1. The Nephrotic Syndrome The nephrotic syndrome. The nephrotic syndrome is characterized by massive proteinuria, which glomerular diseases present as either the nephrotic syndrome or the nephritic syndrome http://www.gamewood.net/rnet/renalpath/ch3.htm

Renal Pathology Tutorial Written by: J. Charles Jennette, MD Produced by: F.W. Maddux, MD Renal Pathology Tutorial Home Page Normal Histology Clinical Presentation ... Type II MPGN The Nephrotic Syndrome The nephrotic syndrome is characterized by massive proteinuria, which leads to hypoproteinemia/hypoalbunemia, hyperlipidemia with elevated cholesterols, triglicerides and other lipids, and edema. The edema results not only from the hypoosmolar state caused by the loss of plasma proteins, but also from abnormal salt and water retention. Slide 8 demonstrates the relative frequency with which certain glomerular diseases present as either the nephrotic syndrome or the nephritic syndrome. Some diseases, for example, minimal change glomerulopathy and membranous glomerulopathy, very frequently cause nephrotic syndrome without substantial nephritic features. Other diseases, especially the so-called proliferative glomerulonephritides, which usually have a lot of leukocyte infiltration and lots of inflammatory injury to the integrity of the glomerulus, usually cause the nephritic (glomerulonephritic) syndrome. Slide 9 shows a histologic feature that is found in any patient with nephrotic range proteinuria no matter what the cause, i.e., substantial resorption into the proximal tubular epithelial cells of proteins and lipoproteins that are spilled into the urine. In this trichrome-stained section the droplets are red. They would be black with a silver stain, and purple with a PAS stain. The cytoplasm of these engorged epithelial cells sometimes sloughs into the lumen as little chunks of cytoplasm containing droplets of lipoproteins and proteins.

2. Nephrotic Syndrome (NS) - Nephrologychannel Kidney Cancer. Kidney Stones. nephrotic syndrome ( NS) Polycystic Kidney nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a condition that is often caused by any of a group of diseases that damage the http://www.nephrologychannel.com/nephrotic

Home Search SiteMap Ask the Dr. ... Medical Store advertisement advertisement NEPHROTIC SYNDROME (NS) Overview Causes Diagnosis Treatment CONDITIONS Acute Glomerulonephritis (AGN) Acute Interstitial Nephritis (AIN) Acute Renal Failure (ARF) Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) Anemia Chronic Renal Failure Diabetic Nephropathy Hematuria ... Nephrotic Syndrome (NS) Polycystic Kidney Disease Microalbuminuria Renal Artery Stenosis (RAS) Renal Vascular Hypertension (RVH) TREATMENT OPTIONS Hemodialysis Peritoneal Dialysis Kidney Transplant RELATED CONDITIONS Electrolyte Imbalance Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) RESOURCES Anatomy Links Clinical Trials Videos ... What Is a Nephrologist? ABOUT US Healthcommunities.com Pressroom Testimonial Bibliography Overview Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a condition that is often caused by any of a group of diseases that damage the kidneys’ filtering system, the glomeruli. The structure of the glomeruli prevents most protein from getting filtered through into the urine. Normally, a person loses less than 150 mg of protein in the urine in a 24-hour period. Nephrotic-range proteinuria, the urination of more than 3.5 grams of protein during a 24-hour period, or 25 times the normal amount, is the primary indicator of NS. Incidence and Prevalence About two in every 10,000 people experience nephrotic syndrome. Nephrotic syndrome prevalence is difficult to establish in adults because the condition is usually a result of an underlying disease. In children, it is diagnosed in more boys than girls, usually between 2 and 3 years of age.

3. Nephrotic Syndrome nephrotic syndrome. nephrotic syndrome is a condition marked by very high levels of protein in the hands; and high cholesterol. nephrotic syndrome results from damage to the kidneys http://healthlink.mcw.edu/article/943052111.html

Search Articles: search tips Please Take the HealthLink Survey Email this article Print this article Find related articles: By topic: Kidneys By keywords: kidneys Proteinuria Receive Health Link via email! Subscribe now >> Nephrotic Syndrome Nephrotic syndrome is a condition marked by very high levels of protein in the urine; low levels of protein in the blood; swelling, especially around the eyes, feet, and hands; and high cholesterol. Nephrotic syndrome results from damage to the kidneys' glomeruli (the singular form is glomerulus). Glomeruli are tiny blood vessels that filter waste and excess water from the blood and send them to the bladder as urine. Nephrotic syndrome can occur with many diseases, including the kidney diseases caused by diabetes mellitus, but some causes are unknown. Prevention of nephrotic syndrome relies on controlling these diseases. Treatment of nephrotic syndrome focuses on identifying the underlying cause if possible and reducing high cholesterol, blood pressure, and protein in urine through diet, medications, or both. One group of blood pressure medications called ACE inhibitors also protects the kidneys in diabetic patients. Nephrotic syndrome may go away once the underlying cause, if known, has been treated. However, most of the time a kidney disease is the underlying cause, and these diseases cannot be cured. In these cases, the kidneys may gradually lose their ability to filter wastes and excess water from the blood. If kidney failure occurs, the patient will need dialysis or a kidney transplant.

4. Living With Nephrotic Syndrome A personal account of this disorder along with information, resources and links. http://www.ntcorp.com/nephrotic/

5. CHILDHOOD NEPHROTIC SYNDROME CHILDHOOD nephrotic syndrome. This fact sheet has been written to tell you some facts about a kidney disease called the nephrotic syndrome. http://cnserver0.nkf.med.ualberta.ca/nephkids/childhoodns.htm

CHILDHOOD NEPHROTIC SYNDROME This fact sheet has been written to tell you some facts about a kidney disease called the nephrotic syndrome. This illness also is called nephrosis or minimal change disease. The brochure will give you and your family information about your child's illness. It will tell you what will happen with this illness. You also should talk to your doctor. The more you know, the more you can help your child. What do the kidneys do? The kidneys are two fist-sized organs found in the lower back. When they are working well, they clean the blood, and get rid of waste products, excess salt and water. When diseased, the kidneys may get rid of things that the body needs to keep, such as blood cells and protein. What is the nephrotic syndrome? This is an illness where the kidney loses protein in the urine. This causes protein in the blood to drop, and water moves into body tissues, causing swelling (edema). You will see the swelling around the child's eyes, in the belly, or in the legs. Your child will not go to the bathroom as often as usual and will gain weight with the swelling. Do other kidney diseases cause edema and protein in the urine?

6. Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome Reviews the symptoms of childhood nephrotic syndrome (cns). Explains the kidneys' function, tests to diagnose the condition, the most common form of cns and associated conditions Urologic Diseases AZ List of Topics and Titles Childhood nephrotic syndrome. Childhood nephrotic syndrome Childhood nephrotic syndrome can occur at any age but is most common http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/kidney/pubs/cns/cns.htm

Email To A Friend Home : Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome On this page: Minimal Change Disease Other Conditions That Involve the Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome Hope Through Research For More Information Childhood nephrotic syndrome can occur at any age but is most common between the ages of 1-1/2 and 8 years. It seems to affect boys more often than girls. A child with the nephrotic syndrome has these signs: High levels of protein in the urine Low levels of protein in the blood Swelling resulting from buildup of salt and water The nephrotic syndrome is not itself a disease. But it can be the first sign of a disease that damages the tiny blood-filtering units (glomeruli) in the kidneys, where urine is made. The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs found in the lower back. They are about the size of a fist. They clean the blood by filtering out excess water and salt and waste products from food. Healthy kidneys keep protein in the blood, which helps the blood soak up water from tissues. But kidneys with damaged filters may let protein leak into the urine. As a result, not enough protein is left in the blood to soak up the water. The water then moves from the blood into body tissues and causes swelling. You may see swelling around your child's eyes, belly, and legs. Your child may urinate less often than usual and may gain weight from the excess water. To diagnose childhood nephrotic syndrome, the doctor may ask for a urine sample to check for protein. The doctor will dip a strip of chemically treated paper into the urine sample.

7. THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 17, Ch. 224, Glomerular Diseases Nephritic Syndrome. nephrotic syndrome. nephrotic syndrome. A predictable complex that results from a severe nephrotic syndrome (NS) occurs at any age but is more prevalent in http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual/section17/chapter224/224c.htm

This Publication Is Searchable The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy Section 17. Genitourinary Disorders Chapter 224. Glomerular Diseases Topics [General] Nephritic Syndrome Nephrotic Syndrome Nephrotic Syndrome A predictable complex that results from a severe, prolonged increase in glomerular permeability for protein. Etiology and Classification Nephrotic syndrome (NS) occurs at any age but is more prevalent in children than in adults; in children, it is most common between ages 1 1/2 and 4 yr. There is a predilection for young males, but the sex distribution in older patients is more equal. Proteinuria is thought to occur through functional derangement of two mechanisms: the size-selective barrier leaks large protein molecules, and the charge-selective barrier fails to retain lower mol wt proteins. Diseases causing NS are listed in Table 224-7. Primary causes include minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN), membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN), and mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (GN). NS can also be due to secondary causes. Symptoms and Signs An early sign of NS is frothy urine due to protein. Other features include anorexia, malaise, puffy eyelids, retinal sheen, abdominal pain, and wasting of muscles. Anasarca with ascites and pleural effusions may occur.

8. Nephrotic Syndrome nephrotic syndrome. A. Etiology. See outline "Chronic Renal Failure" High propensity for RVT with nephrotic syndrome due to hypercoagulable state http://www.outlinemed.com/demo/nephrol/9377.htm

Nephrotic Syndrome A. Etiology See outline "Chronic Renal Failure" Basement membrane destruction from various etiologies Syndrome includes hypoalbuminemia, proteinuria, hyperlipdemia, and peripheral edema Primary Membranous Glomerulonephritis See outline "Membranous Nephropathy" Proliferative Glomerulonephritis Minimal Change Disease (mostly children) See outline "Minimal Change Nephropathy" Focal and Segmental Sclerosing Glomerulonephritis (FSGS) IgA Nephropathy See outline "IgA Nephropathy" FSGS (± hyalinosis) Causes: Idiopathic disease, HIV, Heroin, Renal Transplant Rejection Up to 50% of transplanted kidneys in FSGS will have recurrent disease Plasma factor implicated (see below), possibly an immunoglobulin HIV usually have tubulointerstial disease as well; ~90% in black patients HIV disease is typically progress with renal failure and dialysis requirement HIV nephropathy may respond to glucocorticoids or zidovudine Secondary Diabetes Mellitus Immune Complex Diseases: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic Vasculitis Infection: Bacterial, Viral including HIV

9. NEPHROTIC SYNDROME nephrotic syndrome. nephrotic syndrome may occur when the filtering units of the kidney are damaged What causes nephrotic syndrome? nephrotic syndrome is not a specific kidney http://www.kidney.org/general/atoz/content/nephrotic.html

Nephrotic Syndrome Nephrotic syndrome may occur when the filtering units of the kidney are damaged. This damage allows protein normally kept in the plasma to leak into the urine in large amounts, which reduces the amount of protein in your blood. Since the protein part of the blood helps to keep fluid in the bloodstream, some of this fluid leaks out of the bloodstream into your tissues, causing swelling, called edema. The swelling may be most noticeable in your legs after you have been standing and in the tissue under your eyes when you first get up in the morning. Eventually, the swelling in your legs may be there all the time, and it may also occur in other parts of your body. You may notice that your urine foams more than usual because of the amount of protein in it. How is nephrotic syndrome diagnosed? Your doctor can detect protein in your urine with a routine urine analysis and get a rough idea about the amount of protein in your urine by a test that can be done in the office. Diagnosis of the nephrotic syndrome is made by collecting urine for 24 hours and measuring the amount of protein in it. Nephrotic syndrome may also cause an increase in fat in your blood. This can only be found by a blood test done by your doctor. What causes nephrotic syndrome?

10. Pediatric Oncall- NEPHROTIC SYNDROME Offers Q As from Pediatric Oncall. http://www.pediatriconcall.com/forpatients/CommonChild/nephroticsyndrome.asp

PARENT CORNER Search GO Home Back Search for Pediatricians Hospitals Special Schools Baby Names Holistic Medicines Alternative Medicine Home Made Remedies Guest Book Guest Book Discussion Boards Share Experience Post Query ... Specialist Answers NEPHROTIC SYNDROME Q.1) What is nephrotic syndrome? A.1) Nephrotic Syndrome is a common disease in children involving Kidneys. Q.2) How does it occur? A.2) It occurs due to loss of proteins in the urine in large quantities which reduces the amount of protein in blood. Normally as little as 150 mg of protein is excreted in urine by kidneys in a day whilst in Nephrotic Syndrome 2-20 gm may be lost. Q.3) How shall the patient present? A.3) Patients present with swelling around eyes in the morning in the early stage, which subsequently spreads to legs, back, abdomen and whole body. Child may also pass less urine during this time. Q.4) How do you diagnose the condition?

11. Nephrotic Syndrome Definition, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, prevention and treatment. http://www.drkoop.com/ency/article/000490.htm

Advertisement Search Dr. Koop Web MEDLINE Special Offers TV Specials Top Features Schizophrenia Hair Loss Liver Disease Allergies ... Impotence Resources Subscribe to our Free Newsletter Health Encyclopedia ... Privacy Policy Advertisement Advertisement Disease Injury Nutrition Poison ... Prevention Nephrotic syndrome Definition: Nephrotic syndrome is a constellation of signs and symptoms including protein in the urine (exceeding 3.5 grams per day), low blood protein levels, high cholesterol levels, and swelling . The urine may also contain fat, which is visible under the microscope. Alternative Names: Nephrosis Causes, incidence, and risk factors: Nephrotic syndrome is caused by various disorders that damage the kidneys, particularly the basement membrane of the glomerulus. This immediately causes abnormal excretion of protein in the urine The most common cause in children is minimal change disease , while membranous glomerulonephritis is the most common cause in adults. This condition can also occur as a result of infection, drug exposure, malignancy , hereditary disorders, immune disorders, or diseases that affect multiple body systems including diabetes systemic lupus erythematosus multiple myeloma , and amyloidosis . It can accompany kidney disorders, including

12. EMedicine - Nephrotic Syndrome : Article By Mahendra Agraharkar, MD, FACP nephrotic syndrome nephrotic syndrome is not a disease. The term nephrotic syndrome was coined by Calvin and Goldberg. The syndrome is characterized by heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic1612.htm

(advertisement) Home Specialties CME PDA ... Patient Education Articles Images CME Patient Education Advanced Search Link to this site Back to: eMedicine Specialties Medicine, Ob/Gyn, Psychiatry, and Surgery Nephrology Nephrotic Syndrome Last Updated: February 27, 2003 Rate this Article Email to a Colleague Synonyms and related keywords: AUTHOR INFORMATION Section 1 of 10 Author Information Introduction Clinical Differentials ... Bibliography Author: Mahendra Agraharkar, MD, FACP , Medical Director, Acute Dialysis Unit and Chronic Home Dialysis Unit, Associate Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston Coauthor(s): Geeta Gala, MD , Registrar, Department of General Pediatrics, Middlemore Hospital in Auckland, New Zealand; Arun Kumar Gangakhedkar, MD , Registrar, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Starship Children's Hospital of Auckland, New Zealand; Alok Kalia, MD , Associate Professor of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch; Director, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Galveston Mahendra Agraharkar, MD, FACP, is a member of the following medical societies:

13. Nephrotic Syndrome - General Practice Notebook Clinicallyoriented information. http://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/MedwebPage.cfm?ID=-1167392767

14. Go Ask Alice!: Nephrotic Syndrome Information about nephrotic syndrome, including what it is, they symptoms and treatment. http://www.goaskalice.columbia.edu/0813.html

Mac users: please note that our site is optimized for the Safari browser Colds, aches, pains, and other ailments Nephrotic syndrome Originally Published: March 01, 1996 Dear Alice, I have a kidney disease which my doctors have been unable to diagnose. Where is a good place to look for some help? My doctors have told me it is nephrotic syndrome, but they don't know what is causing it. Can you help? Alice has some information that your doctor may not have provided you. Nephrotic syndrome refers to a number of signs and symptoms resulting from damage to the filtering mechanisms (glomeruli) of the kidneys . This condition causes an extreme loss of protein from the bloodstream. This loss results in edema, or fluid retention. As far as its causes, nephrotic syndrome may result from diabetes mellitus, an inflammation of the kidney filters mentioned above, or from the accumulation of an abnormal protein in the organs and tissues. High blood pressure, reactions to poisons-particularly lead carbon tetrachloride and poison ivy, and bad reactions to drugs can also cause this illness. Symptoms include swelling and fluid collection in the face, legs, chest cavity and abdomen. Diarrhea, lethargy and anorexia can also occur. Treatments are usually directed at the underlying condition-among them may be a low-sodium diet and diuretic drugs to reduce swelling. Alice reminds you and others who may be diagnosed with an illness about your rights as a patient to receive information for which you are paying. In other words, ask your care providers questions. If you don't understand their answers, or you want more information, request explanations in simple language that people without medical backgrounds can understand. Ask for other resources for information. For example, the National Kidney Foundation (800-622- 9010) provides information, brochures and referrals on various kidney disorders. Many public libraries have a wealth of information on health issues so that you can educate yourself while receiving treatment from professionals. And, since you already access the Internet for information, try searching for on-line resources using "kidney" as your key search term.

15. Nephrotic Syndrome In Adults Home Kidney Urologic Diseases AZ List of Topics and Titles nephrotic syndrome in Adults. nephrotic syndrome in Adults. Nephrotic http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/nephrotic/

Email To A Friend See Also: Glomerular Diseases Home : Nephrotic Syndrome in Adults Nephrotic Syndrome in Adults Nephrotic syndrome is a condition marked by very high levels of protein in the urine (proteinuria); low levels of protein in the blood; swelling, especially around the eyes, feet, and hands; and high cholesterol. Nephrotic syndrome results from damage to the kidneys' glomeruli (the singular form is glomerulus ). Glomeruli are tiny blood vessels that filter waste and excess water from the blood and send them to the bladder as urine. Nephrotic syndrome can occur with many diseases, including the kidney diseases caused by diabetes mellitus, but some causes are unknown. Prevention of nephrotic syndrome relies on controlling these diseases. Treatment of nephrotic syndrome focuses on identifying the underlying cause if possible and reducing high cholesterol, blood pressure, and protein in urine through diet, medications, or both. One group of blood pressure medications called ACE inhibitors also protects the kidneys by reducing proteinuria. Nephrotic syndrome may go away once the underlying cause, if known, has been treated. In children, 80 percent of cases of nephrotic syndrome are caused by minimal change disease, which can be successfully treated with prednisone. However, in adults, most of the time the underlying cause is a kidney disease such as membranous nephropathy or focal segmental glomerulonephritis, and these diseases often persist even with treatment. In these cases, the kidneys may gradually lose their ability to filter wastes and excess water from the blood. If kidney failure occurs, the patient will need dialysis or a kidney transplant.

16. Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome Reviews the symptoms of childhood nephrotic syndrome (cns). Explains the nephrotic syndrome. Childhood nephrotic syndrome. On this page http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/childhoodnephrotic/

Email To A Friend Home : Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome On this page: Minimal Change Disease Other Conditions That Involve the Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome Hope Through Research For More Information Childhood nephrotic syndrome can occur at any age but is most common between the ages of 1-1/2 and 8 years. It seems to affect boys more often than girls. A child with the nephrotic syndrome has these signs: High levels of protein in the urine Low levels of protein in the blood Swelling resulting from buildup of salt and water The nephrotic syndrome is not itself a disease. But it can be the first sign of a disease that damages the tiny blood-filtering units (glomeruli) in the kidneys, where urine is made. The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs found in the lower back. They are about the size of a fist. They clean the blood by filtering out excess water and salt and waste products from food. Healthy kidneys keep protein in the blood, which helps the blood soak up water from tissues. But kidneys with damaged filters may let protein leak into the urine. As a result, not enough protein is left in the blood to soak up the water. The water then moves from the blood into body tissues and causes swelling. You may see swelling around your child's eyes, belly, and legs. Your child may urinate less often than usual and may gain weight from the excess water. To diagnose childhood nephrotic syndrome, the doctor may ask for a urine sample to check for protein. The doctor will dip a strip of chemically treated paper into the urine sample.

17. Nephrotic Syndrome In Adults A description of nephrotic syndrome in, how it occurs, treatment and further resources. http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/kidney/summary/nephsynd/nephsynd.htm

Email To A Friend See Also: Glomerular Diseases Home : Nephrotic Syndrome in Adults Nephrotic Syndrome in Adults Nephrotic syndrome is a condition marked by very high levels of protein in the urine (proteinuria); low levels of protein in the blood; swelling, especially around the eyes, feet, and hands; and high cholesterol. Nephrotic syndrome results from damage to the kidneys' glomeruli (the singular form is glomerulus ). Glomeruli are tiny blood vessels that filter waste and excess water from the blood and send them to the bladder as urine. Nephrotic syndrome can occur with many diseases, including the kidney diseases caused by diabetes mellitus, but some causes are unknown. Prevention of nephrotic syndrome relies on controlling these diseases. Treatment of nephrotic syndrome focuses on identifying the underlying cause if possible and reducing high cholesterol, blood pressure, and protein in urine through diet, medications, or both. One group of blood pressure medications called ACE inhibitors also protects the kidneys by reducing proteinuria. Nephrotic syndrome may go away once the underlying cause, if known, has been treated. In children, 80 percent of cases of nephrotic syndrome are caused by minimal change disease, which can be successfully treated with prednisone. However, in adults, most of the time the underlying cause is a kidney disease such as membranous nephropathy or focal segmental glomerulonephritis, and these diseases often persist even with treatment. In these cases, the kidneys may gradually lose their ability to filter wastes and excess water from the blood. If kidney failure occurs, the patient will need dialysis or a kidney transplant.

18. BWH Renal Division Home Page The Laboratory of Inherited Kidney Disease at the Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital is conducting research to identify genes involved in the development of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and nephrotic syndrome. http://www.brighamandwomens.org/patient/researchGroupDetails.asp?dept_id=38&

19. Connecticut Children's Medical Center: Nephrology Provides primary and consultative services to patients with a variety of renal disorders including hematuria, proteinuria, nephrotic syndrome, acute renal failure, recurrent urinary tract infection, congenital renal anomalies including hydronephrosis and cystic diseases of the kidneys, kidney stones, chronic renal failure, end stage renal disease, hypertension, and a variety of fluid and electrolytes disorders. http://www.ccmckids.org/departments/neph.htm

Staff Office Locations The Division provides primary and consultative services to patients with a variety of renal disorders including hematuria, proteinuria, nephrotic syndrome, acute renal failure, recurrent urinary tract infection, congenital renal anomalies including hydronephrosis and cystic diseases of the kidneys, kidney stones, chronic renal failure, end stage renal disease, hypertension, and a variety of fluid and electrolytes disorders. In collaboration with Hartford Hospital's dialysis and transplant program, the Nephrology Division provides acute and chronic peritoneal and hemodialysis as well as renal transplantation. Staff Majid Rasoulpour, M.D. - Director mrasoul@ccmckids.org University of Tehran, 66 University of Tehran, 70, M.D. Internship/Residency: Lawrence General Hospital (MA), Rotating, 73-74; University of Connecticut, Pediatrics, 74-76; Fellowship: University of Connecticut, Pediatric Nephrology, 76-78 Board Certification: Pediatrics, 78; Pediatric Nephrology, 82

20. Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome Congenital nephrotic syndrome Congenital nephrotic syndrome is diagnosed at or soon after birth. It can have one of several causes http://cnserver0.nkf.med.ualberta.ca/nephkids/congenital nephrotic syndrome.htm

Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome Congenital nephrotic syndrome is diagnosed at or soon after birth. It can have one of several causes, the most common, though all are rare, of the rare different types is congenital nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type, named such because it is more common in Finland than anywhere in the world. As I think many of you know, nephrotic syndrome is a group of signs and symptoms and not a diagnosis in itself. It consists of 1) losing a large amount of protein in the urine (proteinuria or albuminuria), so that 2) blood protein levels, especially albumin, which is a small protein, are low (hypoproteinemia or hypoalbuminemia, 3) swelling (edema) results, and 4) blood cholesterol levels are high. The small blood vessels are not water tight, and what keeps water in the blood vessels is the sponge-like effect of protein (mainly of albumin), which is called oncotic pressure. The defect that starts it all is in the kidney filters, where something goes wrong and they

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