41. THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 1, Ch. 2, Malnutrition An in depth look at this disorder by the Merck Manual including symptoms and signs, laboratory findings, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual/section1/chapter2/2c.htm

This Publication Is Searchable The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy Section 1. Nutritional Disorders Chapter 2. Malnutrition Topics [General] Starvation Protein-Energy Malnutrition Carnitine Deficiency ... Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency Protein-Energy Malnutrition A deficiency syndrome caused by the inadequate intake of macronutrients. Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), or protein-calorie malnutrition, is characterized not only by an energy deficit due to a reduction in all macronutrients but also by a deficit in many micronutrients. This syndrome is one example of the various levels of inadequate protein and/or energy intake between starvation (no food intake) and adequate nourishment. Although infants and children of some developing nations dramatically exemplify this type of malnutrition, it can occur in persons of any age in any country. Classification and Etiology The dry form, marasmus, results from near starvation with deficiency of protein and nonprotein nutrients. The marasmic child consumes very little foodoften because his mother is unable to breastfeedand is very thin from loss of muscle and body fat. The wet form is called kwashiorkor

42. Worldwatch Paper 150.html: Underfed And Overfed: The Global Epidemic Of Malnutri The Global Epidemic of malnutrition. The century with the greatest potential to eliminate malnutrition instead saw it boosted to record levels, said Gardner. http://www.worldwatch.org/pubs/paper/150.html

Home About Worldwatch Publications State of the World ... Contact Us Sign up for free PDFs and e-mail updates: E-Mail this page Worldwatch Paper #150: Underfed and Overfed: The Global Epidemic of Malnutrition Gary Gardner and Brian Halweil ISBN: 1-878071-52-1 68 pages March 2000 Print Version Buy Now PDF Free PDF Download Now Summary Table of Contents home ... sitemap

43. Vitamin Angel, Non-Profit International Assistance, Emergency Relief, Nutritiona Organization that fights malnutrition and childhood blindness worldwide by providing nutritional supplements, health education to communities that are medically underserved or at risk. Works in partnership with Direct Relief International. http://www.vitaminangel.com/

Vitamin Angel Alliance 1450 Orange Grove Avenue, Santa Barbara, CA 93105 Phone: (805) 565- 9919; Fax: (805) 565-9916 EMAIL: info@vitaminangel.org Home About Us Our Work ... Help Us! Special Thanks to: Rick Chacon Kelly Darnell David Faiia Jay Farbman Susan Fowler David Gala And all of the other photographers who generously contributed their work. Site Design:

44. UNICEF End Decade Databases - Malnutrition When the ambitious goal of halving child malnutrition was adopted in 1990, over a third of the world s underfives - some 174 million children - were http://www.childinfo.org/eddb/malnutrition/

End-decade Databases Indicators Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) Home ... Search No.3: Between 1990 and the year 2000, reduction of severe and moderate malnutrition among under-five children by half No. 9: Special attention to the health and nutrition of the female child and to pregnant and lactating women The Challenge Good nutrition is the cornerstone for survival, health and development for current and succeeding generations. Well-nourished children perform better in school, grow into healthy adults and in turn give their children a better start in life. Well-nourished women face fewer risks during pregnancy and childbirth, and their children set off on firmer developmental paths, both physically and mentally. When the ambitious goal of halving child malnutrition was adopted in 1990, over a third of the world's under-fives - some 174 million children - were malnourished. Malnutrition is implicated in more than half of all child deaths worldwide. Malnourished children have lowered resistance to infection; they are more likely to die from common childhood ailments like diarrhoeal diseases and respiratory infections, and for those who survive, frequent illness saps their nutritional status, locking them into a vicious cycle of recurring sickness and faltering growth. Their plight is largely invisible: three quarters of the children who die from causes related to malnutrition were only mildly or moderately undernourished, showing no outward sign of their vulnerability.

45. UNICEF End Decade Databases - Malnutrition To Download the database please click here. UNICEF GLOBAL DATABASE ON CHILD malnutrition Underweight Prevalence (%). COUNTRY, Moderate http://www.childinfo.org/eddb/malnutrition/database1.htm

End-decade Databases Indicators Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) Home ... Search To Download the database please click here UNICEF GLOBAL DATABASE ON CHILD MALNUTRITION Underweight Prevalence (%) COUNTRY Moderate and severe* Severe** Male Female Year Age SOURCE Afghanistan 6-35 mos. UNICEF and CIET, Multiple Indicator Baseline 1997 Albania 0-59 mos. MICS 2000, Final report, p. 43 Algeria 0-59 mos. MICS 2000, Final report, Table 6.1.2 Andorra No data Angola No data Antigua and Barbuda No data Argentina No data Armenia 0-59 mos. DHS 2000, Preliminary report, p. 18 Australia No data Austria No data Azerbaijan 0-59 mos. MICS 2000 , Final report, p. 57 Bahamas No data Bahrain 0-59 mos. Family Health Survey, final p.192. Bangladesh 0-59 mos. DHS 1999-2000, Preliminary report, p. 28 Barbados No data Belarus No data Belgium No data Belize 0-59 mos. MOH, Assessment of the food, nutrition and health situation of Belize, INCAP, 1992, Published in WHO Global Database (ref : 01341) Benin 0-35 mos.

46. News Palestinian malnutrition at African levels under Israeli curbs, say MPs. By Ben Russell, Political Correspondent. 05 February 2004. http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/politics/story.jsp?story=487963

47. Malnutrition And Adoption Health malnutrition. By Jean NelsonErichson and Heino R. Erichson. Most children arriving in the United States from institutional care have http://www.comeunity.com/adoption/health/malnutrition.html

Malnutrition By Jean Nelson-Erichson and Heino R. Erichson Many adopted children have phenomenal appetites and will eat whatever is presented to them. Some children will not know when to stop eating. They may gain weight initially, although their weight will level off as catch-up growth ensues and they begin growing taller. Serve them well balanced meals and snacks. A daily multi-vitamin tablet is also helpful. If the child shows no acceleration in growth, an underlying illness such as tuberculosis may be suspected. U.S. pediatricians use the National Center for Health Statistics growth chart, which is also used by the World Health Organization. This chart indicates population standards divided into the fifth, tenth, twenty-fifth, fiftieth, seventy-fifth, ninetieth, and ninety-fifth percentiles. Ninety percent of the population should be covered by these charts. By plotting the child's growth, the doctor knows what percentile is normal for this child and can also see if the child's growth has slowed. In normal growth, the child's measurements follow along one of the percentile lines on the chart. If growth slows, the measurements cross percentile lines. The doctor can see if the child has recovered by plotting his or her return to normal. This system depends on taking repeated measurements in order to establish the normal patterns of growth.

48. THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 1, Ch. 2, Malnutrition The Merck Manual looks at this, the most severe form of malnutrition. Its causes, signs, symptoms and treatment are discussed. http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual/section1/chapter2/2b.htm

This Publication Is Searchable The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy Section 1. Nutritional Disorders Chapter 2. Malnutrition Topics [General] Starvation Protein-Energy Malnutrition Carnitine Deficiency ... Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency Starvation Structural and functional changes due to the total lack of intake of energy and essential nutrients. Starvation is the most severe form of malnutrition. It may result from fasting, famine, anorexia nervosa, catastrophic disease of the GI tract, stroke, or coma. The basic metabolic response to starvation is conservation of energy and body tissues. However, the body will mobilize its own tissues as a source of energy, which results in the destruction of visceral organs and muscle and in extreme shrinkage of adipose tissue. Total starvation is fatal in 8 to 12 wk. Symptoms and Signs In adult volunteers who fasted for 30 to 40 days, weight loss was marked (25% of initial weight), metabolic rate decreased, and the rate and amount of tissue protein breakdown decreased by about 30%. In more prolonged starvation, weight loss may reach 50% in adults and possibly more in children. Loss of organ weight is greatest in the liver and intestine, moderate in the heart and kidneys, and least in the nervous system. Emaciation is most obvious in areas where prominent fat depots normally exist. Muscle mass shrinks and bones protrude. The skin becomes thin, dry, inelastic, pale, and cold. The hair is dry and sparse and falls out easily. Most body systems are affected. Achlorhydria and diarrhea are common. Heart size and cardiac output are reduced; the pulse slows and blood pressure falls. Respiratory rate and vital capacity decrease. The main endocrine disturbance is gonadal atrophy with loss of libido in men and women and amenorrhea in women. Intellect remains clear, but apathy and irritability are common. The patient feels weak. Work capacity is diminished because of muscle destruction and, eventually, is worsened by cardiorespiratory failure. The anemia is usually mild, normochromic, and normocytic. Reduction in body temperature frequently contributes to death. In famine edema, serum proteins are usually normal, but loss of fat and muscle results in increased extracellular water, low tissue tension, and inelastic skin. Cell-mediated immunity is compromised, and wound healing is impaired (see

49. Malnutrition And Starvation malnutrition and Starvation. The terms malnutrition and starvation are used interchangeably, when in reality, there are specific definitions for each. http://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,1607,7-153-10370_12150_12220-26946--,00.html

Skip Navigation Michigan.gov Home DNR Home Links ... Research Projects Malnutrition and Starvation Description Historically, in Michigan the number of species diagnosed at the Laboratory as dying from malnutrition and starvation are second only to those dying from traumatic injuries. Numerous bird and mammal species annually (depending on the severity of the winter) die from insufficient nutrition. Currently we have 3 primary species that die from malnutrition or starvation: white-tailed deer, mute swan, and wild turkey. The majority of the animals have come from Regions I and II with mortality occurring almost exclusively during the winter when food availability is at its lowest. Susceptibility Susceptibility to starvation and malnutrition usually occurs in the winter and early spring months for wildlife in Michigan. Animals cope with the severe weather and shortage of food in 1 of 3 ways: hibernate (amphibians, reptiles, and several mammals), migrate (most avian species), or remain active and attempt to survive. Juvenile, yearling, and old animals are the age groups most susceptible to starvation and malnutrition because they enter the winter with the smallest fat reserves, the highest nutritional demands, the greatest heat loss, and the lowest position in the social hierarchy. Of the winter starvation deaths observed, 60 to 70% may consist of animals less than 1 year of age. Adult males and females and juveniles of both sexes of various species may have smaller reserves of fat due to breeding activities, rearing of the previous year's offspring, and their growth requirements

50. Enriching Lives: Overcoming Vitamin And Mineral Malnutrition In Developing Count Enriching Lives Overcoming Vitamin and Mineral malnutrition in Developing Countries The following Executive Summary is taken from http://www.worldbank.org/html/extdr/hnp/nutrition/enrich.htm

Enriching Lives: Overcoming Vitamin and Mineral Malnutrition in Developing Countries The following Executive Summary is taken from the World Bank publication Enriching Lives: Overcoming Vitamin and Mineral Malnutrition in Developing Countries Publication information and ordering instructions are available. The control of vitamin and mineral deficiencies is one of the most extraordinary development-related scientific advances of recent years. Probably no other technology available today offers as large an opportunity to improve lives and accelerate development at such low cost and in such a short time. Dietary deficiencies of vitamins and minerals—life-sustaining nutrients needed only in small quantities (hence, "micronutrients")—cause learning disabilities, mental retardation, poor health, low work capacity, blindness, and premature death. The result is a devastating public health problem: about 1 billion people, almost all in developing countries, are suffering the effects of these dietary deficiencies, and another billion are at risk of falling prey to them. To grasp the enormous implications at the country level, consider a country of 50 million people with the levels of micronutrient deficiencies that exist today in South Asia. Such a country would suffer the following losses each year because of these deficiencies:

51. Program Areas malnutrition AND DEHYDRATION IN NURSING HOMES KEY ISSUES IN PREVENTION AND TREATMENT Sarah Greene Burger, Jeanie KayserJones, and http://www.cmwf.org/programs/elders/burger_mal_386.asp

MALNUTRITION AND DEHYDRATION IN NURSING HOMES: KEY ISSUES IN PREVENTION AND TREATMENT Sarah Greene Burger, Jeanie Kayser-Jones, and Julie Prince Bell National Citizens' Coalition for Nursing Home Reform June 2000 Support for this research was provided by The Commonwealth Fund Task Force on the Future of Health Insurance. The views presented here are those of the authors and should not be attributed to The Commonwealth Fund or its directors, officers, or staff. TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary The Problem The Law and Regulations Issues in Prevention and Treatment ... Endnotes ACKNOWLEDGMENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Studies using a variety of measurements and performed over the last five to 10 years on different nursing home subgroups have shown that from 35 percent to 85 percent of U.S. nursing home residents are malnourished. Thirty to 50 percent are substandard in body weight. Specific components of The Nursing Home Reform Act of 1987 (NHRA) address the prevention of both malnutrition and dehydration—these include provisions for resident assessment, individualized care planning, physician oversight, standards for sufficient nurse staffing, and the provision of quality of life, care, and service. This law mandates that facilities meet residents’ nutrition and hydration needs. Yet the level of malnutrition and dehydration in some American nursing homes is similar to that found in many poverty-stricken developing countries where inadequate food intake is compounded by repeated infections. The consequences of these conditions for elderly nursing home residents are potentially serious. Under-nutrition is associated with infections (including urinary tract infections and pneumonia), pressure ulcers, anemia, hypotension, confusion and impaired cognition, decreased wound healing, and hip fractures. Undernourished residents become weak, fatigued, bedridden, apathetic, and depressed. When hospitalized for an acute illness, malnourished or dehydrated residents suffer increased morbidity, and require longer lengths of stay. Compared with well-nourished hospitalized nursing home residents, they have a five-fold increase in mortality in the hospital.

52. Hunger And Malnutrition Get the facts on malnutrition and learn how it affects children s health. What Are Hunger and malnutrition? Everyone feels hungry at times. http://kidshealth.org/parent/nutrition_fit/nutrition/hunger.html

KidsHealth Parents "You're not leaving the table until you eat your vegetables!" "I don't want anything. I'm not hungry." Sound familiar? Like most parents, you've probably wondered just how much food is enough for your child. Maybe you've read about the effect that hunger and malnutrition can have on people over the long term. So you worry that your picky eater isn't getting the nutrients that will help him or her grow properly. Is your child likely to end up malnourished, like people who can't get enough to eat? What Are Hunger and Malnutrition? Everyone feels hungry at times. Hunger is the body's signal that it needs food. Once we've eaten enough food to satisfy our bodies' needs, hunger goes away until our stomachs are empty again. Malnutrition is not the same thing as hunger, although they often go together. People with malnutrition lack the nutrients needed for health and development. Someone can be malnourished for a long or short period of time, and the condition may be mild or severe. People who are malnourished are more likely to get sick, and in severe cases, may even die. Unfortunately, many people in the world can't get enough to eat most of the time and are at risk of malnutrition. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that hunger is a problem for one in every seven people on earth - including 153 million children.

53. Hunger And Malnutrition Hunger is the way a person s body signals that it needs to eat, and malnutrition is a lack of the right nutrients in the body. http://kidshealth.org/teen/food_fitness/nutrition/hunger.html

KidsHealth Teens Nutrition Basics Nina was really hungry when she got home from basketball practice. As she made herself a peanut butter sandwich, she watched the news. It included a report about people who were starving in countries at war. She saw pictures of women and children - some close to her age - scrambling for emergency food relief. She wondered what it would be like to feel hungry all the time and how it would affect her life. What Are Hunger and Malnutrition? We all feel hungry at times. Hunger is the way your body signals that it needs to eat. Teens can feel hungry a lot because the rapidly growing and developing body demands extra food. Once you're able to eat enough food to satisfy your body's needs, you stop being hungry. Malnutrition is often tied to hunger. People with malnutrition lack the nutrients necessary for their bodies to grow and stay healthy. Someone can be malnourished for a long or short period of time, and the condition may be mild or severe. Malnutrition can affect a person's physical and mental health. People who are suffering from malnutrition are more likely to get sick; in very severe cases, they may even die from its effects. Unfortunately, there are many people in the world who can't get enough to eat most of the time and are at risk of malnutrition. The World Health Organization says that hunger is a problem for one out of every seven people in the world. People who go hungry all the time and are malnourished don't develop normally. They don't grow as tall as they should (a condition referred to as stunted growth) and they are underweight as well. (People can also become underweight because they have an illness, and some people are underweight because of their genetic makeup.)

54. IFPRI 2020 Brief 14 An Ecoregional Perspective On Malnutrition IFPRI 2020 Vision Brief 14, An Ecoregional Perspective on malnutrition, by Manohar Sharma, Lynn Brown, Aamir Qureshi, and Marito Garcia. http://www.ifpri.org/2020/briefs/number14.htm

2020 Vision Brief 14, April 1995 An Ecoregional Perspective on Malnutrition by Manohar Sharma, Lynn Brown, Aamir Qureshi, and Marito Garcia In agrarian developing countries the natural environment is a key determinant of both poverty and nutritional status. Climate, terrain, and soil characteristics drive the agricultural system, determining in large part cropping patterns, choice of crops, yield rates, and overall productivity levels. The human resources crucial to agricultural productivity are also influenced by the natural environment. For example, conditions that encourage or mitigate the incidence and spread of disease have adverse effects on the health and nutritional status of rural families and in turn on their productivity. To date, however, most studies on the location, magnitude, and distribution of poverty are for individual countries or other administrative entities that do not necessarily coincide with ecoregional boundaries. Poverty, which manifests itself in high incidences of malnutrition, is a serious problem in some regions, especially Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. That living standards vary widely within regions is well known, but do some of these variations have their origins in agroecological differences? What Are Ecoregions?

55. IFPRI 2020 Brief 6 Malnutrition And Food Insecurity Projections IFPRI 2020 Vision Brief 6, malnutrition and Food Insecurity Projections, 2020, by Marito Garcia. malnutrition and Food Insecurity Projections, 2020. http://www.ifpri.org/2020/BRIEFS/NUMBER06.HTM

2020 Vision Brief 6, October 1994 Malnutrition and Food Insecurity Projections, 2020 by Marito Garcia The Nutrition-Health Connection Future Trends If trends in the 1980s persist, it is likely that the number of children with PEM will increase by the year 2000; it is expected to remain at about 200 million by year 2020 despite the projected decline in fertility rates (Figure 1) . Two projections into the futurea pessimistic scenario and an optimistic scenarioare mapped based on historical trends. Projections of absolute numbers of malnourished children account for the future trends in fertility, but do not consider possible breakthroughs in food production or for disasters such as the uncontrolled spread of AIDS. The optimistic scenario is built around the "best five-year" historical trends between 1975 and 1990, whereas the pessimistic scenario is based on the "worst five-year" historical trends over the same period. Thus, one could say that "if the trends in 1990 to 2020 are like the rates of improvement in 1975 to 1980, then we will see a reduction in malnourished from . . . . " A similar scenario-building approach was used in the Second Report on the World Nutrition Situation (1992) for year 2000 projections; the trend line is extended to the year 2020 for purposes of the present exercise. The projections indicate that a satisfactory nutrition situation will not be realized unless new approaches are tried. The best-case ("optimistic") scenario shows that by year 2020 there would be about 100 million preschool children with PEM. The potentiating effects of malnutrition will likely be responsible for roughly 56 million child deaths in this scenario. The projections show that the goal of reducing child malnutrition prevalence by half by year 2000 set by the World Summit for Children (1990) and the International Conference on Nutrition (1992) will not be attained by 2020 even using the best-case scenario. The worst-case ("pessimistic") scenario looks grim. The proportion of underweight children would likely rise to about 200 million by year 2000.

56. OMNI Partners: Program Against Micronutrient Malnutrition (PAMM) To return to the OMNI Partners page, click here To return to the OMNI home page, click here The Program Against Micronutrient malnutrition (PAMM). http://www.jsi.com/intl/omni/pamm.htm

To return to the OMNI Partners page, click here To return to the OMNI home page, click here The Program Against Micronutrient Malnutrition (PAMM) The Program Against Micronutrient Malnutrition (PAMM) is a catalyst for collaborating organizations as well as an active participant in the worldwide initiative to achieve and sustain the elimination of Hidden Hunger by the year 2000. The vision of PAMM is that the world will enter the next century free of the disorders that presently are caused by micronutrient deficiencies. The focus of PAMM is to assist countries with developing their own technical capacity and management systems. To accomplish these goals, PAMM works to build public-private sector alliances, strengthen regional and national education and training systems, raise awareness through advocacy at all levels, and to develop standards to establish quality assurance of national micronutrient programs. PAMM is coordinated by the faculty at the Rollins School of Public Health of Emory University, expert staff at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and program officers at the Task Force for Child Survival and Development. PAMM's network also extends to staff experts at the International Agricultural Center in Wageningen, The Netherlands and faculty at the Department of Human Nutrition of Wageningen Agricultural University and program managers in 42 countries. In countries where PAMM intervenes, a wider network of contributors such as international agencies, bilateral donors, and non-governmental organizations, are asked to participate to interact with the national government, agencies, and food producing sector. Specific activities that have been accomplished are: (1) national programs in at least nine countries have mobilized industry and/or agricultural support, (2) national laboratories have been established to support monitoring of progress and quality assurance of programs in twelve countries, (3) legislation and regulations for universal salt iodization were developed in many countries, with PAMM providing technical support in China, Pakistan, and the Philippines, and (4) national and regional trainings, patterned after the PAMM training model, have been held in eight countries and more trainings are planned.

57. Salon :: :: Mwt :: Feature :: Optional Burqas And Mandatory Malnutrition, By Jan Optional burqas and mandatory malnutrition After spending 18 months studying Afghanistan, Dr. Lynn Amowitz reports that life under the Taliban is more brutal http://www.salon.com/mwt/feature/2001/10/19/amowitz/

Search All of Salon.com Directory Hot Topics Iraq Joe Conason's Journal The Sopranos Osama bin Laden ... World Trade Center and Pentagon Attacks Articles by date All of Salon.com By department Get a free Allstate quote Search our Personals ... Corrections Optional burqas and mandatory malnutrition After spending 18 months studying Afghanistan, Dr. Lynn Amowitz reports that life under the Taliban is more brutal and more complicated than we suspected. By Janelle Brown When President Bush asked kids across America to each donate a dollar for the impoverished children of Afghanistan last week, it was a sweet if mildly propagandistic gesture. It also was a reiteration of a message that has accompanied his most aggressive promises to bomb the Taliban into submission: Our war is not with the Afghan people; in fact, we want to help alleviate their suffering. And to prove the U.S. government's commitment to civilians caught in the violence, Bush has earmarked $320 million in aid for the people of Afghanistan, and dropped in nearly 275,000 meals to the country. "The evildoers have struck our nation, but out of evil comes good," Bush told military personnel in a speech at Travis Air Force Base on Wednesday. "We are a good, kindhearted, decent people, and we're showing the world just that in our compassion and our resolve."

58. La Santé, La Malnutrition http://www.droitsenfant.com/sante.htm

la malnutrition Voir également page consacrée au SIDA en Afrique Voir également page consacrée à l' excision des fillettes Estimation du nombre d'enfants (source UNICEF) : Maladies diarrhéiques : 2,2 millions Maladies non transmissibles* : 1,2 millions Rougeole 800 000 SIDA : 700 000 Accidents : 600 000 Paludisme : 400 000 Nutrition : (manque de poids) (soit 183 millions d'enfants). Allaitement maternel : Carences en micro-nutriments : Les micro-nutriments (iode, fer et vitamine A) Eau salubre : Que faire ? : Situation des enfants dans le monde (source UNICEF) sommaire plan du site recherche sur le site livre d'or ... adresses Reproduction autorisée avec la mention : "diffusé sur le site de Jean-Charles Champagnat : www.droitsenfant.com"

59. Medical Information - Malnutrition MEDICAL INFORMATION malnutrition. malnutrition. The malnutrition that adoptive children suffer from is usually mild to moderate. http://www.russiaadoption.com/medical/medical-malnutrition.htm

E uropean A doption C onsultants, I nc. A 501(c)(3) Non-Profit Licensed Adoption Agency MEDICAL INFORMATION - Malnutrition Picnics and Events EAC Storybook Project Sunshine Introduction Scabies Malnutrition Tuberculosis ... Apgar Score Malnutrition M ost children adopted from orphanages abroad have some degree of nutritional deprivation. The malnutrition that adoptive children suffer from is usually mild to moderate. Those children with severe nutritional deprivation are not usually selected for adoption. T he severity of malnutrition depends upon the child's age at the onset of malnutrition, the length of time it persists and the presence of any other existing medical conditions. Severe malnutrition can present as permanent cognitive, behavioral and social deficiencies. C hildren with mild to moderate malnutrition can grow and gain weight with well-balanced meals, snacks and multivitamins. Generally there is a good outcome if the child's diet is improved before age three. The longer there is nutritional deprivation the lower the chance of the child reaching normal size and intelligence. C atch up growth can continue for years after the child has been placed in his adoptive home. His recovery is complete when his height and weight are in proportion and he is steadily progressing on the growth chart.

60. Protein-energy Malnutrition Proteinenergy malnutrition. Definition. Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is a potentially fatal body-depletion disorder. http://www.healthatoz.com/healthatoz/Atoz/ency/protein-energy_malnutrition.html

Encyclopedia Index P Home Encyclopedia Encyclopedia Index P Protein-energy malnutrition Definition Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is a potentially fatal body-depletion disorder. It is the leading cause of death in children in developing countries. Description PEM is also referred to as protein-calorie malnutrition. It develops in children and adults whose consumption of protein and energy (measured by calories) is insufficient to satisfy the body's nutritional needs. While pure protein deficiency can occur when a person's diet provides enough energy but lacks the protein minimum, in most cases the deficiency will be dual. PEM may also occur in persons who are unable to absorb vital nutrients or convert them to energy essential for healthy tissue formation and organ function. Although PEM is not prevalent among the general population of the United States, it is often seen in elderly people who live in nursing homes and in children whose parents are poor. PEM occurs in one of every two surgical patients and in 48% of all other hospital patients. Types of PEM Primary PEM results from a diet that lacks sufficient sources of protein and/or energy. Secondary PEM is more common in the United States, where it usually occurs as a complication of

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