21. Primary Hyperparathyroidism-Bone Diseases And Disorders Bone Diseases. Primary hyperparathyroidism. Did you know? These glands areresponsible for calcium regulation. What is primary hyperparathyroidism? http://www.umm.edu/bone/hyperpar.htm

Bone Diseases What is Bone? Bone Cancers... Diagnostic Procedures ... Glossary Related Resources Within UMM Dept. of Orthopaedics Kernan Hospital Skeletal Radiology Bone Diseases Primary Hyperparathyroidism Did you know? The parathyroid glands are located in the neck, near the thyroid gland. These glands are responsible for calcium regulation. What is primary hyperparathyroidism? Primary hyperparathyroidism is a metabolic disorder in which one (or more) of the parathyroid glands produces too much parathyroid hormone, which can result in the loss of bone tissue. Primary hyperparathyroidism affects 28 out of 100,000 people in the US each year, and is more prevalent in women than in men. A function of the parathyroid hormone is to keep blood-calcium levels from going too low by releasing calcium from bones, conserving calcium that would be excreted by the kidneys, and increasing calcium absorption from food. When the hormone overacts, the result is a rise in the blood-calcium level. When one parathyroid gland becomes enlarged, the condition is called adenoma. When more than one becomes enlarged, the condition is called hyperplasia. Both of these conditions are benign (non-cancerous).

22. Hyperparathyroidism - January 15, 2004 - American Family Physician American Family Physician. hyperparathyroidism. Primary hyperparathyroidismis the most frequent cause of hypercalcemia in ambulatory patients. http://www.aafp.org/afp/20040115/333.html

Advanced Search Hyperparathyroidism EDNA D. TANIEGRA, M.D., University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas A patient information handout on hyperparathyroidism, written by the author of this article, is provided on page 340. A PDF version of this document is available. Download PDF now (7 pages /202 KB). More information on using PDF files. See page 249 for definitions of strength-of-evidence levels. P rimary hyperparathyroidism is the most common cause of hypercalcemia in t he outpatient setting. Most persons with this condition are asymptomatic. However, recognition of primary hyperparathyroidism has increased dramatically since the introduction of multichannel autoanalyzers in the 1970s. The disorder can occur in persons of any age but is more common in persons older than 50 years. In the United States, its estimated incidence in persons older than 65 years is one case per 1,000 in men and two to three cases per 1,000 in women. Classic primary hyperparathyroidism with overt complications of osteitis fibrosa cystica, nephrolithiasis, and nephrocalcinosis is rare.

23. EMedicine - Hyperparathyroidism : Article By Lawrence Kim, MD hyperparathyroidism The parathyroid glands, by their secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH), have the major responsibility for the maintenance of extracellular calcium concentration. EmbryologyPrimary hyperparathyroidismSecondary hyperparathyroidismTertiary hyperparathyroidismRelated Disorders calcium concentration. hyperparathyroidism is a disease characterized http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic3200.htm

(advertisement) Home Specialties Resource Centers CME ... Patient Education Articles Images CME Patient Education Advanced Search Consumer Health Link to this site Back to: eMedicine Specialties Medicine, Ob/Gyn, Psychiatry, and Surgery Endocrinology Hyperparathyroidism Last Updated: May 21, 2004 Rate this Article Email to a Colleague Synonyms and related keywords: parathyroid glands, parathyroid hormone, PTH, plasma calcium, phosphaturia, primary hyperparathyroidism, secondary hyperparathyroidism, tertiary hyperparathyroidism, familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, FHH, familial benign (hypocalciuric) hypercalcemia, hypercalcemia of malignancy, calciphylaxis, uremic gangrene syndrome, chronic renal failure, vitamin D deficiency, renal failure, kidney failure, osteitis fibrosa cystica, dialysis complications, dialysis-dependent renal failure AUTHOR INFORMATION Section 1 of 9 Author Information Introduction Anatomy And Embryology Primary Hyperparathyroidism ... Bibliography Author: Lawrence Kim, MD

24. EMedicine - Hyperparathyroidism : Article By Lawrence Kim, MD hyperparathyroidism The parathyroid glands, by their secretion of parathyroidhormone (PTH), have the major responsibility for the maintenance of http://www.emedicine.com/MED/topic3200.htm

(advertisement) Home Specialties Resource Centers CME ... Patient Education Articles Images CME Patient Education Advanced Search Consumer Health Link to this site Back to: eMedicine Specialties Medicine, Ob/Gyn, Psychiatry, and Surgery Endocrinology Hyperparathyroidism Last Updated: May 21, 2004 Rate this Article Email to a Colleague Synonyms and related keywords: parathyroid glands, parathyroid hormone, PTH, plasma calcium, phosphaturia, primary hyperparathyroidism, secondary hyperparathyroidism, tertiary hyperparathyroidism, familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, FHH, familial benign (hypocalciuric) hypercalcemia, hypercalcemia of malignancy, calciphylaxis, uremic gangrene syndrome, chronic renal failure, vitamin D deficiency, renal failure, kidney failure, osteitis fibrosa cystica, dialysis complications, dialysis-dependent renal failure AUTHOR INFORMATION Section 1 of 9 Author Information Introduction Anatomy And Embryology Primary Hyperparathyroidism ... Bibliography Author: Lawrence Kim, MD

25. Endocrine Surgeon A look at who gets this disease; symptoms, diagnosis and numerous other topics done in a easy to read format. http://www.endocrinesurgeon.co.uk/Parathyroids/parathyroid3.html

Summaries of latest endocrine news......Up-to-date information at your fingertips...... Click on arrow to select.... Introduction to Endocrinology Thyroid Parathyroids Adrenals Pancreas Pituitary Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Carcinoid tumours Erectile dysfunction Pineal Gland and Melatonin Osteoporosis Endocrine Anaesthetics A to Z of diagnostic tests Miscellaneous What is Hyperparathyroidism? This is a state where the parathyroid glands are secreting excessive amounts of parathyroid hormone. This can occur for a number of reasons and is variable in the symptoms it produces, from none at all to the characteristic features of hypercalcaemia (discussed in the 'symptoms' section). The causes of hyperparathyroidism can be divided into three: Primary cause - this is the most common, where the abnormality lies within the parathyroids themselves Secondary cause - this is where parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels are raised due to any disease process which causes low calcium levels Tertiary cause -a rare situation in secondary hyperparathyroidism where the parathyroids become autonomous, and secrete excess PTH even when the calcium levels have returned to normal.

26. NIH ORBD~NRC - Primary Hyperparathyroidism Overview of what it is, who it affects, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and suggestions for patients. http://www.osteo.org/newfile.asp?doc=p112i&doctype=HTML Fact Sheet&docti

27. MDchoice.com The Ultimate Medical Information Finder Primary Hyperparathyroidism hyperparathyroidism Disorder. Primary hyperparathyroidism is a disorder of theparathyroid glands. This epub focuses on primary hyperparathyroidism. http://mdchoice.com/Pt/consumer/Hyperparathyroidism.asp

Advertisement Sign up for a FREE disease newsletter: Select Disease Allergies Arthritis Cholesterol Depression Diabetes Hypertension Medical Information Arthritis Center Allergy Center Kid's Health Cancer Center ... Health News From our Sponsors Interactive Education Simulators PhotoRounds Medical Databases MEDLINE CancerLit AIDSLine Healthcare Employment About Us Editorial Board Our Company Contact Us We subscribe to the HONcode principles of the Health On the Net Foundation Spell Checker Search the Web's best medical sites Searches over 6,000 Medical Journals Health Information Wednesday, June 02, 2004 Find more information about this topic from either the Web or the world's best medical journals by using the search boxes at the top of this page. Hyperparathyroidism Disorder What Are the Parathyroid Glands? What Is Hyperparathyroidism? Why Are Calcium and Phosphorous So Important? What Causes Hyperparathyroidism? ... Further Reading Primary hyperparathyroidism is a disorder of the parathyroid glands. Most people with this disorder have one or more enlarged, overactive parathyroid glands that secrete too much parathyroid hormone. In secondary hyperparathyroidism, a problem such as kidney failure makes the body resistant to the action of parathyroid hormone. This e-pub focuses on primary hyperparathyroidism.

28. Hyperparathyroidism What It Is And How It's Treated A onepage overview. From a handout produced by the American Academy of Family Physicians. http://familydoctor.org/251.xml

Advanced Search familydoctor.org Home Conditions A to Z Hyperparathyroidism What is hyperparathyroidism? What are the symptoms of hyperparathyroidism? What does HPT do to your body? Who gets HPT? ... How is HPT treated? Hyperparathyroidism: What It Is and How It's Treated Printer-friendly version Email this article What is hyperparathyroidism? You have 4 pea-sized glands behind the thyroid gland at the front of your neck. These glands are called parathyroids. They make a hormone called parathyroid hormone (PTH) that keeps the right levels of calcium in your blood and bones. PTH helps you absorb calcium from your food and keeps you from losing too much calcium in your urine. When your parathyroid glands make too much of this hormone, you have a condition called hyperparathyroidism (HPT). The amount of calcium going into your bones usually matches the amount of calcium passing out of your bones. This means that the amount of calcium in your bones should stay about the same all the time. If you have HPT, more calcium is coming out of your bones than is going in, so you get too much calcium in your blood. Other parts of your body don't work as well if you have too much calcium in your blood. Return to top What are the symptoms of hyperparathyroidism?

29. NIH ORBD~NRC - Primary Hyperparathyroidism Information for Patients about Primary hyperparathyroidism. What is Primary hyperparathyroidism? Formore information about primary hyperparathyroidism contact http://www.osteo.org/newfile.asp?doc=p112i&doctitle=Primary Hyperparathyroidism&

30. Hyperparathyroidism Note All links within content go to MayoClinic.com. Diseases and Conditions.hyperparathyroidism. Secondary hyperparathyroidism is less common. http://www.cnn.com/HEALTH/library/DS/00396.html

International Edition MEMBER SERVICES The Web CNN.com Home Page World U.S. Weather ... Special Reports SERVICES Video E-mail Services CNNtoGO Contact Us SEARCH Web CNN.com In association with: DIABETES AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Endocrine System Graves' disease Goiter Male hypogonadism Hyperthyroidism ... Prolactinoma INFORMATION CENTERS: Pick a category Health Centers Family Health Men's Health Women's Health Children's Health Seniors' Health Working Life Pain Management Condition Centers Immune System Allergy Alzheimer's Arthritis Respiratory System Cancer Endocrine System Digestive System Heart and Blood Infectious Disease Mental Health Note: All links within content go to MayoClinic.com Diseases and Conditions Hyperparathyroidism From MayoClinic.com Special to CNN.com Overview Left untreated, hyperparathyroidism can cause additional health problems, such as kidney damage and a loss of calcium from your bones, leading to osteoporosis. If you have mild hyperparathyroidism, you may not need any treatment, although your blood-calcium levels, kidney function and bone health will need to be regularly checked. When your kidneys or bones are affected, or you have bothersome symptoms, surgery may be the best option. The parathyroid glands, which lie behind the thyroid, help regulate calcium metabolism. Either a deficiency or an excess of parathyroid hormone can cause a variety of problems....

31. From The Grand Rounds Archive At Baylor PRIMARY hyperparathyroidism January 20, 1994 S. Mark Overholt, MD. hyperparathyroidismcan be classified into three distinct entities. http://www.bcm.tmc.edu/oto/grand/12094.html

Grand Rounds Archives The information contained within the Grand Rounds Archive is intended for use by doctors and other health care professionals. These documents were prepared by resident physicians for presentation and discussion at a conference held at The Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas. No guarantees are made with respect to accuracy or timeliness of this material. This material should not be used as a basis for treatment decisions, and is not a substitute for professional consultation and/or peer-reviewed medical literature. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM January 20, 1994 S. Mark Overholt, M.D. Primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) is the number one cause of hypercalcemia in the non-hospitalized patient, with malignancy predominating in hospitalized patients. The male to female ratio is 1:2, and the incidence increases with age. Prevalence figures show a peak level in females over the age of 40 with 1 in 500 having primary HPT. The overall prevalence in males is 1 in 2000. Hyperparathyroidism can be classified into three distinct entities. Primary hyperparathyroidism is the result of an adenoma, glandular hyperplasia, or carcinoma. Secondary hyperparathyroidism is a reactive hyperplastic phenomenon. Tertiary hyperparathyroidism is a term used to describe the instance where secondary hyperparathyroidism has become "autonomous."

32. Hyperparathyroidism About Table of Contents Metabolic Bone Disease Help hyperparathyroidism. hyperparathyroidismmay be either primary, secondary or tertiary. Primary. http://imc.gsm.com/integrated/msk/mspath/enneking/sect07/hypara.html

About Table of Contents Metabolic Bone Disease Help Hyperparathyroidism Introduction Primary Secondary Tertiary ... Self-evaluation Introduction Metabolic bone disease can result from either primary disorders of the endocrine system or, more commonly, from the reaction of the endocrine system to abnormalities in other organ systems. Although all of the endocrine organs have an effect on bone metabolism, disorders related to parathyroid gland function present the most common and significant problems. Hyperparathyroidism may be either primary, secondary or tertiary. Primary Primary hyperparathyroidism results from a parathyroid tumor (benign or malignant) with uncontrolled ectopic production of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by the chief cells. This anomaly may be part of multiple endocrine dysfunction syndromes. The effect of elevated PTH on the target organs results in increased serum calcium, alkaline phosphatase, and PTH but decreased serum phosphate. The presence of systemic symptoms is related to the level of hypercalcemia. Secondary Secondary hyperparathyroidism, which is most commonly associated with renal disease, results from chronic

33. Parathyroid Disease Is Called Hyperparathyroidism Parathyroid disease made simple. hyperparathyroidism is parathyroid disease;caused by too much parathyroid hormone. hyperparathyroidism. http://www.parathyroid.com/parathyroid-disease.htm

Section 2. Parathyroid Disease: Hyper- Parathyroidism Parathyroid glands go bad in one way...they make too much parathyroid hormone. This page discusses what happens when you have too much parathyroid hormone and develop hyperparathyroidism. This is a Very Important Page. Read it more than once! The only disease of parathyroid glands is overactivity...too much parathyroid hormone is produced. This is called hyperparathyroidism hyper-parathyroid-ism = condition of too much parathyroid hormone hyper = too much parathyroid = parathyroid hormone ism = a disease or condition = HYPERPARATHYROIDISM In patients with hyperparathyroidism, one the parathyroid glands behaves inappropriately by making excess parathyroid hormone regardless of the level of calcium. In other words, one of the parathyroid glands continues to make large amounts of parathyroid hormone even when the calcium level is normal or highwhen the parathyroids should not be making any hormone at all. Remember as you read about hyperparathyroidism on these pages, its a hormone problem, not a cancer problem. As you look at the picture below, you will see that one of the parathyroid glands has grown way too bigit is making too much hormonethus causing hyperparathyroidism.

34. Parathyroid Disease During Pregnancy And The Risks Of Hyperparathyroidism To Bab Pregnancy and hyperparathyroidism. Treating parathyroid disease during pregnancy. Whento Operate on a Pregnant Woman with hyperparathyroidism. http://www.parathyroid.com/pregnancy.htm

Section 5. Parathyroid disease (hyperparathyroidism) occurring during pregnancy is a very serious problem. Both the mother's and child's life may be at risk, and the chance for life-long calcium problems for the child exist. The treatment is surgery for the mom usually during the second trimester. Parathyroid disease is not very common. Parathyroid disease during pregnancy is VERY RARE. However, this can be a VERY serious problem for both mother and child. It must be addressed in the correct fashion for the best results... and the obstetrician and the surgeon must communicate so that both the mother and the child do well. Potential Risks of Hyperparathyroidism During Pregnancy: Increased risk of hypertension (pre-eclampsia and eclampsia) in the mother. Risk of miscarriage can be as high as 25 percent. Risk of permanent hyp0parathyroidism in baby (failure of the parathyroid glands to form). Risk of heart rhythm problems during labor / delivery.

35. Hyperparathyroidism hyperparathyroidism. hyperparathyroidism is the condition where an excessive amountof parathyroid hormone is produced resulting in low serum levels of calcium. http://www.ithyroid.com/hyperparathyroidism.htm

Hyperparathyroidism HYPERPARATHYROIDISM The parathyroid glands are located alongside the thyroid gland and produce parathyroid hormone which regulates calcium metabolism. Hyperparathyroidism is the condition where an excessive amount of parathyroid hormone is produced resulting in low serum levels of calcium. The following study indicates that hyperparathyroidism commonly coexists with hyperthyroidism (77% in this study), at least in cats. J Small Anim Pract 1996 Dec;37(12):575-82 t Study of calcium homeostasis in feline hyperthyroidism. Barber PJ, Elliott J Department of Veterinary Basic Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London. Thirty cats with untreated hyperthyroidism were blood sampled and their calcium homeostatic mechanisms and renal function assessed. The results were compared with those obtained from 38 age-matched control cats. The hyperthyroid group of cats were found to have significantly lower blood ionised calcium and plasma creatinine concentrations and significantly higher plasma phosphate and parathyroid hormone concentrations. Hyperparathyroidism occurred in 77 per cent of hyperthyroid cats, with parathyroid hormone concentrations reaching up to 19 times the upper limit of the normal range. The aetiology, significance and reversibility of hyperparathyroidism in feline hyperthyroidism remains to be established but could have important implications for both bone strength and renal function.

36. Hyperparathyroidism Information And Picture hyperparathyroidism. hyperparathyroidism. hyperparathyroidism meansthat the parathyroid glands are producing an excess of a hormone http://health-pictures.com/hyperparathyroidism.htm

Health Related Pictures and Definitions From the Consumer Health Information Network WWW http://www.health-pictures.com/ If you are not familiar with Cetyl Myristoleate for arthritis then you need ot visit this site. Home Pictures and Photos Hyperparathyroidism Hyperparathyroidism Hyperparathyroidism means that the parathyroid glands are producing an excess of a hormone called parathyroid hormone, which in turn causes elevations in the levels of calcium circulating in the bloodstream. Check out websites on cancer cystic fibrosis and arthritis This web site is intended for your own informational purposes only. No person or entity associated with this web site purports to be engaging in the practice of medicine through this medium. The information you receive is not intended as a substitute for the advice of a physician or other health care professional. If you have an illness or medical problem, contact your health care provider. var sc_project=247934; sister site

37. Parathyroid Hyperthyroidism: Online Reference For Health Concerns Parathyroid (hyperparathyroidism) description, diagnosis, supplements and treatmentinformation. Parathyroid (hyperparathyroidism) Updated 05/25/2003. http://www.lef.org/protocols/prtcl-087.shtml

var WebSiteBaseURL = "http://www.lef.org/protocols/prtcl-087.shtml" translation by SYSTRAN MEMBERSHIP PRODUCTS MAGAZINE ... CHECKOUT Health Concerns Selector Select Health Concern Acetaminophen (tylenol) Poi... Acne Adrenal Disease Age-associated Mental Impai... Alcohol Induced Hangover: P... Allergies Alzheimer's Disease Amnesia Amyotrophic Lateral Scleros... Anemia-thrombocytopenia-leu... Anesthesia And Surgical Pre... Anxiety And Stress Arrhythmia (cardiac) Arthritis Asthma Atherosclerosis Attention Deficit Disorder ... Autism Autoimmune Diseases Avoiding Vitamin - A Toxicity Bacterial Infections Balding Bell's Palsy Bladder Conditions Breast Cancer Bursitis Cancer - Overview Cancer Adjuvant Treatment Cancer Chemotherapy Cancer Clinics Cancer Gene Therapy Cancer Prevention Cancer Radiation Therapy Cancer Supplements Cancer Surgery Cancer Treatment: The Criti... Cancer Vaccines Candida (fungal, Yeast) Inf... Cardiovascular Disease: Co... Cardiovascular Disease: Ove... Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Catabolic Wasting Cataract Cerebral Vascular Disease Cervical Dysplasia Cholesterol Reduction Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (cfs) Cirrhosis Colitis (ulcerative) Colorectal Cancer Common Cold Congestive Heart Failure An...

38. Parathyroid (Hyperparathyroidism) - Abstracts : Online Reference For Health Conc Parathyroid (hyperparathyroidism) Abstracts Online Reference forHealth Concerns. Parathyroid (hyperparathyroidism). ABSTRACTS. http://www.lef.org/protocols/abstracts/abstr-087.html

var WebSiteBaseURL = "http://www.lef.org/protocols/abstracts/abstr-087.html" translation by SYSTRAN MEMBERSHIP PRODUCTS MAGAZINE ... CHECKOUT Scientific Abstracts: document.write(document.title) Parathyroid (Hyperparathyroidism) ABSTRACTS Diamond T, 1996. Estrogen replacement may be an alternative to parathyroid surgery for the treatment of osteoporosis in elderly postmenopausal women presenting with primary hyperparathyroidism: a preliminary report. Ganong WF., 1995. Review of Medical Physiology. Grey AB., 1996. Effect of hormone replacement therapy on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with mild primary hyperparathyroidism. A randomized, controlled trial. Potter SM., 1998. Soy protein and isoflavones: their effects on blood lipids and bone density in postmenopausal women. ... Lind L., 1989. Treatment with active vitamin D (alphacalcidol) in patients with mild primary hyperparathyroidism. Estrogen replacement may be an alternative to parathyroid surgery for the treatment of osteoporosis in elderly postmenopausal women presenting with primary hyperparathyroidism: a preliminary report. Diamond T, Ng AT, Levy S, Magarey C, Smart R. Department of Endocrinology, St. George Hospital, Sydney, Australia.

39. Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism Nutritional Secondary hyperparathyroidism Nutritional Secondary hyperparathyroidism.Young growing animals have a greater requirement http://www.cah.com/library/hyperpar.html

Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism Young growing animals have a greater requirement for calcium than adults do to achieve normal mineralization of cartilage and bone. Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism develops if there is a calcium deficiency in the diet, or an increase in dietary phosphorus combined with a normal or decreased calcium, or a deficient intake of vitamin D. The condition is mainly seen in dogs and cats (especially kittens of Oriental breeds) that are fed all-meat diets or all-grain diets. Meat, offal and cereals are deficient in calcium and rich in phosphorus. Pathogenesis: An increased plasma phosphorus level produces a reciprocal fall in the plasma calcium concentrations. Chronic low calcium levels stimulated the release of parathyroid hormone. This process of increased parathyroid hormone eventually will cause weakening of the bone resulting in both bone pain and pathological fractures (fractures following relatively minor events such as jumping from a sofa. Clinical Signs: Usually seen in dogs and cats under 6 months of age.

40. Neuromuscular + Endocrine Disease CK Often elevated. Ataxia. hyperparathyroidism. Chronic renal failure; 2° hyperparathyroidism;Functional protein C deficiency; Corticosteroid treatment; http://www.neuro.wustl.edu/neuromuscular/msys/mend.htm

Front Search Index Links ... Adrenal Carcinoid myopathy Corticosteroid Diabetes Gonadal Dysgenesis Gynecomastia Insulinoma Parathyroid ... Hypothyroid From Bramwell : Atlas of Clinical Medicine Myxedema THYROID DISEASE Hyperthyroid Myopathy Ophthalmopathy ... Other associated disorders External link: Testing From Bramwell : Atlas of Clinical Medicine Hypothyroidism Adult History Muscle pain cramps Fatigue Paresthesias Myopathy Weakness Mild (4/5) Symmetric Proximal Occasional: Posterior neck Cramps (40%) Muscle contraction: Slow; Delayed relaxation Muscle enlargement : Occasional (Hoffman's syndrome) Myoedema (33%): Local contracture after muscle tap or pinch Myokymia Associated with Na loss May be associated with ptosis Tendon reflexes: Reduced or Delayed Rhabdomyolysis Course Progression of weakness: Slow over months Resolution of weakness after treatment: Slow over months Neuropathy Carpal tunnel syndrome Cranial nerves : Deafness; Hoarse voice (Local vocal cord lesion) Polyneuropathy (19%): Sensory; Axonal Tendon reflexes: Reduced Ankle reflex Lab Low free thyroxine TSH Primary hypothyroidism: High Pituitary-Hypothalamic disease: Low CK Very High in some patients No correlation with weakness EMG: Normal or mildly myopathic Muscle pathology Usual: Non-specific Pale central regions on NADH Some patients: Accumulation of PAS staining material in muscle fibers Treatment: Thyroid replacement Strength recovers Weakness Slow movements Muscle hypertrophy Growth retardation Hypothyroid: Other associated neuromuscular disorders Myasthenia gravis : Exacerbation of preexisting disease

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