... Customer Support Question / Keyword(s): Advanced Search Current Article: Unmasking syndrome.(Syndrome X) Start H February 01, 2001 Unmasking syndrome.(Syndrome X) Unmasking syndrome.(Syndrome X) Strom, Terry Kristen February 01, 2001 syndrome, heart attack, insulin resistance, risk factors, blood sugar, weight loss, cells, insulin, people, studies show, heart disease, safflower margarine, triglyceride levels, insulin levels, major risk Is your low-fat diet killing you? It could if you have Syndrome X, according to Gerald Reaven, M.D., professor of medicine at Stanford University School of Medicine. Although Dr. Reaven first described this lethal cluster of major risk factors for heart attack in 1988, most people have never heard in 1988, most people have never heard of Syndrome X. Based on more than 35 years of research, we now know that nearly I out of every 3 Americans is at risk for Syndrome X. Syndrome X can inflict on your arteries.

29. SYNDROME X - Site Map - UK Shopping Directory - UK Shops Popular Searches for syndrome X, syndrome X. Shopping online for syndromex or just looking for more information about syndrome x? http://www.ishop.co.uk/site-map/sy/syndrome_x/index.shtml

home search customer service -UK Shopping Portal Online - Automotive Banking Books Business Services ... www.ishop.co.uk Popular Searches for SYNDROME X Syndrome X (X-vite Solution) http://www.weightlosscenter.co.uk/syndrome_x. Bodydoctor Fitness - Fitness programmes, Slimming programmes, Training programmes, Weight loss programmes ... everything necessary to reverse the symptoms of Syndrome X, i.e teaching you to exercise at the ... of symptoms collectively referred to as Syndrome X. Although people are still ... ... http://www.ability.org.uk/fragile.html Continue Searching : Further Associated Searched keywords relating to SYNDROME X Please click here to return to the main site map index. SYNDROME X Shopping online for syndrome x or just looking for more information about syndrome x? Here at www.ishop.co.uk we aim to provide the most comprehensive resource of sites selling syndrome x and links to online resources such as search, information and price comparison tools that should quickly ensure you find sites containing information about syndrome x or directly selling syndrome x or releted products/services. Whilst we do not sell syndrome x directly the independent shopping and information links provided will ensure that you find the web sites that do sell syndrome x quickly, simply and at the best prices available ensuring you get the best deals online.

30. Dysmetabolic Syndrome - Encyclopedia Article About Dysmetabolic Syndrome. Free A Reaven s syndrome , after Dr Gerald M. Reaven (who put the syndrome on themap in 1988 in the Banting lecture , named after Sir Frederick Banting). http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Dysmetabolic syndrome

Dictionaries: General Computing Medical Legal Encyclopedia Dysmetabolic syndrome Word: Word Starts with Ends with Definition In medicine This article is about medical science and practice. For substances that treat patients, see drugs, medication and pharmacology Note to contributors: This article is about medicine in general. Please add contributions to medical topics to their individual articles. Medicine is a branch of health science concerned with restoring and maintaining health and wellness. Broadly, it is the practical science of preventing and curing diseases. However, Medicine often refers more specifically to matters dealt with by physicians and surgeons. Click the link for more information. , two enigmatic conditions are called " Syndrome X Syndrome X (cardiac) or cardiac syndrome X is angina Angina pectoris is the result of a lack of oxygen supply to the heart muscle, due to a reduced blood flow around the heart's blood vessels. This lack of oxygen to the heart is known as myocardial ischemia. Angina pectoris is a common symptom of myocardial ischaemia (most often chest pain). People with coronary artery disease are most often affected by angina. Angina is the most common symptom of myocardial ischemia. It is caused by stimulation of nerve endings in the heart muscle and its blood vessels.

31. Syndrome X In Post-Menapausal Women way to keep your heart healthy if you have syndrome X. Every individual, saysDr. Reaven, at risk for syndrome X should follow the syndrome X Diet. http://www.shamanbotanicals.com/synxhome/preventsteps.htm

PREVENTION AND TREATMENT CENTER Syndrome X is a complex but manageable problem. By following these 6 steps, you can decrease your heart attack risk. Step 1: Diagnosis. Dr. Reaven describes the routine tests that identify Syndrome X and provides a self-assessment to help individuals determine their risk for heart attack. Step 2: The Syndrome X Diet. Diet is a fundamental way to keep your heart healthy if you have Syndrome X. "Every individual," says Dr. Reaven, "at risk for Syndrome X should follow the Syndrome X Diet. It's the only diet that simultaneously maintains both healthy insulin levels and normal cholesterol levels. He is referring to his rule of 15·40·45: 15 percent protein, 40 percent fat (emphasizing good fats), and 45 percent carbohydrate. This diet reduces elevated insulin levels, lowers elevated triglycerides (blood fats), and raises HDL (good) cholesterol while providing delicious meals that the whole family can enjoy and benefit from. Step 3: Weight Loss. Weight loss is a powerful tool in the fight to reduce risk factors caused by Syndrome X. Dr. Reaven's menu plans offer 1,200, 1,500, and 1,800 calorie-a-day meal plans, with healthy snacks provided for those who need extra calories. Obesity is linked to many health disorders, but slimming down for Syndrome X helps to lower insulin levels by making the body's insulin more efficient. Step 4: Physical Activity.

32. Sxwhat Dr. Jerry Reaven Individuals with syndrome X, because their insulin is not as efficientas it should be, face barriers blocking the signal from reaching cell http://www.shamanbotanicals.com/sxfiles/sxwhat.htm

Allison Maddux lies with her head against her husband's chest, listening. Lub-dub, lub-dub. She listens every day now since Trevor's doctor diagnosed him with Syndrome X. She wonders just how long that steady beat will go on. S yndrome X is a cluster of metabolic risk factors for heart disease, separate from high total cholesterol. The disorder is very common in economically developed countries. One in every three to four Americans are at risk for developing Syndrome X a whopping 60 to 75 million in the USA. Allison, like most people, thought that keeping LDL (bad) cholesterol low was the key to preventing heart attacks. Keeping total cholesterol low is very important, but half or more of all heart attacks occur because of Syndrome X, even with normal cholesterol levels. Allison is worried that she or her children have Syndrome X. It's an understandable concern since the disorder is genetically linked. Allison's whole family should get the simple blood test for Syndrome X. Of the 60 to 75 million people in America at risk for Syndrome X, few are aware of the peril. "...half or more of all heart attacks occur because of Syndrome X, even with normal cholesterol levels."

33. Healthy & Natural Journal: Unmasking Syndrome - Syndrome X What is syndrome X? syndrome X also known as the insulin resistance syndromeand the Reaven syndrome may be the surest route to a heart attack. http://www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m0HKL/1_8/76445419/p1/article.jhtml

@import url(/css/us/style.css); @import url(/css/us/searchResult1.css); @import url(/css/us/articles.css); Advanced Search Home Help IN all publications this publication Health Automotive Business Computing Entertainment Health News Reference Sports YOU ARE HERE Articles Feb, 2001 Content provided in partnership with Print friendly Tell a friend Find subscription deals Unmasking syndrome - Syndrome X Feb, 2001 by Terry Kristen Strom Is your low-fat diet killing you? It could if you have Syndrome X, according to Gerald Reaven, M.D., professor of medicine at Stanford University School of Medicine. Although Dr. Reaven first described this lethal cluster of major risk factors for heart attack in 1988, most people have never heard in 1988, most people have never heard of Syndrome X. Based on more than 35 years of research, we now know that nearly I out of every 3 Americans is at risk for Syndrome X. But there's hope, says Dr. Reaven You can reverse the ravages Syndrome X can inflict on your arteries. What is Syndrome X? Syndrome X also known as the insulin resistance syndrome and the Reaven Syndrome may be the surest route to a heart attack. It can occur if you're born with insulin that is inefficient at shutting glucose into cells. The resulting high insulin levels left over in the bloodstream trigger all but one of the major risk factors responsible for the vast majority of all heart attacks. The other risk factor is LDL (bat) cholesterol, which is not part of Syndrome X.

34. Business Wire: Syndrome X Book In Second Printing syndrome X, also called the Insulin Resistance syndrome, the Metabolic syndrome,or the Reaven syndrome, is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities that lead to http://www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m0EIN/2000_August_29/64998049/p1/article.jhtml

@import url(/css/us/style.css); @import url(/css/us/searchResult1.css); @import url(/css/us/articles.css); Advanced Search Home Help IN all publications this publication Business Automotive Business Computing Entertainment Health News Reference Sports YOU ARE HERE Articles Business Wire August 29, 2000 Content provided in partnership with Print friendly Tell a friend Find subscription deals Syndrome X Book in Second Printing Business Wire August 29, 2000 SOUTH SAN FRANCISCO, Calif.(BW HealthWire) The book is ranked a No. 7 best seller in selective geographical areas and gaining momentum throughout the country. "That's good news," said Dr. Gerald Reaven, Professor of Medicine, Active Emeritus at Stanford University, and author of the book, "particularly for individuals with Syndrome X who don't know they have developed it." Dr. Reaven first described and named the disorder in 1988, and added, "It's never too late to reverse ravages from the risk factors triggered by the high insulin levels of Syndrome X." One-third of Americans are estimated to be insulin resistant and have Syndrome X. Syndrome X, also called the Insulin Resistance Syndrome, the Metabolic Syndrome, or the Reaven Syndrome, is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities that lead to most of the major risk factors for heart attack. It begins day one if an individual is born insulin resistant. Insulin resistance means that you can't efficiently shuttle blood sugar into cells. Individuals with Syndrome X also have the ability to secrete extra insulin to drive blood sugar into cells by sheer force. But what's left over are high levels of insulin in the blood, and we know now that too much insulin can be just as dangerous as too little.

35. Syndrome X 1. Reaven, G. syndrome X. Clinical Diabetes. 1994; 34, 32-52. 2. Reaven, G.syndrome X 6 years later. J Int Med Suppl. 1994;736;13-22. 3. McCarty MF. http://www.smart-publications.com/articles/syndrome-x-01.html

Subscribe ... to SP Update and receive weekly e-alerts from the world of nutritional medicine. Just type your email address below and click on submit (unsubscribe anytime.) Syndrome X: The secret to the puzzle of weight control Printer Friendly Version It’s lunchtime. You pop a low-fat, frozen pasta dish into the microwave and enjoy it with a fruit juice. A couple of hours later, your energy wanes and you have trouble concentrating. So you head to the vending machine for a bag of low-fat chips. On your way home, you eat a peach. You’re still hungry, but you’re optimistic about how you’ve limited your calories and restricted your fat intake. Maybe this time you can really stick to a diet that will help you lose weight and feel good. Right? WRONG! Pasta + juice + low-fat chips + fruit all add up to one thing: a diet of high carbohydrates and lots of carbohydrates is exactly what you want to stay away from—if you want to lose weight, feel good and maintain your health.

36. Syndrome X: The Secret To The Puzzle Of Weight Control 1. Reaven, G. syndrome X. Clinical Diabetes. 1994; 34, 32-52. 2. Reaven, G. syndromeX 6 years later. J Int Med Suppl. 1994;736;13-22 Abstract. 3. McCarty MF. http://www.smart-publications.com/articles/040106syndromeX1.htm

Subscribe ... to SP Update and receive weekly e-alerts from the world of nutritional medicine. Just type your email address below and click on submit (unsubscribe anytime.) Syndrome X: The secret to the puzzle of weight control Printer Friendly Version It’s lunchtime. You pop a low-fat, frozen pasta dish into the microwave and enjoy it with a fruit juice. A couple of hours later, your energy wanes and you have trouble concentrating. So you head to the vending machine for a bag of low-fat chips. On your way home, you eat a peach. You’re still hungry, but you’re optimistic about how you’ve limited your calories and restricted your fat intake. Maybe this time you can really stick to a diet that will help you lose weight and feel good. Right? WRONG! Pasta + juice + low-fat chips + fruit all add up to one thing: a diet of high carbohydrates and lots of carbohydrates is exactly what you want to stay away from—if you want to lose weight, feel good and maintain your health.

37. PharmGKB: Metabolic Syndrome X syndromes, Metabolic; Insulin Resistance syndrome X; Metabolic Cardiovascularsyndrome; Metabolic Cardiovascular syndromes; Reaven syndrome X; syndrome X http://www.pharmgkb.org/do/serve?objId=PA447159&objCls=Disease

38. Penn State Faculty Research Expertise Database (FRED) Related Terms, Insulin Resistance syndrome X, Reaven syndrome X. syndrome X, Reaven,syndrome, Metabolic Cardiovascular. syndromes, Metabolic Cardiovascular, http://fred.hmc.psu.edu/ds/retrieve/fred/meshdescriptor/D024821

39. Low Carb Research & Studies - Syndrome X Diet Dr. Reaven, authority on syndrome X, first described the disorder in1988. Reaven s research, which spans more than 35 years, points http://www.lowcarb.ca/articles/article118.html

Atkins diet and low carbohydrate diet resources provided free for information purposes, NOT as medical advice. Weight-Loss Support A sugar-free zone Low-Carb Plans Low-Carb Tips Low-Carb Recipes Low-Carb Tools ... Success Gallery Low Carb studies, research and media clips about Atkins diet and low-carb diets. Arguments for and against are presented here for objectivity. In our opinion, arguments against low-carb dieting are based on false, simplistic assumptions. How I Became a Low Carb Believer Low carbohydrate diet helps diabetics Studies suggest Atkins diet is safe A high-carb diet increases the risk of heart disease ... More Low Carb News Featured articles: Which low-carb plan is right for me? First low carb diet book ever, since 1860's Studies suggest Atkins diet is safe! Low carb Tiramisu recipe! ... Carbohydrate Counter Discuss this article! Low-Carb Diet Research and News Thursday August 24, 8:29 am Eastern Time Press Release Copenhagen Study Supports the Importance of the SynX Bar as a Dietary Supplement for Those at Risk for Coronary Heart Disease SOUTH SAN FRANCISCO, Calif.(BW HealthWire)August 24, 2000Shaman Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (OTCBB:

40. Insulin Resistance Syndrome - March 15, 2001 - American Family Physician Study. JAMA 2000; 2832218. Reaven GM. syndrome X 6 years later.J Intern Med Suppl 1994;73613-22. Granberry MC, Fonseca VA. http://www.aafp.org/afp/20010315/1159.html

Advanced Search Insulin Resistance Syndrome GOUTHAM RAO, M.D., A patient information handout on insulin resistance syndrome, written by the author of this article, is provided on page 1165. A PDF version of this document is available. Download PDF now (5 pages / 67 KB). More information on using PDF files. o It is estimated that this syndrome affects 70 to 80 million Americans. Insulin resistance syndrome is characterized by hyperinsulinemia and an increased prevalence of obesity, hypertension, dyslipemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Insulin stimulates glucose uptake into tissues, and its ability to do so varies greatly among individual persons. In insulin resistance, tissues have a diminished ability to respond to the action of insulin. To compensate for resistance, the pancreas secretes more insulin. Insulin-resistant persons, therefore, have high plasma insulin levels. The syndrome can be defined as a cluster of abnormalities, including obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes, that are associated with insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia. However, a cause-and-effect relationship between insulin resistance, these diseases and the mechanisms through which insulin resistance influences their development has yet to be conclusively demonstrated. Components of Insulin Resistance Syndrome Type 2 Diabetes Type 2 diabetes is the condition most obviously linked to insulin resistance. Compensatory hyperinsulinemia helps maintain normal glucose levelsoften for decadesbefore overt diabetes develops. Eventually the beta cells of the pancreas are unable to overcome insulin resistance through hypersecretion. Glucose levels rise, and a diagnosis of diabetes can be made.

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