81. BBC - A-Z Illnesses And Conditions - Topics Listed Alphabetically otherwise healthy people is a condition called mitral valve prolapse, also one of the cusps on the valve would flip variation of normal and not a disease at all http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/features/heart_valve.shtml

@import url('/includes/tbenh.css') ; Home TV Radio Talk ... A-Z Index THURSDAY 3rd June 2004 Text only BBC Homepage Health Home Lifestyle Home ... Conditions QUICK GUIDE A-Z Children's Ailments IN-DEPTH Addictions Allergies Arthritis Asthma ... Help Like this page? Send it to a friend! A-Z Illnesses and Conditions - listed alphabetically Scroll down to find the condition you're looking for. If you can't find it, try typing in your keyword in the Search box at the top right corner of this page. There is a separate A-Z listing for children's ailments. A - Z A B C D ... P Q R S T U ... Y Z A Accidents (children) Achondroplasia Acne Acne (children) ... P Q R S T U ... Y Z B Babies not thriving Back curves Back pain Bedwetting ... P Q R S T U ... Y Z C Calcium Cancer (children) Carbon monoxide poisoning Cardiac Syndrome X ... P Q R S T U ... Y Z D Deafness Dementia Dental Health Depression ... P Q R S T U ... Y Z E Ear problems Ear problems (children) Eating Disorders Ectropion ... P Q R S T U ... Y Z F Fabry's Disease Fainting (children) Febrile convulsions (children) Feeding (children) ... P Q R S T U ... Y Z G Gallstones Ganglion Gangrene Gastroenteritis (children) ... P Q R S T U ... Y Z H Haemochromatosis Haemophilia Haemorrhoids (Piles) Hair loss (in women) ... P Q R S T U ... Y Z I Irritable Bowel Syndrome Impetigo (children) Impotence Indigestion ... P Q R S T U ... Y Z J Jaundice (children) A B C ... P Q R S T U ... Y Z K Kabuki Syndrome Kawasaki Klinefelter Kugelberg-Welander Disease ... P Q R S T U ... Y Z L Legionnaires Leigh's Disease/Syndrome Leukaemia Lichen planus ... P Q R S T U ... Y Z M Malaria Mania Manic Depression Marfan Syndrome ... P Q R S T U ... Y Z N Nappy rash (children) Narcolepsy Nephritis Neurofibromatosis ... P Q

82. Best Practice Of Medicine - Patient Guide - Heart Valve Disease The five most common types of heart valve disease are mitral valve prolapse, mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, aortic stenosis, and aortic regurgitation http://praxis.md/index.asp?page=bhgarticle&article_id=BHG01CA16§ion=brief

83. Heart Valves And Heart Valve Disease in backflow (regurgitation), it is often included in the list of heart valve diseases because it is seen frequently and may lead to mitral valve regurgitation. http://www.meritcare.com/hwdb/_followLink.asp?sgml_id=ug1190abc

84. BestDoctors.com: Condition Summary: Heart Valve Disease What are the symptoms of heart valve disease? When the valves on the left side of the heart are involved (aortic valve and mitral valve), the function of the http://www.bestdoctors.com/en/conditions/h/heartvaldisease/heartvaldisease_02140

Site Map Language English Spanish Select A Language Search Condition Summaries Nicholas T. Kouchoukos, M.D. Articles by Dr. Kouchoukos Heart Valve Disease Heart Valve Disease Nicholas T. Kouchoukos, M.D. Missouri Baptist Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri What is heart valve disease? The heart has four valves. When the heart muscle contracts, the valves prevent blood from flowing in the reverse direction. Some people are born with a structural abnormality of a heart valve, called a congenital disorder. Some people may have an acquired heart valve disorder, caused by diseases such as rheumatic fever, infection or inflammation, which can damage heart valves and interfere with heart valve function. When heart valves are diseased, two major problems can develop: the valves leak, causing the blood to flow in the reverse direction from normal, or the valves become narrow (stenosis) as scar tissue and calcium deposit on the valve and interfere with the normal forward blood flow. Some valves may develop both stenosis and leakage. Which heart valves are involved?

85. Heart Valves, Heart Valve Disease, And Heart Valve Surgery has been used to replace a diseased mitral valve. Following uncomplicated valve surgery, a patient will stay risk patients with multiple disease comorbidities. http://www.texheartsurgeons.com/Valves.htm

Heart Valve Diseases and Heart Valve Surgery Heart valves have key roles in regulating blood flow through the heart, opening and closing in sequence with each heartbeat. These valves act like one-way doors, allowing blood to flow either forward into the next chamber, or out of the heart via one of two main blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. The valves close to prevent back flow. Heart Valve Functions On the right side of the heart, blood flows through the tricuspid valve, which lies between the right atrium and the right ventricle. On the left side of the heart, the mitral valve controls the blood flow between the left atrium and left ventricle. The pulmonary valve controls flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery , which carries blood to the lungs for oxygenation. On the left side, the aortic valve opens the way for oxygenated blood to pass from the left ventricle into the aorta , the body?s largest artery. Causes of Heart Valve Malfunction Heart valves may become impaired for a variety of reasons. Rheumatic fever, the most common cause of valve malfunction, causes a valve to stiffen over time. This limits the ability of the valve to open and close properly. Some people are born with heart valve abnormalities, which may be corrected at birth or later in life. Other people may acquire valve damage from infection (as with bacterial endocarditis) or other diseases. The results are a tight, rigid valve limiting forward blood flow (called a stenotic valve ), or a valve which does not close properly, permitting back flow (called a

86. Valve Disease PV Loops Cardiac valve disease significantly alters ventricular pressure and volume relationships during the cardiac cycle. mitral Stenosis. http://www.oucom.ohiou.edu/CVPhysiology/HD009.htm

Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts Richard E. Klabunde, Ph.D. Ventricular Pressure-Volume Loop Changes in Valve Disease Cardiac valve disease significantly alters ventricular pressure and volume relationships during the cardiac cycle. A convenient way to analyze cardiac pressure and volume changes is by using ventricular pressure-volume loops . The following describes pressure-volume changes that occur during: Mitral stenosis Aortic stenosis Mitral regurgitation Aortic regurgitation Mitral Stenosis Mitral stenosis impairs left ventricular filling so that there is a decrease in end-diastolic volume ( preload ). This leads to a decrease in stroke volume by the Frank-Starling mechanism and a fall in cardiac output and aortic pressure. This reduction in afterload (particularly aortic diastolic pressure) enables the end-systolic volume to decrease slightly, but not enough to overcome the decline in end-diastolic volume. These changes just described do not include cardiac and systemic compensatory mechanisms that attempt to maintain cardiac output and arterial pressure. These compensatory responses include, but are not limited to systemic vasoconstriction, increased blood volume, and increased heart rate and inotropy. Aortic Stenosis In aortic stenosis, left ventricular emptying is impaired because of high outflow resistance. The stenosis leads to an increase in ventricular

87. Understanding Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome Page Boudoulas, J. (1992). mitral valve prolapse Etiology, clinical presentation and neuroendocrinefunction. Journal Heart valve disease, 1, 175188. http://www.nursing.wright.edu/practice/mvp/default.htm

Understanding the Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome The following is an excerpt from Chapter I of book, See reviews on Amazon.com Taking Control: Living with the mitral valve prolapse syndrome (To order the book, click on the above link.) ©K.A. SCORDO 1996 "I'm only 25 years old. How could I be having a heart attack?" "I was given no explanation other than 'don't worry'." "We would race to the hospital only to be sent home." "I was beginning to believe I was crazy it was all in my head." "I feel like a second class citizen. How come no one is taking this seriously?" The story is all too familiar. First, you search for a diagnosis. After several visits with a physician and multiple tests, you're finally given a reason for the symptoms, and then tolddon't worry. Now the questions begin. "What do I have? Mitral valve what? What does that mean? Will it get worse? Does my valve have to be replaced? Am I having a heart attack because I have chest pain? Will this affect my pregnancy? Is this common? How can I feel better?" More than likely, you had similar thoughts and questions when you were first diagnosed with mitral valve prolapse. Perhaps you still have a number of questions. Let me begin by telling you, you are not alone. You are among millions of people with MVP or MVPers.

88. Heart Valve Disease What is heart valve disease? The heart has four valves, the aortic, mitral, tricuspid and pulmonary. They are essential to ensure http://www.irishhealth.com/?level=4&con=45

89. HealthCentral - General Encyclopedia - Mitral Stenosis mitral stenosis cannot be prevented but complications can be note any history of heart valve disease before treatment by a health care provider or dentist. http://www.healthcentral.com/mhc/top/000175.cfm

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90. MITRAL VALVE REPLACEMENT (text) endocarditis. Ischemic heart disease (coronary artery disease) can also cause the mitral valve to leak. WHAT ARE THE SURGICAL OPTIONS? Many http://www.sts.org/doc/4101

MITRAL VALVE REPLACEMENT Description Author: Thoralf M. Sundt, MD Medical Illustrations: Jill Rhead, MA TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction What Causes Mitral Valve Problems? What are the Surgical Options? Mechanical Valves ... What Will My Condition Be Like After Mitral Valve Replacement? INTRODUCTION Mitral valve repair is an open heart procedure performed by cardiothoracic surgeons to treat stenosis (narrowing) or regurgitation (leakage) of the mitral valve . The mitral valve is the "inflow valve" for the left side of the heart. Blood flows from the lungs, where it picks up oxygen, and into the heart through the mitral valve. When it opens, the mitral valve allows blood to flow into the heart's main pumping chamber called the left ventricle. It then closes to keep blood from leaking back into the lungs when the ventricle contracts (squeezes) to push blood out to the body. It has two flaps, or leaflets. The mitral valve is highlighted on this illustration of a heart. The mitral valve is the "inflow valve" for the left side of the heart. Blood flows from the lungs, where it picks up oxygen, and into the heart through the mitral valve. (Click on the illustration to enlarge it.) Surgery may be necessary when the valve opens or closes incompletely. A stenotic (narrow) valve does not let the blood easily into the heart causing blood to "back up" and pressure to build up in the lungs. This makes it difficult for the heart to increase the amount of blood that it pumps with exercise, and may produce symptoms of shortness of breath - especially with activity. If the leaflets do not meet correctly for any reason (and many things may cause this), blood may leak backward into the lungs each time the heart pumps. Since some of the blood leaks backwards, the heart has to pump more blood with each contraction in order to push the same amount of blood forward. This is called volume overload. The heart can compensate for this overload for many months or years, provided that the leakage came on slowly and progressively. Eventually, the heart begins to fail and patients show symptoms of shortness of breath or fatigue (tiredness).

91. Columbia University Department Of Surgery In fact, many experts consider it a variation of normal function rather than a disease per se. mitral valve prolapse is characterized by failure of a mitral http://www.columbiasurgery.org/divisions/cardiac/dm_valve.html

Shortcuts Directions Events Find the Right Doctor Directory Risk Assessments Search Second Opinion Send for Info Site Map HEART VALVE DISEASE DEFINITION The heart's 4 valves help direct the flow of blood through its chambers (see figure 16.5 ). All of these valves are composed of thin leaflets that when closed prevent a backflow of blood and when open permit the blood to move forward to its next destination. When a valve fails to close properly, as is the case in a common disorder called mitral valve prolapse, there is a regurgitation or backflow of blood. A valve that fails to open properly—a condition called valvular stenosis—impairs the forward flow of blood to the body. In either case, the heart has to work harder to pump enough blood to the body, eventually leading to heart muscle damage. Congestive heart failure, syncope (fainting), and arrhythmias are common signs of valve disease. CAUSE A number of conditions can lead to heart valve disease. Congenital defects and infections, such as rheumatic fever, are among the most common. Rheumatic heart disease, although greatly diminished since the advent of antibiotics to treat streptococcal infections, still affects more than 1 million Americans and causes about 6,000 deaths per year. DIAGNOSIS In many cases, people can have a diseased heart valve for many years without suffering any symptoms or even being aware of the problem. Diseased valves can be detected by murmurs or other unusual sounds heard through a stethoscope. Ultrasound examination of the heart, also called echocardiography, in which sound waves are used to map internal structures, is also helpful. The most precise diagnosis is made by cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography.

92. InteliHealth: If you have mitral valve prolapse, rest assured that the condition is usually not serious. Millions of people have mild disease and need nothing further done. http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/ihtIH/WSIHW000/8059/28040/152191.html?d=dmtConten

93. Mitral Valve Prolapse (Disease) - Detroit, Michigan mitral valve prolapse (disease) courtesy of Henry Ford Health System of Detroit, Michigan. Related Content. mitral valve prolapse (disease). http://www.henryfordhealth.org/12712.cfm

Related Content Mitral valve prolapse (Disease) Heart, section through the middle Mitral valve prolapse Heart valve surgery - series Definition Alternative Names Causes And Risk Mitral valve prolapse can be caused by a variety of mechanisms. In most cases, it is harmless and does not cause symptoms or need to be treated. In a small number of cases, it can cause severe mitral regurgitation (leakage of blood back through the valve) and needs to be treated with surgery. Some forms of mitral valve prolapse seem to be hereditary. Mitral valve prolapse has been associated with (a disorder present from birth), , and other disorders. Many people with mitral valve prolapse are thin women who may have minor chest wall deformities, scoliosis , or other disorders. There may also be an atrial septal defect (a hole in the wall that separates the left and right upper heart chambers) high in the wall of the heart (called an ostium secundum defect). Prevention This condition itself may not be preventable, but some complications are. Discuss any history of heart valve disease or congenital heart disease before any treatment by the health care provider or dentist.

94. Tricuspid Valve Disease are rare, often occur in conjunction with other heart valve problems, particularly with mitral valve disorders. Individuals with tricuspid valve disease are at http://www.wmtw.com/global/story.asp?s=1230222

95. Disease - Mitral Valve Prolapse - Hartford, Connecticut , Saint Francis Care disease mitral valve prolapse - courtesy of Saint Francis Care of Hartford, Connecticut, contemporary medicine with major clinical concentrations in heart http://www.saintfranciscare.com/12929.cfm

@import url(main.css); About Us Health Information Adam Article Manager CareMail Signup ... Ways To Help Adam Article Manager Back Back to main Health Information page Disease - Mitral valve prolapse Heart, section through the middle Mitral valve prolapse Heart valve surgery - series Definition: Alternative Names: Causes And Risk: Mitral valve prolapse can be caused by a variety of mechanisms. In most cases, it is harmless and does not cause symptoms or need to be treated. In a small number of cases, it can cause severe mitral regurgitation (leakage of blood back through the valve) and needs to be treated with surgery. Some forms of mitral valve prolapse seem to be hereditary. Mitral valve prolapse has been associated with (a disorder present from birth), , and other disorders. Many people with mitral valve prolapse are thin women who may have minor chest wall deformities, scoliosis , or other disorders. There may also be an atrial septal defect (a hole in the wall that separates the left and right upper heart chambers) high in the wall of the heart (called an ostium secundum defect). Prevention: This condition itself may not be preventable, but some complications are.

96. Times Online - Health can become diseased or damaged, the valves on the left side of the heart (the mitral and aortic valves) cause the most clinical problems. valve disease may be http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,9123-875404,00.html

NI_IFRAME('Top'); ARCHIVE CLASSIFIED SHOPPING PROMOTIONS ... WEATHER Search document.write(epaperButton); document.write(closing); HEALTH Health news Health features Health briefings Health alternatives ... Health industry TIMES ONLINE Home News Britain World ... Site Map SPECIAL REPORTS Investor's Centre Business Travel Wireless Technology Urban Confidence ... UK Business Week NI_AD('BottomLeft'); Hospital consultants guide November 03, 2003 Conditions: Valve disease The valves can malfunction in one of two ways: either the valve does not open fully, and obstructs the flow of blood (a condition called valve stenosis). Or it does not close properly, so allowing blood to leak backwards (a condition known as valve incompetence or regurgitation). Both put an extra strain on the heart by making it work harder. In addition, the blood behind the affected valve will be under increased pressure, which can cause a build-up of fluid either in the lungs, in the lower part of the body, or both, depending on which valves are affected. NI_MPU('middle'); People with mild valve problems can have few symptoms but, over time, the increasing strain on the heart can cause tiredness, or breathlessness on exercise or palpitations. Other related problems include shortness of breath and swelling of the ankles and legs.

97. PREVALENCE OF MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE IN SAUDI SICKLE CELL DISEASE PATIENTS IN DAM mitral valve prolapse in sickle cell disease presumptive evidence for a linked connective tissue disorder. Arch Intern Med 1985;145435-8. 12. http://www.kfshrc.edu.sa/annals/153/94229.html

May 1995 PREVALENCE OF MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE IN SAUDI SICKLE CELL DISEASE PATIENTS IN DAMMAM - A PROSPECTIVE-CONTROLLED ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC STUDY Akhtar Husain, MBBS, FACC; Gani O. A. Ladipo, MBChB, FRCP, FACC; Mohammed Fakhry Abdul-Mohsen, DM, MSc, MD; Huxley Knox-Macaulay, FRCP, FRCPE From the Department of Internal Medicine (Drs. Husain, Ladipo, Abdul-Mohsen), King Faisal University, Dammam and the Department of Hematology (Dr. Knox-Macaulay), King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al Khobar. Address reprint requests and correspondence to Dr. Akhtar Husain: P.O. Box 40033, Al Khobar 31952, Saudi Arabia. Accepted for publication 18 October 1994. Ann Saudi Med 1995;15(3):244-248. Material and Methods Study Population The study population consisted of consecutive patients with SCD and those with chronic anemia (other than SCD) who were either admitted to King Fahd Hospital of the University or attending the outpatient department. Control subjects were volunteers from hospital employees, blood donors and medical students. They all had their heights and weights recorded. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects who participated in the study after approval from the research committee of the College of Medicine and Medical Science, King Faisal University. Hematological Investigations All subjects had a complete blood count (CBC), hemoglobin electrophoresis (including quantitation of HbF and HbA2), determination of serum iron, serum ferritin and total iron binding capacity.

98. Virtual Hospital: University Of Iowa Family Practice Handbook, Fourth Edition: C result of a valve lesion. Table 32 summarizes valvular heart disease. mitral valve Prolapse (MVP). May result from leaflet billowing http://www.vh.org/adult/provider/familymedicine/FPHandbook/Chapter03/03-3.html

For Providers University of Iowa Family Practice Handbook, Fourth Edition, Chapter 3 Cardiology: Valvular Heart Disease James M. Fox, MD Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine University of Iowa College of Medicine Peer Review Status: Externally Peer Reviewed by Mosby General. Can present with a spectrum of symptoms based on the valve involved, stenosis or regurgitation, right- or left-sided, and single valve or multivalvular disease. An echocardiogram is critical to the evaluation of a patient with a heart murmur to determine if the murmur is the result of a valve lesion. Table 3-2 summarizes valvular heart disease. Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP). May result from leaflet billowing, progressive expansion of the mitral annulus, or valve-leaflet myxomatous degeneration. Most patients with MVP are asymptomatic and will have a benign clinical course. Symptoms may include palpitations, fatigue, dyspnea, syncope, atypical chest pain, and episodes of supraventricular tachycardia. However, these symptoms are as common in the general population as in those with MVP and many patients with MVP found incidentally on echocardiography do not have these symptoms.

99. GW Hospital : Valve Disease is known as tricuspid regurgitation, pulmonary regurgitation, mitral regurgitation, aortic About valve disease Heart valve disease is either acquired during a http://www.gwhospital.com/p6677.html

Home About GW Hospital Contact Us Search ... GW Hospital Medical Staff Related Links: George Washington University GWU Medical Center GWU Medical Faculty Associates Continuing Education Programs George Washington University Hospital 900 23rd St., NW Washington, DC 20037 Toll Free This information was accurate at the time of publication. Valve Disease Heart Valves Heart Valve Disease Heart Valve Disease, or the malfunctioning of heart valves, affects more than 5 million people each year. In a normal heart, the valves serve as the exit from each of the four chambers of the heart, and enable blood to flow freely in a forward direction. When the valves function properly blood flows only in one direction. When a valve malfunctions blood may flow backwards or the valve may not open completely interfering with the forward blood flow. About the Heart and Heart Valves Blood travels from the atria to the ventricles through the mitral and tricuspid valves. Through the pulmonary and aortic valves, blood leaves the ventricles to the lungs and aorta and eventually other body parts. This entire process is compromised when the heart valves are damaged as a result of heart valve disease. There are two main types of valve dysfunction: Stenosis Stenosis is present when a valve does not open completely, interfering with the forward flow of blood. Depending on which valve is affected, this condition is referred to as tricuspid stenosis, pulmonic stenosis, mitral valve stenosis and aortic stenosis.

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