1. CDC Travelers' Health Information On Leishmaniasis . leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease transmitted by the bite of some species of sand flies.......leishmaniasis. http://www.cdc.gov/travel/diseases/leishmaniasis.htm

Contents Destinations Outbreaks Diseases Vaccinations ... USDA/APHIS Importing food, plant, animal products U.S. State Department Pan American Health Organization World Health Organization Home ... Purchase Leishmaniasis Description Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease transmitted by the bite of some species of sand flies. It is an obligate intracellular protozoan. The disease most commonly manifests either in a cutaneous (skin) form or in a visceral (internal organ) form. Occurrence Leishmaniasis is found in approximately 90 tropical and subtropical countries around the world and in southern Europe. More than 90% of the world's cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis are in Afghanistan, Algeria, Brazil, Iran, Iraq, Peru, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. However, approximately 75% of the cases that are evaluated in the United States were acquired in Latin America, where leishmaniasis occurs from northern Mexico (rarely in rural southern Texas) to northern Argentina. More than 90% of the world's cases of visceral leishmaniasis occur in Bangladesh, Brazil, India, Nepal, and Sudan. Leishmaniasis is not found in Australia or the South Pacific. Risk for Travelers Travelers of all ages are at risk for leishmaniasis if they live in or travel to these areas. Leishmaniasis usually is more common in rural than urban areas, but it is found in the outskirts of some cities. Risk is highest between dusk and dawn. Adventure travelers, Peace Corps volunteers, missionaries, ornithologists, other persons who do research outdoors at night, and soldiers are examples of those who might have an increased risk for leishmaniasis, especially the cutaneous form. Even persons with short stays in leishmaniasis-endemic areas can become infected.

2. EMedicine - Leishmaniasis : Article By John Halpern, DO, FACEP leishmaniasis Protozoa of the Leishmania species cause leishmaniasis. Their life cycle involves an insect vector (ie, a different species of sandflies) and a vertebrate host. Different into the http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic296.htm

(advertisement) Home Specialties CME PDA ... Patient Education Articles Images CME Patient Education Advanced Search Link to this site Back to: eMedicine Specialties Emergency Medicine Infectious Diseases Leishmaniasis Last Updated: September 25, 2001 Rate this Article Email to a Colleague Synonyms and related keywords: cutaneous leishmaniasis, mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, visceral leishmaniasis, Leishmania tropica mexicana, Leishmania tropica, Leishmania major, Leishmania aethiopica, Leishmania braziliensis, Leishmania donovani, Leishmania infantum, Leishmania chagasi AUTHOR INFORMATION Section 1 of 11 Author Information Introduction Clinical Differentials ... Bibliography Author: John Halpern, DO, FACEP , Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Family Medicine, Nova Southeastern University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Medical Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, Coral Springs Medical Center Coauthor(s): N Ewen Wang, MD , Consulting Staff, Department of Surgery, Division of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University Hospital John Halpern, DO, FACEP, is a member of the following medical societies:

3. Leishmaniasis leishmaniasis. leishmaniasis is an infectious disease of people and wild and domestic animals throughout temperate, subtropical and tropical regions of the world http://www.cvm.okstate.edu/instruction/kocan/vpar5333/5333iig.htm

Leishmaniasis Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease of people and wild and domestic animals throughout temperate, subtropical and tropical regions of the world. Old World Leishmania donovani complex- Causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis in Africa, India, South America and Mediterranean countries. Transmitted by sand flies ( Phlebotomus spp Leishmania tropica complex Causative agent of cutanious leishmaniasis in Asia, west Africa and Mediterranean countries. Sandfly transmitted. New World Leishmania braziliensis complex. Parasites in this group produce cutanious lesions or mucocutanious lesions. I is most common in Central and South America with some reportings in U.S. There may be numerous wildlife reservoirs. The cutanious form of the disease, usually manifested by single ulcerated lesions on the ears is most common. Knowledge of leishmaniasis is important to the clinician since infections can cause clinical disease in dogs and cats and because these animals are reservoirs for the organism in some locations. In the Americas, parasites of the

4. DPDx - Leishmaniasis Causal Agent, Life Cycle, and Geographic Distribution Causal Agent leishmaniasis is a vectorborne disease that is transmitted by sandflies and caused by leishmaniasis is transmitted by the http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Leishmaniasis.htm

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5. V I S C E R A L __ L E I S H M A N I A S I S A description of the cellular changes is given, as well as a photograph gallery. http://www.geocities.com/donovanivl/

6. Division Of Parasitic Diseases - Leishmania Infection Leishmania Infection (leishmaniasis). Fact Sheetleishmaniasis. DPDx Lab Assistanceleishmaniasis. Travel Informationleishmaniasis. Morbidity http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/leishmania/default.htm

Alphabetical Listing Travel Leishmania Infection (Leishmaniasis Leishmaniasis Leishmaniasis Leishmaniasis Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Two Cases of Visceral Leishmaniasis in U.S. Military Personnel - Afghanistan, 2002 2004 (April 2, 2004 / 53(12);265-268) Update: Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in U.S. Military Personnel - Southwest/Central Asia, 2002 2004 (April 2, 2004 / 53(12);264-265) Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in U.S. Military Personnel - Southwest/Central Asia, 2002 2003 (October 24, 2003 / 52(42);1009-1012) Global Disease Elimination and Eradication as Public Health Strategies (December 31, 1999 / Vol. 48 / Supplement) Unexplained Illness Among Persian Gulf War Veterans in an Air National Guard Unit: Preliminary Report August 1990-March 1995 (June 16, 1995 / 44(23);443-447) Viscerotropic Leishmaniasis in Persons Returning from Operation Desert Storm 1990 - 1991 (February 28, 1992 / 41(08);131-134) Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Ohio (August 23, 1985 / 34(33);515-6)

7. Leishmaniasis. The UNICEF-UNDP-World Bank-WHO Special Programme For Research And leishmaniasis, Widespread in 22 countries in the New World and in 66 nations in the Old World, leishmaniasis is not found in Southeast Asia. http://www.who.int/tdr/diseases/leish/default.htm

TDR diseases Leishmaniasis Leishmania parasites are named after W.B. Leishman, who developed one of the earliest stains of Leishmania in 1901. Widespread in 22 countries in the New World and in 66 nations in the Old World, leishmaniasis is not found in South-east Asia. Human infections are found in 16 countries in Europe, including France, Italy, Greece, Malta, Spain and Portugal. Occurring in several forms, the disease is generally recognized for its cutaneous form which causes non-fatal, disfiguring lesions, although epidemics of the potentially fatal visceral form cause thousands of deaths. TDRnews special feature: miltefosine Breakthrough new oral treatment for visceral leishmaniasis Disease information Life-cycle of Leishmania Strategic direction for leishmaniasis research ... Strategic emphases for leishmaniasis research Selected achievements over TDR's history Parasite genome New drugs brought to registration Disease Research Coordinator: Dr P Desjeux

8. Leishmaniasis Control Pointers to information on leishmaniasis leishmaniasis. Surveillance and control of leishmaniasis. Download the free Adobe(R Surveillance of Epidemicprone Infectious Diseases - leishmaniasis http://www.who.int/emc/diseases/leish

CSR Home Outbreak news Disease info Surveillance Leishmaniasis Surveillance and control of leishmaniasis Download the free Adobe(R) Acrobat(R) Reader Version 4 to view this file Afghanistan: WHO appeals for US$ 1.2 million to tackle largest single epidemic of disfiguring disease WHO Press Release 28 June 2002 Read more about the appeal for control of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kabul The Leishmaniases and Leishmania /HIV Co-infections WHO Fact Sheet WHO Report on Global Surveillance of Epidemic-prone Infectious Diseases - Leishmaniasis and Leishmania/HIV Co-infection This report focuses on the analysis and interpretation of data collected by WHO on the surveillance of infectious epidemic-prone diseases, the strengths and weaknesses of the data and how the data can be used and interpreted. The chapter on leishmaniasis and leishmania/HIV co-infection contains a background of the diseases including a brief history, a short description of the transmission process, clinical features, and other characteristics of leishmaniasis and leishmania/HIV co-infection that are important for surveillance. The available data are described, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the surveillance system. This is followed by a summary of the trends of leishmaniasis and leishmania/HIV co-infection and a concluding section. A list of reference documents and web pages are also available.

9. Leishmaniasis, Technical Slides of L.donovani and L.mexicana. From Atlas of Medical Parasitology (Italy). http://www.cdfound.to.it/HTML/lei1.htm

10. Leishmania Sp. (leishmaniasis) Leishmania spp. ( leishmaniasis) Members of the genus Leishmania infect many vertebrates, including humans, dogs, and rodents. The life cycles of members of the genus involve a vertebrate host (e.g. http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/~parasite/leishmania.html

Leishmania spp. (leishmaniasis) Members of the genus Leishmania infect many vertebrates, including humans, dogs, and rodents. The life cycles of members of the genus involve a vertebrate host (e.g., the human) and a vector (a sand fly) that transmits the parasite between vertebrate hosts. In the vector the parasite takes on a characteristic morphological form known as the promastigote (see below), and it reproduces asexually in the vector's gut. When the vector bites the vertebrate host, promastigotes are injected into the vertebrate host. The promastigotes enter cells of the vertebrate host and change into a form called the amastigote (see below). The amastigote reproduces in the host's cells, and when the cell eventually dies the amastigotes are released and infect other cells ( view a diagram of the life cycle ). The symptoms and pathology associated with leishmaniasis result from the amastigotes killing the host's cells. There are many different "diseases" caused by Leishmania . In some diseases the amastigotes do not spread beyond the site of the vector's bite. This results in a "cutaneous leishmaniasis" (oriental sore, Jericho boil, Aleppo boil, or Dehli boil) that often heals spontaneously ( view geographic distribution ). In other instances the amastigotes may spread to the visceral organs (liver, spleen), resulting in "visceral leishmaniasis" (kala-azar or Dum-Dum fever) (

11. Diagnosis Summary information plus clickable slides, references and world maps. From Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology. http://www.icp.ucl.ac.be/~opperd/parasites/leish1.htm

The Leishmaniases The leishmaniases is a group of diseases caused by protozoan haemoflagelates of the genus Leishmania. These protists belong to the family of the Trypanosomatidae (order Kinetoplastida) and are closely related to the trypanosomes. The disease is tranmitted by female sandflies ( Phlebotomus or Lutzomya ) that feed on the blood of an animal or human host. Leishmaniasis is a zoonosis . It affects mainly sylvatic animals such as rodents and opossums and domestic animals such as dogs. The disease is prevalent in most tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world, such as East and South-East Asia, the Middle Esat, North and East Africa, the south of Europe (the Mediterranian basin) and Central and South America. The disease occurs in three different manifestations depending on the region where it occurs and on the parasite: ( Click here for the World maps of leishmaniases, 22k The different manifestations of Leishmaniasis Type of leishmaniasis Species Visceral Leishmania donovani Cutaneous Oriental sore, (Bouton d'orient) L. tropica

12. Leishmaniasis Back to Infectious Diseases or Refugees. leishmaniasis Visceral or KalaAzar, Cutaneous, and Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (Espundia) as follows Visceral leishmaniasis or kala-azar is caused primarily by L for L. chagasi. Cutaneous leishmaniasis usually divided into (1) Old World leishmaniasis caused primarily http://www.baylor.edu/~Charles_Kemp/leishmaniasis.htm

Back to Infectious Diseases or Refugees Leishmaniasis: Visceral or Kala-Azar, Cutaneous, and Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis (Espundia) Primary Distribution : East and North Africa, Middle East, Southern Europe, Central, South, and East Asia, South America, West Mexico. Agent and Vector : The protozoal parasite species Leishmania is transmitted through the bite of female sandflies (phlebotomine) as follows: Visceral leishmaniasis or kala-azar is caused primarily by L. donovani L. chagasi , or L. infantum . Dogs (feral or domesticated) are a reservoir for L. chagasi Cutaneous leishmaniasis usually divided into (1) Old World leishmaniasis caused primarily by L. tropica L. major L. aethiopica , and (2) New World leishmaniasis caused primarily by L. Mexicana or L. braziliensis . Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused primarily by L. aethiopica or L. mexicana Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (espundia) is caused primarily by L. (viannia) braziliensis . Altogether, there are about 21 leishmanial species that are transmitted by about 30 species of sandflies. Incubation : Usually 2-6 months or longer. Relapse may occur as many as 10 years after first episode. Local trauma sometimes activates latent infection in cutaneous leishmaniasis.

13. Canine Interferon-gamma As An Adjuvant In Immunisation Of Dogs With Leishmania C Immunization using interferongamma as an adjuvant. http://www.stw.nl/projecten/U/udg3703.html

Canine interferon-gamma as an adjuvant in immunisation of dogs with Leishmania crude antigens Titel van het onderzoek Canine interferon-gamma as an adjuvant in immunisation of dogs with Leishmania crude antigens (UDG3703). Omschrijving van het onderzoek Protective immunity to several infectious agents, including Schistosoma mansoni, Toxoplasma gondii, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium leprae, measles virus and HIV has been shown to be mediated by Thl cells that secrete interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and other cytokines contributing to cell mediated effector mechanisms resulting in the elimination of the invading organism. In murine models the association between resistance to cutaneous leishmaniasis and the activation of Thl cells producing cytokines such as IFN-gamma, and IL(interleukin)-2 has been documented. In contrast, susceptibility to Leishmania infection is associated with activation of Th2 cells secreting IL-4 and IL-10 which results in failure to activate macrophages, leading to disease progression. We have recently proposed canine leishmaniasis as a more appropriate model for human leishmaniasis since, in contrast to mice, dogs can develop visceral leishmaniasis upon

14. MedlinePlus: Leishmaniasis leishmaniasis. Printerfriendly version, E-mail this page to a friend. Search MEDLINE for recent research articles on • leishmaniasis. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/leishmaniasis.html

@import url(http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/images/advanced.css); Skip navigation Other health topics: A B C D ... List of All Topics Leishmaniasis Contents of this page: General/Overviews Diagnosis/Symptoms Research Treatment ... Organizations Search MEDLINE for recent research articles on Leishmaniasis You may also be interested in these MedlinePlus related pages: Parasitic Diseases Traveler's Health Infections General/Overviews Leishmania Infection (Leishmaniasis) (National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases) Leishmaniasis (Patient Education Institute) - requires Flash plug-in Also available in: Spanish Diagnosis/Symptoms Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases (National Center for Infectious Diseases, Division of Parasitic Diseases) Research Component of Fly Saliva Makes Promising Leishmaniasis Vaccine (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases) Specific Conditions/Aspects Leishmaniasis among Soldiers Deployed to Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) (Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System) Leishmaniasis: Information for Service Members (Dept. of Defense, Deployment Health Clinical Center) - Links to PDF File

15. Vlhp Visceral leishmaniasis. These pages are created by Masoud Akhtar for submission in partial fulfilment of the final year B.Sc Microbiology http://homepages.uel.ac.uk/D.P.Humber/akhter/vlhp.htm

Visceral Leishmaniasis These pages are created by Masoud Akhtar for submission in partial fulfilment of the final year B.Sc Microbiology course at the university of East London under the supervision of Dr. David Humber. Contents Introduction Geographical distribution and epidemiology Transmission Visceral leishmaniasis: The disease and sypmtoms ... References (c) Masoud Akhtar, University of East London, Romford Road, London, E15 4LZ. E-mail any comments to M. Akhtar: AKH4002M@UEL.AC. UK

16. Medmicro Chapter 82 Information on Cutaneous, Mucocutaneous, and Visceral types. From University of Texas Medical Branch, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Microbiology, 'Hemoflagellates'. http://gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/ch082.htm

Hemoflagellates Rodrigo A. Zeledón General Concepts American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease) Clinical Manifestations Symptoms of acute disease may include fever, local or general edema, lymphadenopathy, tachycardia, heart enlargement, and myocarditis. Heart alterations and, occasionally, megaesophagus or megacolon may appear as late sequelae. Structure Typical, small trypomastigotes are found in peripheral blood and intracellular amastigotes in tissues. Classification and Antigenic Types Strains of Trypanosoma cruzi are differentiated by isoenzyme patterns and DNA sequencing. No antigenic variation is observed. Multiplication and Life Cycle Intracellular amastigotes divide to form pseudocysts, which release nondividing trypomastigotes into the blood. Trypomastigotes ingested by a vector bug transform in the insect intestine into epimastigotes, which reproduce to form infective metacyclic trypomastigotes, which are expelled in feces and enter a new host through skin abrasions. Pathogenesis Inflammatory reactions around pseudocysts lead to myocarditis and destruction of parasympathetic ganglia (mainly of the heart and myenteric plexus). An autoimmune reaction may develop.

17. Leishmaniasis - 1 of Dermatology University of Iowa College of Medicine. leishmaniasis - Anterior Tibia. Return to Image Index page. Return to Image Index page. Return to Dermatology's Home page. August, 1996Copyright © 1996 - 2002 Dept. http://tray.dermatology.uiowa.edu/Leish001.htm

Dept. of Dermatology - University of Iowa College of Medicine Leishmaniasis - Anterior Tibia Return to Image Index page. Return to Image Index page. Return to Dermatology's Home page. August, 1996

18. Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous Treatment (Israel). http://www.cdfound.to.it/HTML/leis_cr.htm

19. Division Of Parasitic Diseases - Leishmania Infection leishmaniasis. leishmaniasis. leishmaniasis. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Two Cases of Visceral leishmaniasis in U.S. Military Personnel Afghanistan, 2002 2004 ( April 2, 2004 http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/leishmania

Alphabetical Listing Travel Leishmania Infection (Leishmaniasis Leishmaniasis Leishmaniasis Leishmaniasis Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Two Cases of Visceral Leishmaniasis in U.S. Military Personnel - Afghanistan, 2002 2004 (April 2, 2004 / 53(12);265-268) Update: Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in U.S. Military Personnel - Southwest/Central Asia, 2002 2004 (April 2, 2004 / 53(12);264-265) Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in U.S. Military Personnel - Southwest/Central Asia, 2002 2003 (October 24, 2003 / 52(42);1009-1012) Global Disease Elimination and Eradication as Public Health Strategies (December 31, 1999 / Vol. 48 / Supplement) Unexplained Illness Among Persian Gulf War Veterans in an Air National Guard Unit: Preliminary Report August 1990-March 1995 (June 16, 1995 / 44(23);443-447) Viscerotropic Leishmaniasis in Persons Returning from Operation Desert Storm 1990 - 1991 (February 28, 1992 / 41(08);131-134) Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Ohio (August 23, 1985 / 34(33);515-6)

20. Chagas' Disease (American Trypanosomiasis) Brief information about Chagas' and other diseases caused by parasites of the Trypanosomatidae family (leishmaniasis and African sleeping sickness). http://www.sbri.org/mission/disease/chagas.asp

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