81. Howe JF, Loeser JD, Calvin WH, PAIN 3:25-41 (1977) Mechanoreceptors/physiopathology; nerve compression syndromes/physiopathology*; Nerve Fibers/physiopathology; Pain/physiopathology*; Rabbits; http://williamcalvin.com/1970s/1977Pain.htm

mail@williamcalvin.com Home Page Calvin publication list The Calvin Bookshelf Pain Mechanosensitivity of dorsal root ganglia and chronically injured axons: a physiological basis for the radicular pain of nerve root compression. Howe JF, Loeser JD, Calvin WH MeSH Terms: Action Potentials Animal Axons/physiopathology* Cats Ganglia, Spinal/physiopathology* Human Intervertebral Disk Displacement/physiopathology Mechanoreceptors/physiopathology Nerve Compression Syndromes/physiopathology* Nerve Fibers/physiopathology Pain/physiopathology* Rabbits Sciatica/physiopathology Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Sural Nerve/physiopathology Synaptic Transmission PMID: 195255, MUID: 77213742] mail@williamcalvin.com Home Page Calvin publication list The Calvin Bookshelf

82. Upper Extremity Nerve Entrapment Syndromes The cubital tunnel is the second most common site of peripheral nerve compression after carpal tunnel syndrome. The differential http://www.nursingceu.com/NCEU/courses/nerve/

Upper Extremity Nerve Entrapment Syndromes Author: Alan Clark, MD. ,FACEP 1 contact hour Course posted November 30, 2002 Course expires November 30, 2004 Learning Objectives Upon conclusion of this course, the learner will be able to: Understand the pathophysiology and treatment of the most common nerve entrapment syndrome in the hand. Identify the diagnostic criterion for the pronator teres and the anterior interosseus syndrome and the difference between the two. List the surgical modalities available for repair of the ulnar cubital fossa syndrome and Guyon’s canal entrapment. Understand the three variations of radial neuropathy in the arm. Describe the Martin-Gruber anastomosis and how this variant can cause confusion when examining for nerve injuries. The Tunnel Question With warm weather finally arriving, you suspect that your Monday morning clinical sojourn in the community sports medicine clinic will be filled with weekend athletes and over-doers. Rodney is a physical therapy student with you that week shadowing you as you see patients. Your first patient, Rettie Akalum is a 24 year old female sent over by her family physician for evaluation of pain and numbness in her right (dominant) hand. She has a history of recent onset rheumatoid arthritis. Not surprisingly, you note a positive Phalen’s test and Tinel’s sign on exam. You tell her she probably has carpal tunnel syndrome. Her mother, who accompanied Rettie, asks you exactly what is this disorder?

83. EMedicine - Nerve Entrapment Syndromes : Article Excerpt By: Dachling Pang, MD Etiology nerve entrapment syndromes result from chronic injury to a nerve as it travels through an osseoligamentous tunnel; the compression usually is between http://www.emedicine.com/med/byname/nerve-entrapment-syndromes.htm

(advertisement) Excerpt from Nerve Entrapment Syndromes Synonyms, Key Words, and Related Terms: nerve compression, chronic nerve injury Please click here to view the full topic text: Nerve Entrapment Syndromes This article covers some basic principles of entrapment neuropathies, and, within each section, the specifics of the most common entrapment syndromes are summarized. Together, this information should provide the reader with a solid basis for further investigation. History of the Procedure: The first operations for nerve entrapment were performed in the 1930s by Learmonth, but the disorders were described a century earlier by such greats as Paget (1850s) and Sir Astley Cooper (1820s). Problem: Entrapment neuropathies are a group of disorders of the peripheral nerves that are characterized by pain and/or loss of function of the nerves as a result of chronic compression. Frequency: In most neurosurgical practices, entrapment neuropathies account for 10-20% of cases. With the changing medical climate, other specialists now perform operations for nerve entrapment with increasing frequency. It is not unusual for orthopaedic and plastic surgeons to perform these types of surgery. Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common entrapment neuropathy, followed by ulnar nerve compression at the elbow. Compression of the deep branch of the ulnar is an uncommon entrapment neuropathy. The suprascapular syndrome is another rare form of entrapment neuropathy, accounting for approximately 0.4% of upper girdle pain symptoms.

84. KIMBERLY CHERRY (OLSON) - 2004 - ©2002 North American Seminars, Inc. Specifically, this course will include discussion of nerve entrapment/ compression syndromes (ie CTS, cubital tunnel syndrome), nerve decompression surgeries http://www.healthclick.com/nas2004/courses/cherry.htm

Compression and entrapment syndromes of the upper extremity Presented by Kimberly Cherry (Olson), MS, PT, CHT Why you should attend this course Course Objectives This is a two-day course offered to Physical and Occupational Therapists and CHT's. Upon completion of this course, participants will be able to: Describe the basic concepts of neurodynamics including available movement in the nervous system and vulnerable sites. Describe the basic path of the peripheral nerves of the upper extremity and list related ana-tomical structures. Identify the three peripheral nerves of the upper extremity by palpation. Utilize critical thinking skills to assimilate and synthesize clinical examination data. Describe physiology of the nervous system as related to neurodynamics. Demonstrate safe, effective technique for performance of upper limb tension tests for the upper extremity including proper therapist positioning and patient handling. List classification of nerve injuries and describe the pathological process at each level. Describe pain mechanisms and how each influences various types of patient problems.

85. Cheryl Acheson Reed 2004 - ©2002 North American Seminars, Inc. Specifically, this course will include discussion of common nerve entrapment/compression syndromes such as Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, Anterior Interosseous http://www.healthclick.com/nas2004/courses/reed.html

A Systematic Treatment Approach to Upper Extremity Nerve Disorders and Syndromes Presented by Cheryl Acheson Reed, MS, OTR/L, CHT Why you should attend this course This educational seminar focuses on the issues and areas of evidence-based practice that relate to the management of upper extremity nerve disorders. An understanding of the pathologies of common nerve disorders will be developed in order to guide the participants toward the development of clinical assessment and treatment skills. Laboratory exercises focusing on gliding techniques, neural tension and palpations will enhance understanding of the course material. New techniques, supported by current scientific research, will be explored as a means to determine and alleviate causes of pain. Course Objectives Upon completion of this course, participants will be able to: Identify the peripheral nerves of the upper extremity and recite nerve pathways of major trunk branches of upper extremity nerves. Describe the anatomical differences of nerves.

86. Neurochirurgie - FAU - Forschung      for neurovascular compression syndromes. In contrast to destructive operational methods, where there is a high risk of function loss in the brain nerve, in the http://www.nch.med.uni-erlangen.de/forschung/neurovask_e.php

Our Clinic Therapies / Consultation hours Research Research report ... Deutsch Neurovascular compression syndrome [1] General information [2] Clinical pictures 2.1 Trigeminal neuralgia 2.2 Spasmus hemifaciei (hemifacial spasm) 2.3 Vertigo / Tinnitus 2.4 Glossopharyngeus neuralgia ... [3] Microvascular decompression Warning /proj.stand/websource/docs/FAU/fakultaet/med/kli/www.nch.med.uni-erlangen.de/forschung/neurovask_e.php on line General information A neurovascular compression is described as a prominent pathological contact between cerebral nerves and vessels. This contact builds up in the so-called root entry zone of a cerebral nerve, where we find a weaker myelinum casing of the nerve fiber (axon). This region varies in length depending on the different cerebral nerves and is located close to the brainstem. This results in typical clinical pictures in the prevailing cerebral nerves. The trigeminal neuralgia, the spasmus hemifacia (spasmus hemi-facialis) and the glossopharyngeus neuralgia are typical clinical pictures of where neurovascular compression is the predominant cause. There have also been indications that a row of other diseases, such as arterial hypertonia and certain forms of light-headedness and tinnitus are closely related to neurovascular compression. Microvascular decompression is the currently recognized operational method chosen for successful treatment of syndromes caused by neurovascular compression. It is possible today, using high-resolution magnet resonance imaging scanners and specific experience and knowledge to portray a neurovascular compression in a large number of patients who display the above-mentioned symptoms.

87. Ulnar Nerve Entrapment Syndromes EMG may be necessary to distinguish this syndrome from UNE. Clinically, UN-E There are three distinct zones of ulnar nerve compression within the ulnar tunnel http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/cme/ulnar-nerve-entrapment-syndromes.asp

Ulnar Nerve Entrapment Syndromes By Donald Hess, M.D. Bradshaw DY, Shefner JM. Ulnar neuropathy at the elbow. Neurologic Clinics. 1999;17(3):447-461. "Ulnar neuropathy at the elbow (UN-E) is the second most frequent entrapment neuropathy occurring in adults." This is due to anatomic features of the path that the nerve takes around the elbow The cubital tunnel has been renamed the "humeroulnar aponeurotic arcade" (HUA). Two motor branches of the nerve are formed near the elbow: 1. Motor branch of flexor carpi ulnaris (flexes wrist in ulnar deviation) Motor branch to flexor digitorum profundus (flexes distal interphalangeal joint of digits 4 and 5). Clinical involvement of either muscles can help localize a problem to the elbow. The ulnar nerve needs to be redundant in length in order to avoid traction when the elbow is flexed. Anatomic variations of the HUA contribute to ulnar nerve compression. The most sensitive provocative maneuver is reproduction of symptoms while applying sustained pressure to the HUA while the elbow is flexed. There is also a motor Tinel's in which tapping proximal to the retroepicondylar groove elicits involuntary twitching of ulnar-innervated finger flexors and intrinsic hand muscles. Interpretation of nerve velocity conduction is complicated by an anatomic variant, the Martin-Gruber anastomosis, which occurs in about 30% of normal individuals. Fibers destined for the ulnar nerve travel with the median nerve until they cross over in the forearm.

88. Nerve Compression - Medical Dictionary Definitions Of Popular Medical Terms Aside from sciatica, the syndromes due to nerve compression include the carpal tunnel syndrome due to pressure on the median nerve in the carpal tunnel near http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11745

89. Ermelando Cosmi 16. Jannetta PJ Cranial nerve vascular compression syndromes (other than tic doloureux and hemifacial spasm). Clinical neurosurgery, Chapt. 25, pp. 445456. http://www.cesil.com/aprile01/italiano/4bibgand.htm

Bibliografia Angelo Gandolfi 1. Apfelbaum RI, Kirk M, Terra AM: Microvascular decompression of the trigeminal nerve for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. J Neurosurg 10:77-82,1978 2. Apfelbaum RI: Surgical management of disorders of the lower cranial nerves.In HH Schmidek and WH Sweet (Eds), Operative Neurosurgical techniques. Indications, methods and results, Volume 2, Grune and Stratton, Orlando, Florida, pp 1097-1109, 1988 3. Dandy WE: Concerning the cause of trigeminal neuralgia. Am J Surg 24:447-455,1934 4. Freckmann N, Hagenah R, Herrmann HD, Muller D: Treatment of neurogenic torticollis by microvascular lysis of accessory nerve roots. Indication, technique, and results. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 59:167-175, 1981 5. Gandolfi A, Zini C: La decompression neuro-vasculaire dans le conflicts vasculo-nerveux. Revue Laryngol, 107, 239, 1986 6. Gandolfi A et al: La terapia dello spasmo emifacciale oggi. LXXVII Congresso Nazionale Società Italiana di Otorinolaringoiatria e Chirurgia cervico Facciale, Abs, p. 569 7. Gandolfi A, Zini C: Fisiopatologia, clinica e terapia chirurgica dello spasmo emifacciale. Atti XXXI Congresso Nazionale della Società dei Neurologi, Neurochirurghi e Neuroradiologi Ospedalieri, Parma, 23-25 Maggio 1991, p. 63

90. Osteopathic Principles Key To Treating Patients With Thoracic Outlet Syndromes It is important to separate these two syndromes as the sites of cord neoplasms, Raynaud’s disease, cervical spondylitis, ulnar nerve compression at the elbow http://www.acofp.org/member_publications/thoracic.htm

Osteopathic Principles Key to Treating Patients with Thoracic Outlet Syndromes Four major syndromes have specific characteristics and diagnostic tests by Elaine Wallace, DO A 28-year-old weight lifter presents to your office for assistance due to a complaint of progressive numbness in the lateral aspects of his forearms accompanied with a recent inability to bench press his usual weight routine. He increased his upper body workout (pectoralis and neck muscles) six weeks ago, but has no other life changes. He has a friend in a similar situation who received great relief after seeing her osteopathic physician and wants to know if you can help him. Where do you begin? There are few syndromes seen by the busy family practitioner that better demonstrate the osteopathic interrelationship of structure and function than does Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS).

91. NERVE ENTRAPMENT SYNDROMES nerve entrapment syndromes are compression neuropathies at specific sites in the limb. These sites are narrow anatomic passages where nerves are situated. http://www.hku.hk/ortho/ortho/newsletter/newsletter03/1.html

NERVE ENTRAPMENT SYNDROMES Dr WY Ip Associate Professor Nerve entrapment syndromes are compression neuropathies at specific sites in the limb. These sites are narrow anatomic passages where nerves are situated. The nerves are particularly prone to extrinic or intrinic pressure. Common entrapment neuropathies are shown in Table 1. Table 1 Median Nerve Pronator teres syndrome Anterior interosseous syndrome Carpal tunnel syndrome nerve Ulnar Nerve Cubital tunnel syndrome Radial Nerve Axilla Spiral groove Radial tunnel syndrome Posterior interosseous nerve Sciatic Nerve Sciatic notch Hip Peroneal Nerve Fibular neck Anterior compartment Posterior Tibial Nerve Tarsal tunnel syndrome (at medial malleolus) The most common nerve entrapment syndrome in the body is carpal tunnel syndrome. The Carpal Tunnel The floor is formed by the carpal bones which are concave in its flexor surface. This bony gutter is converted into a tunnel by the flexor retinacular on the volar aspect. Fig 1 Fig 2 The Median Nerve Clinical features of carpal tunnel syndrome 1. Usually affects women, commonly bilaterally and the dominant hand is often affected first and more severely.

92. Peripheral Nerve Entrapment Syndromes - Neurosurgery - Condell Medical Center - Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a condition caused by compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel, characterized especially by discomfort and http://www.condell.org/libertyville/neurosurgery/peripheral-nerve-entrapment-syn

Current Job Listings Benefits Apply Online Charitable Giving/Foundation ... Press Releases Search Our Site Overview Cardiovascular Services Children and Teenage Center Clinical Laboratory ... Surgery Peripheral Nerve Entrapment Syndromes Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a condition caused by compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel, characterized especially by discomfort and disturbances of sensation on the hand. At the base of the palm is a tight canal or "tunnel" through which tendons and nerves must pass on their way from the forearm to the hand and fingers. This narrow passage between the forearm and hand is what we call the carpal tunnel. The carpal tunnel is normally tight with just barely enough room in it for the tendons and nerves to pass through it. If anything takes up extra room in the canal, things become too tight and the nerve in the canal becomes constricted or "pinched." This pinching of the nerve causes numbness and tingling in the area of the hand where the nerve travels. The condition that results when the median nerve is being pinched is commonly referred to as carpal tunnel syndrome. Symptoms tend to be worsen at night and include numbness and a feeling of "pins and needles" in the middle finger, index finger and thumb. Treatment Options for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Medication Anti-inflamatory medications and local steroid injections are know to be effective in relieving pain caused by carpal tunnel syndrome. Physical therapy, certain exercises and wrist splinting can also help relieve symptoms.

93. Microvascular Compression Syndromes number of neurologic syndromes characterized by paroxysms of motor (tics) or sensory (pain) activity may be caused by compression of the cranial nerves at the http://neurosurgery.mgh.harvard.edu/mvd.htm

Microvascular Compression Syndromes: Treatment of Trigeminal Neuralgia, Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia, and Hemifacial Spasm by Stephen B. Tatter, M.D., Ph.D. Introduction Trigeminal Neuralgia Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia ... Hemifacial Spasm Go to the MGH/Harvard Trigeminal Neuralgia/Hemifacial Spasm Homepage for links to more information about these disorders Introduction Recent evidence suggests that a number of neurologic syndromes characterized by paroxysms of motor (tics) or sensory (pain) activity may be caused by compression of the cranial nerves at the root entry or exit zone of the brain stem by blood vessels. This has lead to the dramatic demonstration that microsurgical microvascular decompression is a safe and effective treatment for these syndromes when they fail to respond to oral medications. While these syndromes are relatively rare outside of neurosurgical practice in specialized centers they can none-the-less be extremely disabling. Trigeminal Neuralgia Trigeminal neuralgia or tic doloureux is charterized by brief episodes of extremely intense facial pain often radiating down the jaw. These episodes can occur spontaneously or can be triggered by light touch, chewing, or changes in temperature (i.e. cold). The pain is so intense as to be completely disabling. In addition, weight loss is common because oral triggers prevent affected individuals from eating enough to maintain adequate nutrition. Trigeminal neuralgia is caused by irritation of the fifth cranial nerve (the

94. Thoracic Outlet Compression Syndrome nerve conduction studies may be needed to exclude a distal nerve compression; improve is often due to A double crush compression syndrome; Incomplete division http://www.surgical-tutor.org.uk/system/locomotor/tos.htm

Up Degenerative and rheumatoid arthritis Hip replacement surgery Acute osteomyelitis ... Spinal cord compression [ Thoracic outlet compression syndrome ] Osteoporosis Metabolic bone disease Developmental dysplasia of the hip Hip pain in childhood ... Scoliosis Thoracic outlet compression syndrome Describes a collection of upper limb neurological and vascular symptoms Arise from proximal compression of neurovascular structures Usually affects middle aged women Male : female ratio is 1:3 10% have bilateral symptoms Pathophysiology Compression can result from a bone, muscle or fibromuscular band Compressing lesion is usually congenital 30% of cases follow trauma (e.g. whiplash injury) Clinical features Neurological features are more common than vascular Subclavian artery aneurysm and axillary vein thrombosis are uncommon Symptoms often worsened by carrying weights or lifting arms above head Differential diagnosis includes: Cervical spondylosis Distal nerve compression Pancoast's tumour Connective tissue disorders Vascular and venous embolic disease Diagnosis depends mainly on the history Signs are few but diagnosis may be confirmed with the Roos test - Reproduction of symptoms with arms flexed and abducted Subclavian compression tests (e.g. Adson's manoeuvre)

95. American Journal Of Sports Medicine: Bilateral Radial Nerve Compression Syndrome Bilateral radial nerve compression syndrome in an elite swimmer a case report. American Journal of Sports Medicine, JulyAugust http://www.findarticles.com/cf_dls/m0918/4_30/90528593/p2/article.jhtml?term=

96. What Are OOS Conditions? Muscle strain. Carpal tunnel syndrome Thoracic outlet syndrome Ulnar nerve compression Radial nerve compression. Chronic pain syndrome http://www.acc.org.nz/injury-prevention/oos/1a-definition-of-oos/

You are here > Injury prevention OOS conditions What are OOS conditions? Injury prevention ... OOS condition resources Definition Occupational Overuse Syndromes (OOS) is an umbrella term. It covers a range of conditions which are characterised by pain and/or other sensations in muscles, tendons, nerves, soft tissues and joints. Symptoms such as pain, discomfort, and muscle weakness may continue even when initial clinical signs such as swelling or bruising have diminished. The conditions may be caused, or are significantly contributed to, by work factors. These include prolonged muscle tension, repetitive actions, forceful movements and sustained or constrained postures, which exceed the usual ability of the body to recover rapidly. (See Causes of OOS conditions Other medical conditions causing the same or similar symptoms are excluded from this definition (eg, some rheumatological conditions, prolonged inactivity, or disuse of muscles). OOS conditions can be classified into three groups: localised inflammations; compression syndromes and pain syndromes. Localised inflammations Compression syndromes Pain syndromes Trigger finger Tenosynovitis Epicondylitis Rotator cuff syndrome Bursitis Cervicothoracic dysfunction Postural syndromes Muscle strain Carpal tunnel syndrome Thoracic outlet syndrome Ulnar nerve compression Radial nerve compression Chronic pain syndrome Myofascial syndromes Fibromyalgia Regional pain syndrome Complex regional pain syndrome (Reflex sympathetic dystrophy) Explanatory notes OOS conditions are a complex problem that has many causes. The number of possible contributing factors is large, with much potential for interaction. Work organisation factors (such as excessive workload), psycho-social factors (both in and outside of work) and individual characteristics are known to increase the risk of developing OOS conditions. These all have to be taken into account when managing OOS conditions.

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