1. EMedicine - Ovarian Failure : Article Excerpt By: Vladimir Bakalov, MD process directly affecting the ovaries (eg, chemotherapy, irradiation, autoimmunity, chromosomal abnormalities) is known as primary ovarian failure (POF). http://www.emedicine.com/med/byname/ovarian-failure.htm

(advertisement) Excerpt from Ovarian Failure Synonyms, Key Words, and Related Terms: ovaries, reproductive organs, premature ovarian failure, primary ovarian failure, premature menopause, primary ovarian insufficiency, POF, anovulation, endocrine failure Please click here to view the full topic text: Ovarian Failure Background: The human ovary functions as both a reproductive organ and an endocrine organ. These functions are tightly coupled. Predictable cyclicity is the hallmark of healthy ovarian function during the reproductive years. Each month, highly coordinated hormonal and ovarian morphological changes develop and release a mature oocyte that is ready for fertilization. A disruption of this process results in reproductive failure (anovulation) or endocrine failure (low serum levels of ovarian steroid hormones and inhibins). Ovarian failure due to inappropriate regulatory signals (hypothalamic or pituitary pathology) is known as secondary ovarian failure. Ovarian failure due to a pathological process directly affecting the ovaries (eg, chemotherapy, irradiation, autoimmunity, chromosomal abnormalities) is known as primary ovarian failure (POF). A simple means of distinguishing between the 2 conditions is to measure serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels (elevated in POF and low or normal in secondary ovarian failure). Aging is associated with a decline in the number of ovarian follicles, menstrual irregularities, ovarian hormonal deficiency, anovulation, decreased fertility, and, finally, a complete and irreversible cessation of menses known as menopause, usually occurring at a mean age of 51 years.

2. EMedicine - Ovarian Failure : Article By Vladimir Bakalov, MD Synonyms and related keywords ovaries, reproductive organs, premature ovarian failure, primary ovarian failure, premature menopause, primary ovarian http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic1700.htm

(advertisement) Home Specialties CME PDA ... Patient Education Articles Images CME Patient Education Advanced Search Link to this site Back to: eMedicine Specialties Medicine, Ob/Gyn, Psychiatry, and Surgery Obstetrics/gynecology Ovarian Failure Last Updated: January 5, 2004 Rate this Article Email to a Colleague Synonyms and related keywords: ovaries, reproductive organs, premature ovarian failure, primary ovarian failure, premature menopause, primary ovarian insufficiency, POF, anovulation, endocrine failure AUTHOR INFORMATION Section 1 of 10 Author Information Introduction Clinical Differentials ... Bibliography Author: Vladimir Bakalov, MD , Clinical Associate, Developmental Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health Coauthor(s): Lawrence M Nelson, MD, MBA , Head of Gynecologic Endocrinology Unit, Investigator, Section of Women's Health Research, Developmental Endocrinology Branch, National Institutes of Health Vladimir Bakalov, MD, is a member of the following medical societies: Endocrine Society Editor(s): Thomas Michael Price, MD

3. Choroideremia, Sensorineural Deafness, And Primary Ovarian Failure In A Woman Wi Case report. Choroideremia, sensorineural deafness, and primary ovarian failure in a woman with a balanced X4 translocation. Isabel http://www.szp.swets.nl/szp/journals/og213185.htm

Ophthalmic Genetics 2000, Vol.21, No.3, pp. 185-189 Case report Choroideremia, sensorineural deafness, and primary ovarian failure in a woman with a balanced X-4 translocation Isabel Lorda-Sanchez , Angeles Ibañez , Raúl Sanz , María J. Trujillo , Marian Anabitarte , María E. Querejeta , Marta Rodriguez de Alba , Ascension Gimenez , Fernando Infantes , Carmen Ramos , Blanca Garcia-Sandoval and Carmen Ayuso Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Department of Genetics, Madrid, Spain Universidad Complutense, Department of Cellular Biology, Madrid, Spain Policlínica de Guipuzcoa, Unit of Genetics, San Sebastian, Spain Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Department of Ophthalmology, Madrid, Spain Keywords: Choroideremia , chromosome X , POF , translocation , chromosome 4 .

4. Choroideremia, Sensorineural Deafness, And Primary Ovarian Failure Choroideremia, sensorineural deafness, and primary ovarian failure in a woman with a balanced X4 translocation. Lorda-Sanchez IJ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=DocSum

5. 856: Primary Ovarian Failure Associated To A 46,XX,t(6;18)(p23;q22) Balanced Rec Program Nr 856. primary ovarian failure associated to a 46 XX t(6;18)(p23;q22) balanced reciprocal translocation. Possible new autosomal genes involved in ovarian development.E.F. Bastos1 3, J.C. Llerena Jr.1 2, J.C. Herdy Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. primary ovarian failure has heterogeneous causes http://www.faseb.org/genetics/ashg99/f856.htm

Program Nr: 856 Primary ovarian failure associated to a 46,XX,t(6;18)(p23;q22) balanced reciprocal translocation. Possible new autosomal genes involved in ovarian development. E.F. Bastos , J.C. Llerena Jr. , J.C. Cabral de Almeida

6. Entrez PubMed Click here to read primary ovarian failure caused by a solvent containing 2bromopropane. Koh JM, Kim CH, Hong SK, Lee KU, Kim YT, Kim OJ, Kim GS. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstra

7. FSH: The Test In women, FSH and LH levels can help to differentiate between primary ovarian failure (failure of the ovaries themselves) and secondary ovarian failure http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/fsh/test.html

TESTS Test not listed? A/G Ratio ACE ACT ACTH AFB Culture AFP Maternal AFP Tumor Marker Albumin Aldosterone Allergies ALP Alpha-1 Antitrypsin ALT Amylase ANA Antibody Tests Apo A Apo B ApoE Genotyping aPTT AST Autoantibodies Bilirubin Blood Culture Blood Gases Blood Smear BMP BNP Bone Markers BRCA BUN C-peptide CA-125 CA 15-3 CA 19-9 Calcium Cardiac Risk CBC CEA Celiac Disease Tests CF Gene Mutation Chlamydia Chloride Cholesterol CK CK-MB CMP CMV Coagulation Factors Complement Levels Cortisol Creatinine Creatinine Clearance CRP CRP, high-sensitivity Cystatin C D-dimer DHEAS Differential DLDL EGFR Electrolytes Electrophoresis ESR Estrogen Estrogen Receptors Factor V Leiden Fecal Occult Blood Ferritin fFN Fibrinogen Flu Tests Folate Fructosamine FSH Genotypic Resistance GFR GGT Glucose Gonorrhea Gram Stain Growth Hormone H-pylori hCG HDL Hematocrit Hemoglobin Hemoglobin Variants Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Her-2/neu Herpes HIV Antibody HLA-B27 Home Tests Homocysteine HPV hs-CRP IGF-1

8. LH: The Test In women, LH and FSH levels can help to differentiate between primary ovarian failure (failure of the ovaries themselves or lack of ovarian development) and http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/lh/test.html

TESTS Test not listed? A/G Ratio ACE ACT ACTH AFB Culture AFP Maternal AFP Tumor Marker Albumin Aldosterone Allergies ALP Alpha-1 Antitrypsin ALT Amylase ANA Antibody Tests Apo A Apo B ApoE Genotyping aPTT AST Autoantibodies Bilirubin Blood Culture Blood Gases Blood Smear BMP BNP Bone Markers BRCA BUN C-peptide CA-125 CA 15-3 CA 19-9 Calcium Cardiac Risk CBC CEA Celiac Disease Tests CF Gene Mutation Chlamydia Chloride Cholesterol CK CK-MB CMP CMV Coagulation Factors Complement Levels Cortisol Creatinine Creatinine Clearance CRP CRP, high-sensitivity Cystatin C D-dimer DHEAS Differential DLDL EGFR Electrolytes Electrophoresis ESR Estrogen Estrogen Receptors Factor V Leiden Fecal Occult Blood Ferritin fFN Fibrinogen Flu Tests Folate Fructosamine FSH Genotypic Resistance GFR GGT Glucose Gonorrhea Gram Stain Growth Hormone H-pylori hCG HDL Hematocrit Hemoglobin Hemoglobin Variants Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Her-2/neu Herpes HIV Antibody HLA-B27 Home Tests Homocysteine HPV hs-CRP IGF-1

9. Untitled pathology) is known as secondary ovarian failure. Ovarian failure due to a pathological process directly abnormalities) is known as primary ovarian failure (POF). A simple means of http://www.medceu.com/tests/ovarianfailure.htm

Ovarian Failure Background: The human ovary functions as both a reproductive organ and an endocrine organ. These functions are tightly coupled. Predictable cyclicity is the hallmark of healthy ovarian function during the reproductive years. Each month, highly coordinated hormonal and ovarian morphological changes develop and release a mature oocyte that is ready for fertilization. A disruption of this process results in reproductive failure (anovulation) or endocrine failure (low serum levels of ovarian steroid hormones and inhibins). Ovarian failure due to inappropriate regulatory signals (hypothalamic or pituitary pathology) is known as secondary ovarian failure. Ovarian failure due to a pathological process directly affecting the ovaries (eg, chemotherapy, irradiation, autoimmunity, chromosomal abnormalities) is known as primary ovarian failure (POF). A simple means of distinguishing between the 2 conditions is to measure serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels (elevated in POF and low or normal in secondary ovarian failure). Aging is associated with a decline in the number of ovarian follicles, menstrual irregularities, ovarian hormonal deficiency, anovulation, decreased fertility, and, finally, a complete and irreversible cessation of menses known as menopause, usually occurring at a mean age of 51 years.

10. Overcoming Infertility primary ovarian failure. Failure of the ovaries to produce enough follicles, because of a problem in the ovary itself, and resulting http://www.jansen.com.au/silver/glossary.asp?keyword=primary ovarian failure

11. Jansen - Low Thyroid Function And An Elevated Day 3 FSH. What Does It Mean? But neither thyroid disease nor primary ovarian failure is rare. In practice, the association is often a coincidence. These are the relevant facts. http://www.jansen.com.au/Answer4.html

Robert Jansen MD Very interesting questions. Updated Jan 2004. Low thyroid function and an elevated day 3 FSH. What does it mean? Q . Your discussion of Autoimmune Oophoritis (in Overcoming Infertility) piqued my interest because I was just diagnosed with slight hypothyroidism for which I am taking Synthroid. I will be undergoing new day 3 FSH levels in a couple of weeks after having been on the medication for the last month, in the hope that my FSH levels are back to normal or at least below 10. I do not have painful enlargement of the ovaries, but I gather that autoimmune oophoritis might not show up as the painful enlargement of the ovaries until all the follicles have been burned out. You say that tissue antibodies such as thyroid antibodies are looked for, however they are rarely present. What I can't figure out is, if thyroid antibodies are present (like with me) and the ovaries aren't enlarged, and the thyroid problem is corrected, what happens? Can some good follicles be left? If so, if FSH levels start looking good again is there some hope? There are real connections between an underactive thyroid and problems with ovulation. But neither thyroid disease nor primary ovarian failure is rare. In practice, the association is often a coincidence.

12. ERT Patch ComparisonVivelle Dot, Climara, Mylan, Estraderm, Alora vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause; vulvar and vaginal atrophy; hypoestrogenism due to hypogonadism, castration, or primary ovarian failure; and the http://www.vivelledot.com/professionals_comparepatch.php

13. Ferring.com FerCenter Infertility Resource - The Genetics Of Human Ovarian Failu ovarian failure.”. Hector Nemirovsky, MD “You don’t foresee any solution of this type of thing, the primary ovarian failure?”. http://fercenter.com/display.asp?page=interviews_congress-reporting_WC2002_mcdon

14. Kreiner IVF: : : Infertility, Ivf, In Vitro Fertilization, Fertility, ICSI oocyte donation program was performed. None of the 23 patients with primary ovarian failure ovulated. Seven of 63 (11.1 %) with http://www.kreinerivf.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=premature

15. Colorado Reproductive Endocrinology Mutations in the genes coding for the FSH and LH receptors have also been identified in women with primary ovarian failure. Return to top of page. http://www.coloradofertility.com/physician_prem_failure3.htm

resources Premature Ovarian Failure Introduction Presentation of the Woman With POF Causes of Premature Ovarian Failure Iatrogenic ... Therapy Causes of Premature Ovarian Failure Genetic Autoimmune Genetic Without two active X chromosomes, follicular atresia is accelerated. Therefore, although normal fetal ovarian development may occur in women with Turner's syndrome, ovarian failure occurs because of follicular atresia. Inhibin is a glycoprotein product of the ovarian follicle, which plays a role in the pituitary secretion of FSH. Because inhibin selectively inhibits FSH secretion, it has been suggested that decreased inhibin production may induce POF because of increased FSH production accelerating follicular depletion. A recent study has shown that 7% of women with POF have a mutation of the inhibin gene located on the long arm of chromosome 2 and is associated with ovarian failure at an early age. Mutations in the genes coding for the FSH and LH receptors have also been identified in women with primary ovarian failure. Return to top of page Autoimmune POF is frequently associated with autoimmunity. It may be an element of autoimmune polyglandular syndrome (APS) in combination with adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease), hypothyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, or mucocutaneous candidiasis. In APS type I, an autosomal recessive disorder, POF is present in 60% of women. It is very common for women with POF to have autoimmune hypothyroidism. In a recent study of women with karyotypically normal POF, 27% were hypothyroid, 2.5% had hypoparathyroidism, and 2.5% had diabetes mellitus.

16. Menopause age of 40. It occurs in less than 1% of all women. 3 There are many reasons for amenorrhea in addition to primary ovarian failure. http://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/diseasemanagement/women/menopause/menopause.

Published May 29, 2002 Revised July 25, 2003 Julie Elder, DO Women's Health Center Holly Thacker, MD Women's Health Center Print Chapter The Cleveland Clinic Foundation DEFINITION Definition Prevalence Pathophysiology Signs and ... References National Guidelines National Osteoporosis Foundation: Osteoporosis Clinical Practice Guideline Menopause is defined as the absence of menses for one year. During this time, estrogen, progesterone and ovarian androgens are diminished due to adult-onset ovarian failure. Women usually experience menopause between 40 and 55 years old, with the median age being 51 for non-smokers. (Figure 1) Smokers and women with chronic illnesses tend to experience menopause at an earlier age (Table 1) Table 1: Factors that Affect the Onset of Menopause Earlier Onset Later Onset Current smoking Nulliparity Pelvic radiation and chemotherapy Medical treatment for depression Genetics Multiparity Increased BMI Higher cognitive scores in childhood Genetics Perimenopause is comprised of fluctuating ovarian function and occurs 2 to 8 years prior to menopause and up to 1 year after the final menses.

17. About HRT Most women with primary ovarian failure opt for long term oestrogen replacement therapy in order to prevent symptoms of oestrogen deficiency and osteoporosis. http://www.daisynetwork.org.uk/abouthrt.htm

About HRT Premature ovarian failure - treatment The diagnosis of premature ovarian failure in a young women is a devastating event. One of the most neglected aspects of POF is the long-term psychological scarring left by the diagnosis. This is especially true of younger women who experience low self-esteem and depression which cannot be accounted for solely by oestrogen deficiency. Counselling or patients support group should be offered to all women. Hormone replacement therapy Most women with primary ovarian failure opt for long term oestrogen replacement therapy in order to prevent symptoms of oestrogen deficiency and osteoporosis. The youngest women may require HRT for nearly 40 years. The degree to which this long term administration of oestrogen prevents cardiovascular disease or increases risk of breast cancer is unknown and we can only extrapolate from studies in older postmenopausal women. Progesterone is required for all women with an intact uterus in order to avoid endometrial hyperplasia induced by unopposed oestrogen. While some women might find the continuous combined form of oestrogen and progesterone replacement attractive as a way of avoiding menstruation, it must be remembered that the use of these preparations in young women has not been studied over the long-term. Testosterone supplements are rarely required when the adrenal gland continues to supply androgens. Even though testosterone implants have a reputation for improving libido, they have not being tested in a controlled clinical trial. For those women with combined ovarian failure and Addison's disease who have no source of androgens, it seems reasonable to offer testosterone replacement.

18. Introduction Women who have a defective LH recepto r present with primary amenorrhoea with the typical picture of primary ovarian failure. In http://www.daisynetwork.org.uk/pofintro.htm

Premature Ovarian Failure A brief background to the causes of premature ovarian failure by Dr Gerard Conway - Consultant Endocrinologist, The Middlesex Hospital, Mortimer Street, London W1N 8AA Introduction In the United Kingdom the age distribution of the menopause has a median at the age of 50 years with one percent of women menstruating after the age of 60 and one percent entering menopause before the age of 40. The age of the natural menopause is closely inherited and it is also affected by environmental factors such as smoking. A menopause before the age of 40 is most commonly taken to be the definition of 'premature ovarian failure' although this figure is arbitrary. Estimates of the prevalence of premature ovarian failure range between 0.3 and 1% and this condition account for approximately 25% of women presenting amenorrhoea. The ovary comprises four cell types, germ cells, granulosa cells, theca cells and support cells. The integrity of germ cells and granulosa cells is closely interdependent so their survival and failure occur in parallel. Some mechanisms of ovarian failure primarily result in germ cell depletion, X chromosome abnormalities for instance, while others target granulosa cells only, e.g. FSH receptor mutations. Terminology Here are some terms which are applied to differences in timing and severity of ovarian failure: Gonadal dysgenesis describes the failure of the ovary to develop but is also loosely applied to the presentation of ovarian failure with primary amenorrhoea and failure to develop secondary sexual characteristics.

19. Pregnyl For Injection Drug Information Pregnyl For Injection of ovulation and pregnancy in the anovulatory, infertile woman in whom the cause of anovulation is secondary and not due to primary ovarian failure and who has http://www.drugs.com/PDR/Pregnyl_for_Injection.html

Log-in Register Features New Drugs Health Literacy with Helen Osborne From our sponsors Categories Diabetes Gastro Center Weight Loss AIDS/HIV ... Sexual Health Advertisement Home New Drugs Interactions Checker Pill Identification ... Advanced Search Or click the first letter of a drug name: A B C D ... Z PDR Drug information for (chorionic gonadotropin for injection, USP) DESCRIPTION Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), a polypeptide hormone produced by the human placenta, is composed of an alpha and a beta sub-unit. The alpha sub-unit is essentially identical to the alpha sub-units of the human pituitary gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), as well as to the alpha sub-unit of human thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). The beta sub-units of these hormones differ in amino acid sequence. CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY The action of HCG is virtually identical to that of pituitary LH, although HCG appears to have a small degree of FSH activity as well. It stimulates production of gonadal steroid hormones by stimulating the interstitial cells (Leydig cells) of the testis to produce androgens and the corpus luteum of the ovary to produce progesterone. Androgen stimulation in the male leads to the development of secondary sex characteristics and may stimulate testicular descent when no anatomical impediment to descent is present. This descent is usually reversible when HCG is discontinued. During the normal menstrual cycle, LH participates with FSH in the development and maturation of the normal ovarian follicle, and the mid-cycle LH surge triggers ovulation. HCG can substitute for LH in this function.

20. Ovidrel Indications, Dosage, Storage, Stability - Choriogonadotropin Alfa - RxLi of ovulation (OI) and pregnancy in anovulatory infertile patients in whom the cause of infertility is functional and not due to primary ovarian failure. http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/ovidrel_ids.htm

Choriogonadotropin alfa HEALTH LIBRARY ADD/ADHD Allergy Alternative Medicine Arthritis Asthma Beyond Dieting Breast Cancer Cancer Awareness Cardio Health Children's Health Contraception COPD/Emphysema Dental Health Diabetes Elder Care Emergency Room Epilepsy Erectile Dysfunction Eye Care Fertility Fitness Gastrointestinal Health Hair Loss Headache Healthcare Today Healthy Aging HIV and AIDS Infectious Diseases Kidney Health Leukemia Liver Health Lung Cancer Lymphoma Multiple Sclerosis Men's Health Mental Health Nutrition Osteoporosis Sexual Health Skin Health Sleep Disorders Special Events Stroke Teen Health Thyroid Health Urologic Health Vascular Disease Women's Health Workplace Health Health Updates Get the latest health information from leading experts, delivered direct to your email box! HEALTH HEADLINES Advertisement LOW CARB DIET safe for diabetics? INDICATIONS AND USAGE Ovidrel (choriogonadotropin alfa for injection) is indicated for the induction of final follicular maturation and early luteinization in infertile women who have undergone pituitary desensitization and who have been appropriately pretreated with follicle stimulating hormones as part of an Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) program such as in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Ovidrel

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