1. Nystagmus Network nystagmus is an eye condition characterised by rapid, jerky eye movements. nystagmusis an eye condition characterised by rapid, jerky eye movements. http://www.nystagmusnet.org/

Help to disseminate information and foster research Nystagmus is an eye condition characterised by rapid, jerky eye movements. It is a symptom which should always be investigated by a specialist as it can be a result of other disorders. Nystagmus Network is a UK-based self-help group set up in 1984, providing support for adults and children with nystagmus, their parents and teachers and fostering research into the condition. Parents and Family We are contacted by many people whose child has just been diagnosed with nystagmus. Our first message is: Do not worry - nystagmus is not the end of the world. Nystagmus does present challenges, but these can be largely overcome. Have a look at our information, both on the web and as books and leaflets. Adults If you have had nystagmus since childhood, you have probably dealt with a lot of the problems it presents. However, many adults tell us it is encouraging to find out "I am not the only person with nystagmus" and to learn about how others manage. You will also want to keep up to date with medical and other developments, which you can do through joining Nystagmus Network. Professionals We support medical and other research into nystagmus. We provide links to medical and university sites which we are glad to expand. Please contact us if you have ideas for research projects or have other comments.

2. American Nystagmus Network nystagmus is an involuntary eye movement which usually results in some degreeof visual loss. Copyright © 19962003, American nystagmus Network. http://www.nystagmus.org/

Nystagmus is an involuntary eye movement which usually results in some degree of visual loss. The degree and direction of eye movement, amount of visual loss and resulting impairment varies greatly from person to person. This website has been created by the American Nystagmus Network, Inc., a nonprofit organization established in February, 1999 to serve the needs and interests of those affected by Nystagmus. Enter ANN, Inc. Caveat: Though discussions on specific problems are permissible and expected, remember that no posting here shall constitute professional health care or medical advice, and you should never rely on any contribution to this, or any, Internet discussion forum on important medical or professional health care questions. Indeed, no Internet discussion forum is a substitute for the careful advice and treatment of a competent professional health care provider or doctor. ANN, Inc. is a volunteer, nonprofit organization for persons and families involved with nystagmus. ANN, Inc. does not diagnose or treat, or provide professional counseling. It is involved in self-help, while trying to promote research and education, among other goals contained in its mission statement Questions or comments? E-mail

3. Nystagmus: Overlooked Causes And Treatments Explores the evidence linking nystagmus to magnesium and/or thiamin deficiencies. nystagmus is characterized by an involuntary movement of the eyes, often noted as a shaky or wiggly movement. Many web sites on nystagmus do not mention the role of nutrition http://www.ctds.info/nystagmus.html

Con nective Tissue Disorder Home Search Site Map ... Links Nystagmus The Links to Nutrition Contents: Overview Nystagmus, Thiamin and and Magnesium Deficiencies Conditions Linked to Nystagmus My Son's Experience With Nystagmus ... Summary Read my Overview Nystagmus is characterized by an involuntary movement of the eyes, often noted as a shaky or wiggly movement. Many web sites on nystagmus do not mention the role of nutrition as a possible cause of the disorder. However, there are a significant number of medical papers on nystagmus being caused by nutritional deficiencies and cured by the correction of those same nutritional deficiencies, usually magnesium or thiamin. I put up this web page to try to highlight some of these studies and to make more people aware of the connection between at least some cases of nystagmus and correctable nutritional factors. Specifically, here are several pages of study abstracts in PubMed, the medical database at the

4. American Nystagmus Network-About Nystagmus nystagmus is characterized by an involuntary movement of the eyes, which may reducevision or be associated with other, more serious, conditions that limit http://www.nystagmus.org/aboutn.html

Home Contact ANN Site Map Search ANN Site General Information about Nystagmus NYSTAGMUS is characterized by an involuntary movement of the eyes, which may reduce vision or be associated with other, more serious, conditions that limit vision. Nystagmus may be one of several infantile types or may be acquired later in life. The most common types of infantile nystagmus are 'congenital nystagmus' (CN) and latent/manifest latent nystagmus (LMLN). Many people with CN are also partially sighted; some are registered blind; few of these can drive a car, most encounter some difficulties in everyday life both practical and social and some lose out on education and employment opportunities. However, CN or LMLN by themselves do not necessarily reduce acuity substantially and many people with these disorders lead normal, active lives. Those with very poor vision usually have associated sensory deficits responsible for the greater part of their vision loss. There are many types of adult-onset acquired nystagmus. These are often associated with oscillopsia (the experience of the world 'wiggling'), poor vision, and loss of balance. Often acquired nystagmus is a result of neurological problems and may respond to certain drugs, depending on the cause of the nystagmus. DEPTH OF FIELD VISION is not reduced by nystagmus; it results from strabismus (misalignment of the eyes). Strabismus may sometimes accompany CN and always acccompanies LMLN. Sufferers of strabismus do not develop strong stereoscopic (3-dimensional) vision and may be prone to tripping or clumsiness. Coordination is usually adequate for most tasks, but strabismus sufferers are unlikely to excel at sports needing good hand to eye coordination.

5. Nystagmus nystagmus The cause of nystagmus is unknown. Reduced acuity is caused by the inability to maintain steady Headtilting may decrease the nystagmus and is usually involuntary (toward the http://www.spedex.com/resource/documents/veb/nystagmus.html

NYSTAGMUS TREATMENT: There is no known treatment, however, certain types of jerky nystagmus (commonly Grade I types) show spontaneous improvement in childhood (up to age 10). This type may also be amenable to muscle surgery (essentially, a repositioning of muscles to take advantage of the point of least nystagmus, or position of relative rest). IMPLICATIONS: With the exception of brief experiences of oscillopsia, most individuals with nystagmus perceive objects as being stationary. It is believed that the brain is responsible for the perceptual adjustment. Educationally, children with nystagmus (who may tend to lose their place in beginning reading instruction) may be helped through the use of a typoscope (card with a rectangular hole, to view one word or line at a time) or an underliner (card or strip of paper to "underline" the line being read). As children with nystagmus mature, they seem to need these support devices less often. Back to Contents or Back to SpEdEx Home

6. Nystagmus nystagmus. Understanding nystagmus. Richard L. Windsor, O.D., F.A.A.O. Laura K. Windsor, O.D., F.A.A.O. Published in Vision Enhancement Journal. nystagmus is an involuntary rhythmic shaking or wobbling of the eyes. The term nystagmus is derived from the Greek word, nmstagmos, which was used to describe sleepy or inebriated individual. nystagmus has also been described as dancing eyes http://www.lowvision.org/nystagmus.htm

Nystagmus Understanding Nystagmus Richard L. Windsor, O.D., F.A.A.O. Laura K. Windsor, O.D., F.A.A.O. Published in Vision Enhancement Journal N ystagmus is an involuntary rhythmic shaking or wobbling of the eyes. The term nystagmus is derived from the Greek word, “ nmstagmos”, which was used to describe the wobbly head movements of a sleepy or inebriated individual. Nystagmus has also been described as “dancing eyes” or “jerking eyes”. Doctors and researchers classify nystagmus by the characteristics of the eye movements like do they move back and forth like a pendulum or do they move slowly in one direction and then rapidly in another. Do the eyes move laterally or vertically and by how much? How fast do the eyes move? There are various methods of classifying nystagmus. Traditionally nystagmus has been divided into two groups. Sensory nystagmus is related to vision loss and motor nystagmus is related to the control of muscle function. There are over 45 types of nystagmus. To simplify our explanation of nystagmus, we will divide nystagmus into two basic types. The first is nystagmus that begins very early in life and is associated with vision loss. The second is called acquired nystagmus and is associated with neurological disorders occurring later in life. Nystagmus from Early in Life Early onset nystagmus often accompanies vision loss acquired at birth or soon after and may be one of the first signs that a child has a loss of vision. Studies suggest 1 in every 1000 children have nystagmus. In 80-90% of cases, it is a side effect of vision loss from eye diseases such as albinism, aniridia, optic nerve hypoplasia, achromatopsia congenital cataracts, coloboma or retinopathy of prematurity. This type of nystagmus is usually observed around the sixth to eighth week of life and is rarely seen before then. In about 10-20% of cases, it presents with mild vision loss not associated with other diagnosed ocular diseases. The discovery of nystagmus in a child is reason for an immediate examination!

7. Nystagmus.de Informationen und Hilfe f¼r Betroffene bietet das Netzwerk auf seinen Seiten. http://www.nystagmus.de/

Deutschsprachiges Nystagmus-Forum Click here to go to www.nystagmus.de

8. Schwindel (und Nystagmus) Das AHCConsilium beschreibt Ursachen und Therapiem¶glichkeiten des Symptoms Schwindel. http://www.ahc-consilium.at/daten/schwindel.htm

A B C D ... W X Y Z Schwindel (und Nystagmus) Letztes Update: Diagnose Therapie Drehschwindel Drehschwindel ... Nystagmus Med. Wissenschaftlicher Beirat des A H C Haftungsausschluss Diagnose Drehschwindel Synonym: Vertigo Definition Fragen zur Schwindelanamnese Arten des Vestibularisschwindels Anfalls-Drehschwindel mit audiologischen Symptomen Anfallsdauer Minuten bis Stunden Ursachen Symptomen-Trias Dauer-Drehschwindel Dauer Tage Ursachen akuter, einseitiger Vestibularisausfall (Neuropathia vestibularis = Neuritis vestibularis), Labyrinthitis, Felsenbeinquerfraktur Symptome Differentialdiagnose akute interne Erkrankungen wie z.B. Herzinfarkt Dauerschwindel anderer Art Lage- (selten), Lagerungs- (z.B. bei neurologischen Erkrankungen und Mittelohrprozessen) und Bewegungsschwindel (Nach Ausschluss einer Alkohol- bzw. Barbituratintoxikation muss bei jedem Lage-Dauernystagmus eine genaue neurologische Untersuchung vorgenommen werden)

9. NYSTAGMUS nystagmus. Under Construction. Timothy C. Hain, MD. Please see our disclaimerEducation IndexSearch this site. nystagmus is defined as involuntary movement of the eyes. Most frequently it is composed http://www.tchain.com/otoneurology/practice/nystagmus.html

NYSTAGMUS Under Construction Timothy C. Hain, MD Education Index Search this site Nystagmus is defined as involuntary movement of the eyes. Most frequently it is composed of a mixture of slow and fast movements of the eyes. Nystagmus can occur normally, such as when tracking a visual pattern. Nystagmus may also be abnormal, usually in situations where one would want the eyes to be still, but they are in motion. Vertigo (a sensation of spinning), is often accompanied by nystagmus. The following material attempts to illustrate and describe nystagmus subtypes. SPONTANEOUS NYSTAGMUS Vestibular imbalance nystagmus Acquired pendular nystagmus Horizontal Vertical See-saw Congenital Nystagmus Latent nystagmus (LN) Pendular type Jerk type Convergence/Retraction nystagmus Divergence nystagmus Periodic alternating nystagmus (PAN) Central nystagmus (downbeat, upbeat nystagmus, horizontal, torsional) Saccadic Nystagmus EVOKED NYSTAGMUS Gaze evoked nystagmus (GEN) Symmetrical GEN Asymmetrical GEN Rebound nystagmus Head-shaking nystagmus (HSN) Caloric nystagmus Optokinetic Nystagmus (OKN) Positional Nystagmus Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo Central positional nystagmus Positional alcohol nystagmus Miscellaneous rare causes Typical appearance of vestibular type spontaneous nystagmus.

10. Pathophysiological Approach To The Diagnosis Of Acquired Nystagmus PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL APPROACH TO THE DIAGNOSIS OF ACQUIRED nystagmus. Pathologicalnystagmus may also produce illusory motion of the seen world oscillopsia. http://mediswww.meds.cwru.edu/dept/neurology/ocular/full003.html

PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL APPROACH TO THE DIAGNOSIS OF ACQUIRED NYSTAGMUS R. John Leigh, M.D. Department of Neurology Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center University Hospitals of Cleveland Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio Address Correspondence to : R John Leigh, MD, Department of Neurology, University Hospitals, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106-5000. E-mail: rjl4@po.cwru.edu Supported by the Evenor Armington Fund, USPHS grant EY06717, and the Office of Research and Development, Department of Veterans Affairs. Introduction In order to understand the clinical significance of nystagmus, it is helpful to first consider how the brain normally holds gaze steady . In health, three separate mechanisms collaborate to prevent deviation of the line of sight from the object of regard. The first is "fixation" which has two distinct components: 1) the visual system?s ability to detect retinal image drift and program corrective eye movements, and 2) the suppression of unwanted saccades that would take the eye off target. The second mechanism is the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) by which eye movements compensate for head perturbations at short latency, and so maintain clear vision during locomotion. The third mechanism is the brain's ability to hold the eye at an eccentric position in the orbit against the elastic pull of the globe's suspensory ligaments and muscles, which tend to return it towards primary position (the

11. Nystagmus Explores the evidence linking nystagmus to magnesium and/or thiamin deficiencies. The page nystagmus. The Links to Nutrition http//www.ctds.info/nystagmus.html. Please click on the link above to go to the new URL http://www.mindspring.com/~sandysimmons/nystagmus.html

The page: Nystagmus The Links to Nutrition that was formerly at this URL has moved to http://www.ctds.info/nystagmus.html Please click on the link above to go to the new URL. Medicine being a compendium of the successive and contradictory mistakes of medical practitioners, when we summon the wisest of them to our aid, the chances are that we may be relying on a scientific truth the error of which will be recognized in a few years' time. M. Proust We sit at breakfast, we sit on the train on the way to work, we sit at work, we sit at lunch, we sit all afternoon, a hodgepodge of sagging livers, sinking gall bladders, drooping stomachs, com pressed intestines, and squashed pelvic organs. John Button, Jr.

12. Nystagmus Information about the condition, its types and treatment. http://www.geocities.com/HotSprings/Spa/3699/

13. Nystagmus 1998 This is a more complete description with a hyperlinked OUTLINE than in my GrandRounds Lecture on nystagmus OUTLINE INTRODUCTION nystagmus OF INFANCY http://www.wfubmc.edu/neurology/lectures/nystagmus/nys.html

This is a more complete description with a hyperlinked OUTLINE than in my Grand Rounds Lecture on Nystagmus OUTLINE INTRODUCTION NYSTAGMUS OF INFANCY CONGENITAL NYSTAGMUS LATENT NYSTAGMUS ... PERIODIC ALTERNATING NYSTAGMUS OUTLINE 2 CYCLIC ESOTROPIA DOWNBEAT NYSTAGMUS UPBEAT NYSTAGMUS REBOUND NYSTAGMUS ... OPTOKINETIC NYSTAGMUS OUTLINE 3 DRUG INDUCED NYSTAGMUS ARTHROKINETIC NYSTAGMUS AUDIOKINETIC NYSTAGMUS RELATED OCULAR OSCILLATIONS ... REFERENCES INTRODUCTION slow initiating component and a fast corrective component, as criteria in the definition of nystagmus [1]. During the examination, it may be quite difficult to determine whether 1) a particular oscillation has an initial slow component and should be classified as a "true nystagmus", or 2) it is composed entirely of saccades and should be classified as one of the "saccadic oscillations". It usually does not matter to the clinician if the rhythmic oscillation observed is truly nystagmus. What matters is whether the ocular oscillation is congenital or acquired . If it is acquired, are the characteristics localizing and do they require further investigation?

14. Congenital Nystagmus Details about CN including what it is, how it occurs, the characteristics and the types. http://www.geocities.com/HotSprings/Spa/3699/Congen.html

15. Nystagmus References nystagmus References. 2. Cox TA, Corbett JJ, Thompson HS, Lennarson LUpbeat nystagmus changing to downbeat nystagmus with convergence. http://www.wfubmc.edu/neurology/lectures/nystagmus/nysrefs.html

Nystagmus References Neurology Arch Ophthalmol Doc Ophthalmol Arch Ophthalmol Ophthalmology Arch Ophthalmol J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry Arch Neurol Stroke Ann Neurol IEEE Trans Biomed Eng Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci Arch Ophthalmol Neurology Arch Neurol Neuro-ophthalmology J Clin Neuro-Ophthalmol Arch Neurol J Clin Neuro ophthalmol In Press Can J Otolaryngol J Clin Neuro-Ophthalmol Am J Ophthalmol Arch Neurol J Neurol Ann Neurol Arch Neurol Am J Ophthalmol J Clin Neuro-Ophthalmol Arch Neurol Neurology Neurology Arch Ophthalmol Ann Ophthalmol Arch Neurol Arch Neurol Arch Neurol Am J Ophthalmol JAMA Arch Neurol Brain Brain Brain Brain Arch Ophthalmol JAMA Exp Neurol Arch Ophthalmol J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry Neurology Neurology J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry J Clin Neuro-Ophthalmol Brain Arch Neurol J Neurol Arch Otolaryngol Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol J Clin Neuro-Ophthalmol Epilepsia Exp Brain Res Arch Ophthalmol Arch Neurol J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry Arch Neurol J Clin Neuro-Ophthalmol J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry Neurology Neurology Ann Ophthalmol Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci Neurology Neurology Ann Neurol Neurology Ann Neurol Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Arch Ophthalmol Ann Neurol Brain Brain Mt Sinai J Med Arch Neurol

16. Nystagmus 1998 nystagmus may be defined as a periodic rhythmical ocular oscillation usually with a slow initiating phase a corrective fast phase. nystagmus usually involves both eyes moving in the http://www.bgsm.edu/neurology/lectures/nystagmus/nys.html

This is a more complete description with a hyperlinked OUTLINE than in my Grand Rounds Lecture on Nystagmus OUTLINE INTRODUCTION NYSTAGMUS OF INFANCY CONGENITAL NYSTAGMUS LATENT NYSTAGMUS ... PERIODIC ALTERNATING NYSTAGMUS OUTLINE 2 CYCLIC ESOTROPIA DOWNBEAT NYSTAGMUS UPBEAT NYSTAGMUS REBOUND NYSTAGMUS ... OPTOKINETIC NYSTAGMUS OUTLINE 3 DRUG INDUCED NYSTAGMUS ARTHROKINETIC NYSTAGMUS AUDIOKINETIC NYSTAGMUS RELATED OCULAR OSCILLATIONS ... REFERENCES INTRODUCTION slow initiating component and a fast corrective component, as criteria in the definition of nystagmus [1]. During the examination, it may be quite difficult to determine whether 1) a particular oscillation has an initial slow component and should be classified as a "true nystagmus", or 2) it is composed entirely of saccades and should be classified as one of the "saccadic oscillations". It usually does not matter to the clinician if the rhythmic oscillation observed is truly nystagmus. What matters is whether the ocular oscillation is congenital or acquired . If it is acquired, are the characteristics localizing and do they require further investigation?

17. Therapies For Congenital Nystagmus THERAPIES FOR CONGENITAL nystagmus. Congenital nystagmus. Several hypothetical mechanismshave been proposed as the underlying causes for the CN oscillation. http://mediswww.meds.cwru.edu/dept/neurology/ocular/full011.html

THERAPIES FOR CONGENITAL NYSTAGMUS L.F. Dell'Osso, Ph.D. Ocular Motor Neurophysiology Laboratory Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center Departments of Neurology and Biomedical Engineering Case Western Reserve University University Hospitals of Cleveland Cleveland, Ohio Reprint requests and correspondence to: L.F. Dell'Osso, Ph.D. Ocular Motor Neurophysiology Laboratory Veterans Affairs Medical Center (127A) 10701 East Boulevard Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. E-mail: lfd@po.cwru.edu This work was supported in part by the Office of Research and Development, Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs. INTRODUCTION In order to properly treat congenital nystagmus (CN) it is first necessary to reliably diagnose it and differentiate it from other types of infantile nystagmus (e.g., latent/manifest latent nystagmus (LMLN) or spasmus nutans). Because of similarities in clinical signs, it is virtually impossible to accurately differentiate some forms of CN from LMLN or spasmus nutans without eye movement recordings. Studies of CN suggest that its primary cause is an instability in the slow eye movement control subsystem (most probably smooth pursuit) that is modulated by fixation attempt as well as other psychological inputs (e.g., anxiety, anger, fear, etc.).

18. Gaze Evoked Nystagmus Asymmetric gazeevoked nystagmus Alexander s law the gaze-evoked nystagmusseen in vestibular disorders. Gaze-evoked nystagmus seen in CN. http://www.tchain.com/otoneurology/practice/gen.htm

GAZE EVOKED NYSTAGMUS Gaze-evoked nystagmus Causes of Gaze-evoked nystagmus Medication Brainstem or cerebellar disorder (look for rebound) Normal variant Ocular muscle fatigue Congenital nystagmus A point of information to be gained from the fixation test is the adequacy of gaze holding , as impaired gaze holding may indicate the presence of a central lesion. Gaze-evoked nystagmus is a drift of the eye which is only present for certain directions of gaze. When using EOG recordings, any persistent nystagmus for ocular displacements of 30 degrees or less is considered abnormal. When using infrared recordings, small amounts of weak (0.5 deg to 3.0 deg/sec) gaze-evoked nystagmus can be recorded in normal subjects (Abel et al, 1978) Causes of gaze-evoked nystagmus are listed in the table above. There are several distinct patterns which can be identified by scrutiny of the eye position trace. The most common variety consists of a drift towards the center of the orbit, interspersed by corrective outgoing saccades attempting to acquire a target which has drifted off the fovea. In this situation, the initial rate at which the eye drifts is directly proportional to how far the eye is from center, because elastic restoring forces are proportional to displacement. Accordingly, as the eye approaches center, the rate of drift decreases, accounting for the characteristic decreasing exponential trajectory of ocular drift. The decreasing exponential pattern may be difficult to appreciate if the patient makes frequent saccades to the target, and one must look for a slow phase in which the patient allowed his eye to drift close to the center. Gaze-evoked nystagmus on lateral gaze and upward gaze is common while gaze-evoked nystagmus on downward gaze is infrequent. Certain patients with congenital nystagmus or with acquired central nystagmus varieties have

19. Nystagmuscases Common cases in nystagmus. nystagmus may appear daunting in the examination. Returnto the main page. Jerk nystagmus due to cerebellar disease http://www.mrcophth.com/nystagmus/nystagmuscases.html

Common cases in nystagmus Nystagmus may appear daunting in the examination. However, if you follow the steps outlined in the section on Clinical Techniques most cases can be diagnosed easily. Although there are many ways of classifying nystagmus (according to the type or onset etc), the following features can be useful in determining the causes: Is the nystagmus present in primary position or only in eccentric gaze Is the nystagmus pendular (equal velocity in both directions) or jerky (possessing a fast and slow phase)? Is the disorder binocular or monocular/dissociated? Algorithm in the diagnosis of nystagmus In the examination, the examiners will usually ask you to look at the patient's eyes. Always remember to observe the patient's eyes closely in their primary position for at least 20 seconds so as not to miss the signs. Remember to describe the nystagmus as follow: Position: primary or gaze-related Type: pendular, jerk (the direction of the nystagmus refers to the fast phase) Rate: rapid or slow Plane: horizontal, vertical or rotary

20. Opticokinetic Nystagmus Opticokinetic nystagmus. Normal opticokinetic nystagmus. Abnormal pursuit movementshowing small saccadic movement. Normal vertical opticokinetic nystagmus. http://www.mrcophth.com/eyeclipartchua/opticokineticnystagmus.html

Opticokinetic nystagmus Normal opticokinetic nystagmus Abnormal pursuit movement showing small saccadic movement. This is seen in lesion of the parietal lobe Normal vertical opticokinetic nystagmus Return to the index

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