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         Pickwickian Syndrome:     more detail
  1. Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine: Pickwickian syndrome by Kim A. Sharp M.Ln., 2002-01-01
  2. Pickwickian Syndrome: The Challenge of Severe Sleep Apnea.(Statistical Data Included): An article from: MedSurg Nursing by Kathleen Marchiondo, 2000-08-01
  3. Pickwickian Syndrome: An entry from Gale's <i>Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, 3rd ed.</i> by Kim, M.Ln. Sharp, 2006
  4. Pickwickian Manners and Customs by PercyFitzgerald, 2010-10-03
  5. Pickwickian Manners and Customs by Percy Fitzgerald, 2010-08-20
  6. Das Pickwick-Syndrom: Schlafanfalle u. Periodenatmung bei Adiposen (German Edition) by Uwe Henrik Peters, 1976

61. Pickwickian Syndrome - A Medical Reference Article
pickwickian syndrome. A Medical Medical Center. A resource with informationon over 10,000 medical topics including pickwickian syndrome.
http://www.mcadd.net/dwp/005567.htm
Pickwickian syndrome
A Medical Article provided by University of Maryland Medical Center A resource with information on over 10,000 medical topics including: Pickwickian syndrome Previous Next

62. American Thoracic Society - Critical Care (CC)
This raises the possibility of either sleep apnea or that a form of idiopathicalveolar hypoventilation such as the pickwickian syndrome (3,4) is present.
http://www.thoracic.org/assemblies/cc/answers/ccgen0999.asp
Assembly Sites Guidelines for Development of Official ATS Documents Guidelines for Joint Projects Web Editorial Board ... ATS Critical Care Website
(Large source of educational materials
pertaining to practice and
research in critical care)
CRITICAL CARE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES:
General Critical Care Cases
September 1999 Michael Littner, M.D.
Chief, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine
VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System
Sepulveda Campus
and the UCLA/San Fernando Valley Program Sepulveda, California Professor of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine Janet Au, M.D. Co-Director, Medical Intensive Care Unit Los Angeles County-UCLA Olive View Medical Center and the UCLA/San Fernando Valley Program Sylmar, California Associate Professor of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine Sleep-Disordered Breathing in the Intensive Care Unit
ANSWERS
  • d. The likely diagnoses are an exacerbation of COPD combined with nocturnal and daytime hypoventilation secondary to the Pickwickian syndrome or the sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome. a. (see Discussion below)
  • 63. Snoring & Sleep Apnea
    later in the 19th century of other hypersomnolent, obese patients with loud snoring,which came to be called the pickwickian syndrome in reference to Dickens
    http://www.talkaboutsleep.com/sleepdisorders/Snoring_apnea_abstract36.htm
    Home Sleep Basics View a Sleep Study FAQ ... eQuipment Fair
    Sleep Apnea Information
    History of Clinical Research on the Sleep Apnea Syndrome
    Wolfgang Kuhl
    Deutsche Klinik fur Diagnostik, Wiebaden, Deutschland
    Published in Respiration Vol. 64(Supple 1) pp 5-10, 1997
    Summary
    Polysomnography is defined succinctly if a bit vaguely in Stedman's Medical Dictionary as the "simultaneous and continuous recording of normal and abnormal physiological activity during sleep." Most sleep specialists consider it the key laboratory study for the diagnosis of sleep apnea and other sleep-related breathing disorders. Furthermore, many would consider the electroencephalogram or EEGa record from scalp electrodes of the electrical activity of the brainas a key measure of "physiological activity" in describing sleep patterns, and therefore as important as the measurement by various means of breathing itself and its results (i.e., blood oxygen saturation) in defining sleep apnea. We should be aware that the EEG dates back only to Berger's first recordings in 1929. Berger noted changing patterns of EEG activity with changing levels of consciousness, from wakefulness to sleep. Recording of the EEG with other physiological measures, especially eye movements, enabled Dement and Kleitman in 1957 to define different stages of sleep, particularly the recurrent cycling throughout the night of Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep, associated with the waking pattern of the EEG but no return of consciousness or responsiveness to the outside environment.

    64. Abstract Viewer
    Endemic pickwickian syndrome Professor James (Rex) Ferris Email Address rferris@adhb.govt.nzObesity is a major health problem in New Zealand, particularly
    http://www.anzfss2004.org.nz/cgi-bin/ViewAbstracts.cgi?paperid=364

    65. Did You Know - About Pickwickian Syndrome?
    Find out about pickwickian syndrome here. Patients with pickwickian syndromeare often severely compromised in their activities of daily living.
    http://nursing.about.com/library/1999/bldyk042402.htm
    zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Nursing Home Essentials ... The Virtual Break Room zau(256,152,180,'gob','http://z.about.com/5/ad/go.htm?gs='+gs,''); Advanced Practice Assessment Skills Bioethics Clinical Tools ... Help zau(256,138,125,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/0.htm','');w(xb+xb);
    Stay Current
    Subscribe to the About Nursing newsletter. zau(256,152,100,'hs','http://z.about.com/5/ad/hs.htm?zIhsid=00',''); Search Nursing Did You Know... ...that there is a serious medical disorder named after a Dickens character? "Pickwickian syndrome", also known as obesity hypoventilation syndrome is named after Joe , an obese, sleepy, red-faced minor character in Charles Dickens' book "The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club." Massive obesity can cause reduction in chest wall movement, which in turn can lead to hypoventilation, hypoxia and hypercapnia (carbon dioxide retention.) The body attempts to compensate for the hypoxia by increasing the percentage of red blood cells (polycythemia), increasing the patient's risk of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Chronic hypoxia can also lead to constriction of the pulmonary arteries, leading to pulmonary hypertension, right-sided heart failure and peripheral edema. Because nighttime sleep is disturbed, patients frequently nod off uncontrollably during the day. Patients with Pickwickian syndrome are often severely compromised in their activities of daily living.

    66. ICSD: Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
    Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome. ICSD 780.530, ICD-10 G47.3, (Sleep Apnea).E66.2, (pickwickian syndrome). DSM-IV 780.59, (Breathing-Related Sleep Disorder).
    http://www.uni-marburg.de/sleep/enn/database/asdadefs/def1a8.htm
    The International Classification of Sleep Disorders
    Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
    ICSD: ICD-10: (Sleep Apnea) (Pickwickian Syndrome) DSM-IV: (Breathing-Related Sleep Disorder)
    Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome
    is characterized by repetitive episodes of upper airway obstruction that occur during sleep, usually associated with a reduction in blood oxygen saturation. Prevalence:
    Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is most common in middle aged, overweight males. Although an accurate figure is not available, a prevalence of 1-2% of the population is suspected.
    Reference Data
    Patient: Notes: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome combined with PLM Keywords:
    sleep apnea, obstructive apnea, upper airway apnea, mixed apnea, hypersomnia sleep apnea syndrome, obesity hypoventilation syndrome, adenoidal hypertrophy, cor pulmonale syndrome, pickwickian syndrome.

    67. Chest -- Abstracts: Rapoport Et Al. 89 (5): 627
    ARTICLES. Hypercapnia in the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. A reevaluation ofthe pickwickian syndrome . DM Rapoport, SM Garay, H Epstein and RM Goldring.
    http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/content/abstract/89/5/627
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    ARTICLES
    Hypercapnia in the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. A reevaluation of the "Pickwickian syndrome"
    DM Rapoport, SM Garay, H Epstein and RM Goldring
    The mechanisms of hypercapnia in eight patients with the "Pickwickian" syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea (OSAS) were evaluated pretherapy and posttherapy (tracheostomy in seven patients and chronic nocturnal use of nasal CPAP in one). Four patients (correctors) became eucapnic within two weeks of therapy. Four others (noncorrectors) remained hypercapnic. Neither residual apneas, changes in pulmonary function, change in anatomic dead

    68. Chest -- Abstracts: Gold Et Al. 103 (5): 1325
    response, higher waking PaCO2, and lower total lung capacity in the sleep apneapatients resemble the pattern observed in patients with pickwickian syndrome.
    http://www.chestjournal.org/cgi/content/abstract/103/5/1325
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    ARTICLES
    Pulmonary function and respiratory chemosensitivity in moderately obese patients with sleep apnea
    AR Gold, AR Schwartz, RA Wise and PL Smith
    Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Sleep Disorders Center, Francis Scott Key Medical Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore. To determine whether moderately obese, normocapnic, sleep apnea patients are distinguished from normal obese individuals by differences in waking pulmonary function and respiratory chemosensitivity, we compared the waking pulmonary function, hypercapnic, and hypoxic ventilatory responses of 35

    69. EMedicine - Apnea, Sleep : Article Excerpt By: Ralph Downey III, PhD
    The term pickwickian syndrome originated with the obese character Joe inCharles Dickens novel The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club.
    http://www.emedicine.com/med/byname/apnea-sleep.htm
    (advertisement)
    Excerpt from Apnea, Sleep
    Synonyms, Key Words, and Related Terms: obstructive sleep apnea, OSA, sleep apnea, apnea, sleep disorder, snoring, sleep-related disorder, sleep disordered breathing, SDB, central apnea, obstructive apnea, mixed apnea, hypopnea, upper airway resistance syndrome, UARS, nasal continuous positive airway pressure, nasal CPAP, CPAP, apnea index, AI respiratory disturbance index, RDI, apnea-hypopnea index, PSG, polysomnography, pickwickian syndrome
    Please click here to view the full topic text: Apnea, Sleep
    Background: Sleep apnea occurs during sleep when a cessation of airflow occurs for at least 10 seconds (usually 20-30 s but rarely >2 min). The apneas (absences of breath) are accompanied by snoring, sleep arousals, and hypoxia. The term sleep apnea describes 2 major sleep-related clinical problems: (1) obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and (2) central sleep apnea. OSA is caused by upper airway (UA) obstruction at the level of the pharynx. It is the most common form of sleep apnea. Central apnea is the result of impairment in respiratory control of breathing. Sleep apnea syndrome encompasses a spectrum of sleep-related breathing disorders ranging from simple snoring to severe sleep apnea with associated neurocognitive deficits, residual daytime sleepiness, pauses in breathing, and cardiovascular consequences such as hypertension and stroke. UA resistance syndrome is a condition within this spectrum that is intermediate in severity to these 2 extremes. Patients with UA resistance syndrome have clinical features closely related to OSA, but frank apneas are absent (see

    70. EMedicine - Respiratory Acidosis : Article Excerpt By: Jackie A Hayes, MD, FCCP
    Chronic respiratory acidosis also may be secondary to obesity hypoventilation syndrome(ie, pickwickian syndrome), neuromuscular disorders such as amyotrophic
    http://www.emedicine.com/med/byname/respiratory-acidosis.htm
    (advertisement)
    Excerpt from Respiratory Acidosis
    Synonyms, Key Words, and Related Terms: hypoventilation, hypercapnia, alveolar hypoventilation, impaired ventilation, central respiratory depression, myasthenia gravis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, muscular dystrophy, asthma, airway obstruction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD, increased ventilation-perfusion mismatch, decreased diaphragm function, diaphragm dysfunction, obesity hypoventilation syndrome, pickwickian syndrome, respiratory muscle fatigue, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, bronchitis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, diaphragm paralysis, kyphoscoliosis
    Please click here to view the full topic text: Respiratory Acidosis
    Background: Respiratory acidosis is a clinical disturbance that is due to alveolar hypoventilation. Production of carbon dioxide occurs rapidly, and failure of ventilation promptly increases the PaCO . Alveolar hypoventilation leads to an increased PaCO (ie, hypercapnia). The increase in PaCO in turn decreases the HCO /PaCO and decreases pH. Hypercapnia and respiratory acidosis occur when impairment in ventilation occurs and the removal of CO

    71. Sleep Apnea,Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea,Obstructive Sleep Apnea (Upper Air
    Sleep Apnea,Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea,Obstructive Sleep Apnea (UpperAirway Apnea),pickwickian syndrome,Central Sleep Apnea,Mixed Sleep Apnea.
    http://www.icomm.ca/geneinfo/slpapn.htm
    Sleep Apnea,Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea,Obstructive Sleep Apnea (Upper Airway Apnea),Pickwickian Syndrome,Central Sleep Apnea,Mixed Sleep Apnea
    For Information on Workshops and Seminars for Special Needs Children click here The GAPS INDEX
    to Information on the Internet about Genetic Disorders and Birth Defects

    Genetic Information and Patient Services, Inc. (GAPS)
    HOME
    DISORDERS GLOSSARY Sleep Apnea
    also known as:
    Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea
    Disorder Subdivisions
    Obstructive Sleep Apnea (Upper Airway Apnea),,,
    Pickwickian Syndrome
    Central Sleep Apnea Mixed Sleep Apnea (as defined by the National Organization for Rare Disorders
    Sleep apnea is a sleep disorder characterized by temporary, recurrent interruptions of breathing (respiration) during sleep. Symptoms of this disorder include periodic wakefulness during the night, excessive sleepiness during the day, and loud snoring during sleep. People with this disorder are frequently overweight. Diagnosis and treatment of sleep apnea can avoid serious medical problems that may arise as a consequence of oxygen deprivation in untreated individuals. Sleep apnea occurs in three different forms: obstructive, central, and mixed.

    72. Syndrome D'apnée Du Sommeil De L'adulte
    Translate this page A pickwickian syndrome. Am J Med 1956, 21, 811-818. Jung R., Kuhlo W. Neurophysiologicalstudie of abdominal night sleep and the pickwickian syndrome.
    http://sommeil.univ-lyon1.fr/articles/onen/apnee/sommaire.html
    S.H. Onen Journal du Jeune Praticien TABLE DES MATIERES
    SH ONEN Ses articles sur le serveur
    IMPRESSION Version imprimable
    (Tout l'article dans une seule page) SAS dr f. onen** s.h. onen *pr d. robert*** Consultations des troubles du sommeil CMPA CHU de Clermont Ferrand BP 69 63003 Clermont Ferrand
    REFERENCES
  • Aldrich MS, Chauncey JB. Are morning headaches part of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome ? Arch Intern Med 1990, 150, 1265 1267.
  • Bruwell C, Robin E.D, Whaley R.D, Bic Kelmann A.G. Extreme obesity associated with alveolar hypoventilation. A pickwickian syndrome. Am J Med 1956, 21, 811-818.
  • Chabolle F., Fleury B., Habege E., Meyerb, Chouard C.
  • Durieux P., Neuxirca F.
  • Fujita S., Conway W.A., Zorick F., Roth T.S. Surgical correction of anatomic abnormalities in obstructive sleep apnea: uvulopatol pharyngoplasty. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1981, 89, 923-934.
  • Gastaut H, Tassinari C.A., Duron B.
  • Gould G.A., Whyte K.F., Rhind G.B., Airlie M.A.A., Catterall J.R., Sophiro C.M., Douglas N.J. The sleep hypopnea syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988, 137, 895-898.
  • Guilleminault C., Tilkian A.G., Dement W.C.
  • 73. Obesity And Respiratory Disorders
    A reevaluation of the pickwickian syndrome . Chest. Reversal of the Pickwickiansyndrome by longterm use of nocturnal nasal-airway pressure. N Engl J Med.
    http://www.umdnj.edu/rspthweb/bibs/obesity.htm
    Obesity and Respiratory Disorders
    Bardoczky GI, Yernault JC, Houben JJ, d'Hollander AA. Large tidal volume ventilation does not improve oxygenation in morbidly obese patients during anesthesia. Anesth Analg. Blocker WP Jr, Ostermann HJ. Obesity: evaluation and treatment. Dis Mon. Cohn AI, Hart RT, McGraw SR, Blass NH. The Bullard laryngoscope for emergency airway management in a morbidly obese parturient. Anesth Analg. Collop NA. Refractory hypoxemia in a morbidly obese 28-year-old woman. Chest. Dumont L, Mattys M, Mardirosoff C, et al. Changes in pulmonary mechanics during laparoscopic gastroplasty in morbidly obese patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. Hakala K, Mustajoki P, Aittomaki J, Sovijarvi A. Improved gas exchange during exercise after weight loss in morbid obesity. Clin Physiol. Harman E, Wynne JW, Block AJ, Malloy-Fisher L. Sleep-disordered breathing and oxygen desaturation in obese patients. Chest. Harman EM, Wynne JW, Block AJ. The effect of weight loss on sleep-disordered breathing and oxygen desaturation in morbidly obese men. Chest.

    74. Goodhealth N You
    In the 1800s, it was known as pickwickian syndrome (today this termwould be reserved for obese people with cor pulmonale). This
    http://www.goodhealthnyou.com/hot/sleep1.php3?id=1451

    75. FRISC > Faculty Profiles > Roger H. Unger, M.D.
    M Shimabukuro RH Unger J Clin Invest 1997 Oct;100(7);17504. Score0.4. pickwickian syndrome S Oba The pickwickian syndrome.
    http://invention.swmed.edu/frisc/faculty/unger/profile.shtml
    Roger H. Unger, M.D.
    Professor of Internal Medicine
    Integrative
    Biology
    Phone: (214) 648-3488
    FAX: (214) 648-9191
    Email: runger@mednet.swmed.edu
    Results - Closest matches

    Results - NEW THIS MONTH

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    Abstract
    ... FRISC Statistics Results - Closest matches: [ comparison report text file ]
    Lipotoxic diseases of nonadipose tissues in obesity.
    R H Unger ... L Orci
    Score: 0.51
    Lipotoxic diseases.
    Roger H Unger
    Score: 0.51
    Hyperplasia of "pancreatic polypeptide"-cells in the pancreas of juvenile diabetics.
    W Gepts ... M Marichal-Pipeleers Diabetologia 1977 Jan;13(1);27-34.
    Score: 0.45
    Leptin increases the viability of isolated rat pancreatic islets by suppressing apoptosis.
    S Okuya ... Y Oka Endocrinology 2001 Nov;142(11);4827-30.
    Score: 0.43
    Lipotoxicity of beta-cells in obesity and in other causes of fatty acid spillover.
    R H Unger ... Y T Zhou
    Score: 0.41
    Leptin- or troglitazone-induced lipopenia protects islets from interleukin 1beta cytotoxicity.
    M Shimabukuro ... R H Unger J Clin Invest 1997 Oct;100(7);1750-4.

    76. Photo Quiz - July 1, 2003 - American Family Physician
    A. Morbid obesity. B. pickwickian syndrome. C. PraderWilli syndrome. D.Angelman syndrome. Discussion. The answer is C Prader-Willi syndrome.
    http://www.aafp.org/afp/20030701/photo.html

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    Photo Quiz
    Obesity and Daytime Sleepiness
    FIGURE 1.
    FIGURE 2.
    A 17-year-old mentally retarded, morbidly obese teenager had a long history of sleep apnea, with excessive daytime sleepiness and loud snoring. On physical examination, notable findings included a height of 141 cm (56.4 in, well below the 5th percentile for age) and weight of 170 kg (374 lb, far greater than the 95th percentile for age). Abnormal facial features included strabismus, narrow nose, thin upper lip, down-turned mouth, viscous saliva, and dental caries (Figure 1) . The patient habitually picked at her skin. Brilliant Green, an antiseptic dye, had been applied to multiple excoriations of the skin. Her skin and hair were lighter in color than those of other members of her family. Massive lymphedema of the lower extremities and small hands and feet were noted (Figure 2) Question
    Based on the patient's history and physical examination, which one of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
    A. Morbid obesity.

    77. BRATISLAVA MEDICAL JOURNAL 2/97
    several disorders gradually developing from simple and loud snoring through upperairway resistance syndrome and sleep apnoea up to the pickwickian syndrome.
    http://www.elis.sk/bll/97/bll297.htm
    Electronic Library of Scientific Literature
    BRATISLAVSKE LEKARSKE LISTY
    BRATISLAVA MEDICAL JOURNAL
    Volume 98 / No. 2 / 1997
    THE FINISH EXPERIENCE WITH THE PREVENTION OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND CURRENT SITUATION
    PREVENCIA KARDIOVASKULÁRNYCH OCHORENÍ: FÍNSKA SKÚSENOS A SÚÈASNOS GINTER E. 25 years ago Finland had the highest coronary mortality in the world. The North Karelia Project has carried out a coordinated, community-based intervention in order to reduce the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors (hypercholesterolemia, smoking and hypertension). The evaluation has used standardized cross sectional population surveys at 5-year intervals. From 1972 to 1992, among men aged 30-59 years, the prevalence of smoking changed from 52 to 32 %, the mean total cholesterol from 7.1 to 5.8 mmol/l, the mean blood pressure from 147/92 to 143/84 mmHg and the age-adjusted mortality rate has reduced for ischemic heart disease by 48 % and for cancer by 42 %.

    78. Health Search Engine - Pickwickian Syndrome Category
    All Sub Categories in pickwickian syndrome No Sub category found.All Sites in pickwickian syndrome . Breathing Disorders
    http://www.cheap-hotels-amsterdam.com/Weight_Loss_Health/Pickwickian_Syndrome_He
    Pickwickian Syndrome / Obesity Weight Loss Home Search The Site
    Our Partners Search Directory FDA Computer Search Engine Home Decor Ideas ... Lyrics Search Engine All Sub Categories in 'Pickwickian Syndrome' No Sub category found All Sites in 'Pickwickian Syndrome' Breathing Disorders During Sleep - Signs and symptoms of sleep apnea and Pickwickian syndrome; effects on the heart and other systems; treatment options; therapy and research. Pickwickian - A physician's story of a patient with the syndrome. Pickwickian Syndromes - Vanderbilt University discussion of the history of naming the syndrome, the causes, and its progression.
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    79. SearchBug Directory: Health: Conditions_and_Diseases: Nutrition_and_Metabolism_D
    Diseases Genetic Disorders PraderWilli Syndrome (10) Health Conditions andDiseases Sleep Disorders Sleep Apnea pickwickian syndrome (3) Health
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    80. PICKWICKIAN SYNDROME
    DaytonDailyNews Dayton, Ohio, news and information Alternative names pickwickian syndrome. Definition Obesity hypoventilationsyndrome (OHS) is a condition related to obstructive
    http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/english/Pi/Pickwickian Synd
    Philip M. Parker, INSEAD.
    PICKWICKIAN SYNDROME
    Specialty Definition: PICKWICKIAN SYNDROME
    Domain Definition
    Health
    Extreme obesity with polycythemia, somnolence, hypoventilation, arterial unsaturation and hypercapnia, and pulmonary hypertension. ( references Source: compiled by the editor from various references ; see credits. Top
    Specialty Definition: Pickwickian syndrome
    (From Wikipedia , the free Encyclopedia) Also known as obesity hypoventilation syndrome, the Pickwickian syndrome is a bit of an anomaly amongst eponymous syndromes as it is neither named for a doctor who first described the condition nor a famous patient who had it. In The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club , originally published in 1837 by Charles Dickens, there was an extremely obese boy named Joe who could not help falling asleep during the day. A most violent and startling knocking was heard at the door; it was not an ordinary double knock, but a constant and uninterrupted succession of the loudest single raps, as if the knocker were endowed with the perpetual motion, or the person outside had forgotten to leave off. . . The object that presented itself to the eyes of the astonished clerk, was a boy - a wonderfully fat boy - habited as a serving lad, standing upright on the mat, with his eyes closed as if in sleep. He had never seen such a fat boy, in or out of a travelling caravan; and this, coupled with the calmness and repose of his appearance, so very different from what was reasonably to have been expected in the inflicter of such knock, smote him with wonder.

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