41. Oral Pharyngeal Dysphagia Maggie Lee Huckabee, MA, CCC/SLP Senior Speech Language Pathologist dysphagia Specialist Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA. dysphagia 61116, 1991. http://www.bfe.org/PROTOCOL/Pro06nor.htm

Oral faryngal dysfagi Bruk av EMG-biofeedback ved behandling av oral faryngal dysfagi Maggie Lee Huckabee, M.A., CCC/SLP Senior Speech Language Pathologist Dysphagia Specialist Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA Innledning Oral-faryngal dysfagi er en vanlig følgesykdom til mange ulike akutte og kroniske sykdommer, blant annet cerebrovaskulær sykdom(16), traumatisk hjerneskade(9), oral-faryngal carcinom(2) og et mangfold av degenererende neuromuskulære sykdommer(5). Svelgevansker kan føre til vesentlige forsinkelser i rekonvalesensen, feilernæring, dehydrering(14), lungekomplikasjoner som kan føre til lungebetennelse og fare for død(3). Vanlige problemer omfatter muskulatursvakhet i lepper, munn, tunge, gane, svelg og spiserør, dårlig bevegelseskoordinering, kirurgisk fjerning av vev og redusert følelse i munnhulen og svelget, som fører til forsinket stimulering av svelgingen(11). I løpet av de siste 5-10 årene har det vært en vesentlig bevegelse mot rehabiliterende behandling av dysfagi. Behandling av dysfagi brukes både for å kompensere for oral-faryngale svelgeproblemer og for å endre fysiologien i svelget ved hjelp av muskeltrening. Dermed oppnås en langtidsvirkende forbedring av svelgingen(11). Mange av de kjente behandlingsstrategiene krever at pasienten omgjør en tidligere automatisk fysiologisk funksjon til en viljestyrt motorisk respons. For mange pasienter, både med og uten assosierte kognitive problemer, er det en utfordring å innfinne seg med at svelgeatferden skal endres. Det er liten kognitiv bevissthet om hvordan et svelg utføres. Dette betyr at svelgeterapeuten ofte møtes med forvirring, frustrasjon og manglende evne fra pasientens side til å samarbeide om egen behandling.

42. Swallowing Problems (Dysphagia) dysphagia may cause dehydration, weight loss, airway obstruction and aspiration pneumonia. Swallowing Problems (dysphagia). How We Swallow. http://www.entcolumbia.org/dysphag.htm

Swallowing Problems (Dysphagia) How We Swallow The process of swallowing occurs in four stages: Oral preparation phase, in which food or liquid (the bolus) is chewed or manipulated in preparation for swallowing. Oral propulsive phase, in which the tongue pushes the food or liquid to the back of the mouth, beginning the swallowing response. Pharyngeal phase, in which food or liquid quickly passes through the pharynx (the canal from the mouth to the esophagus) into the esophagus Esophageal phase, in which the food or liquid moves through the esophagus into the stomach. What Causes Swallowing Problems? Interruptions in this process can cause difficulty in swallowing, or dysphagia. A number of conditions may cause dysphagia, including mechanical obstruction (such as by a tumor or stricture), a motility disorder, impairment of the upper or lower esophageal sphincter, and others. Dysphagia is common among all age groups, but is especially common among the elderly. Swallowing problems may arise from simple causes such as poor teeth, ill fitting dentures, or a common cold. One of the most common causes of dysphagia is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), which occurs when stomach acid moves up the esophagus to the pharynx, causing discomfort. Other causes may include stroke or progressive neurological disorders, which may impair sensitivity, muscular coordination, or render individuals unable to control or move the tongue. The presence of a tracheostomy tube, vocal cord paralysis, tumors in the mouth, throat, esophagus, or surgery in the head, neck, or esophageal areas may also contribute to swallowing impairments.

43. Dysphagia Swallowing Problems dysphagia Swallowing Problems. You are the 26,644th person to access this page. What is dysphagia? dysphagia refers to swallowing disorders. http://webpages.marshall.edu/~neighba1/dysphagia.htmlx

Dysphagia: Swallowing Problems You are the 26,913th person to access this page. Table of Contents What is Dysphagia? Where does Swallowing Occur? What is the Swallowing Process? What are the Symptoms of Dysphagia? ... Glossary of Terms What is Dysphagia? Dysphagia refers to swallowing disorders. This means a person has difficulty passing food or liquid from the mouth to the stomach. In some cases the food does not reach the stomach. Swallowing disorders can lead to many serious problems such as malnutrition, aspiration pneumonia, dehydration, and obstruction of the airway. The major concern of dysphagia is that the swallowing disorder will or is preventing the food from getting to the stomach and beyond. It is very important for a person suffering from dysphagia to still get the necessary nutrition. Dysphagia is common in all ages but is most prevalent in the elderly. More than 10% of all patients admitted to a general hospital had swallowing disorders. In acute care hospital, almost 30% of patients recovering from stroke had dysphagia (Hutchins). Dysphagia can be life threatening if improperly swallowed food blocks the airway. Table of Contents Where does Swallowing Occur?

44. Encyclopaedia Topic : Dysphagia, Section : Definition NHS Direct Online Health Encyclopaedia. dysphagia. Search. Help. Definition. dysphagia is the medical term for any difficulty, discomfort or pain when swallowing. http://www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk/en.asp?TopicID=173

45. Eating Problems: Dysphagia - Horse&Hound Online You are here Home / Articles / Healthcare / vet and healthcare. Eating problems dysphagia. There are many reasons why a horse could have dysphagia. http://www.horseandhound.co.uk/care/402/49151.html

News Competition News Dates Results ... Stable management Horses for Sale Sponsored by Quick Search Min Height Any over 17.2hh Max Height Any Min Price Any Max Price Any Type Any Point to Pointer Broodmare Cross Country Driving Sports Horse Dressage Endurance Show Horse All-rounder Showing Cob Hunter Pony Club/Riding Club Eventer Polo Working Hunter Show jumper General Riding Horse/Hack Show Hunter Hack Western Miniature Holstein Ring 0800 7310616 to place an advert from outside the UK) Try advanced search Subscriptions Get online discounts SAVE OR MORE Search the Site Quick Search: Type a keyword into the box below to search our site You are here: Home / Articles / Healthcare / vet and healthcare Eating problems: dysphagia Jill Richardson FRCVS When a horse has trouble eating, it could be for any number of reasons, and it pays to consider all the possible causes from congenital problems to injury to toxins The well-known phrase "eating like a horse" does not always ring true. Sometimes, horses have trouble eating. This is a condition called dysphagia, which literally means "difficulty in swallowing", but it is commonly used to describe a general difficulty in eating. There are many reasons why a horse could have dysphagia. There may be a physical problem with getting food into the mouth – for example, instability of the mandible or jaw. Sometimes horses snag their lower jaw in a stable door catch, panic and then pull back, resulting in a fracture of the lower jaw – a readily apparent reason for dysphagia.

46. Dysphagia dysphagia, Book, Home Page. See dysphagia from Esophageal Cause; http://www.fpnotebook.com/NEU80.htm

Home About Links Index ... Editor's Choice document.write(code); Advertisement Neurology Examination Cranial Nerve ... Two Point Discrimination Assorted Pages Neurologic Exam Oculovestibular Testing NIH Stroke Scale Los Angeles Prehospital Stroke Screen ... Dysarthria Dysphagia Book Home Page Cardiovascular Medicine Dentistry Dermatology Emergency Medicine Endocrinology Gastroenterology General Medicine Geriatric Medicine Gynecology Hematology and Oncology HIV Infectious Disease Jokes Laboratory Neonatology Nephrology Neurology Obstetrics Ophthalmology Orthopedics Otolaryngology Pediatrics Pharmacology Prevention Psychiatry Pulmonology Radiology Rheumatology Sports Medicine Surgery Urology Chapter Neurology Index Autonomic Cerebellum Chorea Cranial Nerve Cognitive CSF Cardiovascular Medicine Demyelinating Dermatology Disability Examination Ophthalmology Geriatric Medicine Gynecology Headache Infectious Disease Laboratory General Level of Consciousness Motor Obstetrics Pediatrics Pharmacology Procedure Psychiatry Radiology Seizure Sensory Sports Medicine Surgery Tremor Page Examination Index Approach CN CN 1 CN 2 CN 3 CN 4 CN 5 CN 6 CN 7 CN 8 CN 9 CN 10 CN 11 CN 12 Cognitive Aphasia Cognitive Apraxia Cognitive Executive Function Cognitive Higher Cognitive Memory Cognitive Mental Status Cognitive Mental Status ACE Cognitive Mental Status Mini Cognitive Mental Status Screening Cognitive NPIQ Cognitive Test CAM Cold Calorics CV CVA Assess Hospital NIH Score CVA Assess Prehospital LAPSS CVA Dysphagia ENT Cavernous Sinus ENT Dysphagia ENT Gag Reflex

47. Dysphagia Evaluation dysphagia Evaluation Swallowing Exam. Swallowing Evaluation after Stroke. dysphagia after Cerebrovascular Accident. Book, http://www.fpnotebook.com/NEU78.htm

Home About Links Index ... Editor's Choice document.write(code); Advertisement Neurology Examination Cranial Nerve ... Two Point Discrimination Assorted Pages Neurologic Exam Oculovestibular Testing NIH Stroke Scale Los Angeles Prehospital Stroke Screen ... Dysarthria Dysphagia Evaluation Swallowing Exam Swallowing Evaluation after Stroke Dysphagia after Cerebrovascular Accident Book Home Page Cardiovascular Medicine Dentistry Dermatology Emergency Medicine Endocrinology Gastroenterology General Medicine Geriatric Medicine Gynecology Hematology and Oncology HIV Infectious Disease Jokes Laboratory Neonatology Nephrology Neurology Obstetrics Ophthalmology Orthopedics Otolaryngology Pediatrics Pharmacology Prevention Psychiatry Pulmonology Radiology Rheumatology Sports Medicine Surgery Urology Chapter Neurology Index Autonomic Cerebellum Chorea Cranial Nerve Cognitive CSF Cardiovascular Medicine Demyelinating Dermatology Disability Examination Ophthalmology Geriatric Medicine Gynecology Headache Infectious Disease Laboratory General Level of Consciousness Motor Obstetrics Pediatrics Pharmacology Procedure Psychiatry Radiology Seizure Sensory Sports Medicine Surgery Tremor Page Examination Index Approach CN CN 1 CN 2 CN 3 CN 4 CN 5 CN 6 CN 7 CN 8 CN 9 CN 10 CN 11 CN 12 Cognitive Aphasia Cognitive Apraxia Cognitive Executive Function Cognitive Higher Cognitive Memory Cognitive Mental Status Cognitive Mental Status ACE Cognitive Mental Status Mini Cognitive Mental Status Screening Cognitive NPIQ Cognitive Test CAM Cold Calorics CV CVA Assess Hospital NIH Score

48. FHA : The Patient Education Forum : Swallowing Problems/Dysphagia Patient Education Forum. Swallowing Problems/dysphagia. by Faerella Boczko, MS, CCCSLP, Director Speech-Language Pathology, Jewish Home and Hospital Life Care http://www.healthinaging.org/public_education/pef/swallowing_problems.php

Text Size: decrease increase Search: Patient Education Forum Swallowing Problems/Dysphagia by Faerella Boczko, MS, CCC-SLP, Director Speech-Language Pathology, Jewish Home and Hospital Life Care System Provide Feedback Download in PDF format Dysphagia is another term for swallowing problems. A person who has dysphagia may experience pain when trying to swallow. Others may have difficulty swallowing food, liquid or saliva, and some people may be unable to swallow at all. How does the swallowing process work? Swallowing is a complex process that moves food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach. Swallowing involves the use of many nerves and muscles in the lips, tongue, mouth, throat, and esophagus, which is the tube that connects your throat to your stomach. Swallowing occurs in four stages: Oral preparatory stage: food is chewed and prepared for swallowing; Oral stage: the tongue pushes the food or liquid to the back of the mouth; Pharyngeal stage: the swallow is triggered and the food or liquid is moved into the pharynx (the canal that connects the mouth to the esophagus); and

49. Dysphagia - Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Digestive and Liver Disorders. dysphagia What is dysphagia? What causes dysphagia? To understand dysphagia, we must first understand how we swallow. http://www.lpch.org/DiseaseHealthInfo/HealthLibrary/digest/dysphagi.html

Clinical Nutrition Gastroenterology, Nutrition, and Hepatology Liver Transplantation Gastroenterologists ... Transplantation Digestive and Liver Disorders Dysphagia What is dysphagia? Dysphagia is a term that means "difficulty swallowing." It is the inability of food or liquids to pass easily from the mouth, into the throat, and down into the esophagus to the stomach during the process of swallowing. What causes dysphagia? To understand dysphagia, we must first understand how we swallow. Swallowing involves three stages. These three stages are controlled by nerves that connect the digestive tract to the brain: oral preparation stage Food is chewed and moistened by saliva. The tongue pushes food and liquids to the back of the mouth towards the throat. (This phase is voluntary: we have control over chewing and beginning to swallow.) pharyngeal stage Food enters the pharynx (throat). A flap called the epiglottis closes off the passage to the windpipe so food cannot get into the lungs. The muscles in the throat relax. Food and liquid are quickly passed down the pharynx (throat) into the esophagus. The epiglottis opens again so we can breathe. (This phase starts under voluntary control, but then becomes an involuntary phase that we cannot consciously control.) esophageal stage Liquids fall through the esophagus into the stomach by gravity. Muscles in the esophagus push food toward the stomach in wave-like movements known as peristalsis. A muscular band between the end of the esophagus and the upper portion of the esophagus (known as the lower esophageal sphincter) relaxes in response to swallowing, allowing food and liquids to enter the stomach. (The events in this phase are involuntary.)

50. Dysphagia dysphagia. dysphagia is the general term for any disorder causing difficulty swallowing. dysphagia is more common in the elderly. http://www.fact-index.com/d/dy/dysphagia.html

Main Page See live article Alphabetical index Dysphagia Dysphagia is the general term for any disorder causing difficulty swallowing . Dysphagia is more common in the elderly. People with dysphagia may be required to eat foods of altered texture, such as soft/moist, chopped, or pureed foods; or liquids might be required to be thickened to allow slower transit. A variety of medical difficulties can cause dysphagia, including stroke, degenerative neurological diseases (e.g., Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease), reflux disease, and esophageal achalasia . One of the most serious possible complications from dysphagia is aspiration pneumonia, caused by the ingestion of liquids or foods in to the lungs. This article is from Wikipedia . All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License

51. Dysphagia - Information / Diagnosis / Treatment / Prevention home digestive disorders oral dysphagia dysphagia. dysphagia Online Provides information about swallowing difficulties for patients and professionals. http://www.healthcyclopedia.com/digestive-disorders/oral/dysphagia.html

Home Health cyclopedia All Topics by Category The Good Health Search Engine Health Conditions A-Z Gurus ... oral > dysphagia Dysphagia Information / Diagnosis / Treatment / Prevention External links (marked with an arrow ) open in a new window. This site is a web directory and does not offer medical advice. We cannot take responsibility for information found on listed sites. This Page Medical Definition Health News Web Directory: Medical Definition: University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne Medical Dictionary: "dysphagia" Health News: Search millions of published articles for news on Dysphagia Modern Medicine Aging The Ardell Wellness Report HealthFacts Medical Post Medical Update Men's Health and the National Women's Health Report Note: Subscription required to access the full text of articles. Web Directory: Dysphagia Online Provides information about swallowing difficulties for patients and professionals. Dysphagia Resource Center Resources for swallowing disorders. Dysphagia, Speech and Language Diet guidelines for people with swallowing disorders. Dysphagia-Diet A site for dietitians and speech language pathologist to share and get new information about the dysphagia diet.

52. The Palliation Of Dysphagia In Oesophageal Malignant Obstructions Using Endopros The Palliation of dysphagia in Oesophageal Malignant Obstructions using Endoprostheses A Review of the Literature. 0 = able to eat normal diet / no dysphagia. http://www.priory.com/dysphagia.htm

The Palliation of Dysphagia in Oesophageal Malignant Obstructions using Endoprostheses: A Review of the Literature. Helen Tate, RGN. Advanced Diploma Health Science Student. University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne. Abstract Introduction Methods Insertion ... References Abstract. Malignant oesophageal obstruction due to intrinsic oesophageal tumours or from extrinsic compression caused by medistinal tumours is not a curative condition for the majority of patients. Dysphagia, or the inability to swallow, is one of the most distressing and debilitating symptoms connected with this disease. The rapid palliation of oesophageal carcinoma consists of the use of stenting to try and provide relief of the dysphagia. This article reviews some of the existing literature regarding the use of endoprostheses to effectively alleviate this problem. Key words: oesophageal carcinoma; dysphagia; endoprosthesis; rigid plastic stents; self-expanding metal stents; palliation. Introduction. Carcinoma of the oesophagus is the seventh most common malignancy in the world, although it is still relatively uncommon in Britain with a mean incidence of 7.5 per 100,000 of the population (Muller, Erasmi, Stelzner 1990) The management of this condition however is difficult, as 50-60% of patients diagnosed with oesophageal malignancies are suitable only for palliative treatments. Palliation of oesophageal carcinoma consists mainly of the symptomatic treatment of dysphagia. Without treatment these patients have a poor quality of life, suffer from rapid weight loss and experience a relatively quick and unpleasant death from total dysphagia and aspiration of their own saliva. The aim is therefore the relief of dysphagia with minimal morbidity and maximum quality of life. The quality of life, not quantity is deemed more desirable (Ellul, Watkinson, Khan, Adam, Mason 1995)

53. Dysphagia, UPMC | University Of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA A comprehensive resource describing the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of dysphagia from the health care experts at the University of Pittsburgh http://dysphagia.upmc.com/

Home Dysphagia Dysphagia is difficulty swallowing. Some people also experience pain. If dysphagia is severe, you may not be able to take in enough fluids and calories to stay healthy. In severe cases, even saliva is difficult to swallow. Read more Overview Diagnosis Treatment Options ... Contact UPMC Supplemental content provided by HealthGate Data Corp Terms and Conditions

54. MDA / Quest 6-4 / Hard To Swallow We look at the point of breakdown and see what needs to be done to accommodate it. . TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR dysphagia. RESOURCES FOR DEALING WITH dysphagia. http://www.mdausa.org/publications/Quest/q64dysphagia.html

QUEST Current Issue Back Issues Stories by Topic ... Contents of This Issue Volume 6, Number 4, August 1999 HARD TO SWALLOW by Phil Ivory If you've ever gulped a cup of coffee while simultaneously searching for car keys, packing lunch for a 5-year-old and giving directions over the phone, you probably didn't notice that a miracle was occurring literally underneath your nose. "Dysphagia may be the first sign that a neuromuscular disease is present." Swallowing is a seemingly simple but extraordinary act, one we usually take for granted at least until something goes wrong with the process. Dysphagia which isn't a disease in itself but the medical term for a disruption to the normal swallowing process can lead to a number of serious effects, some gradual and some that are immediately life- threatening. Various diseases in the muscular dystrophy family have been known to cause dysphagia, including the oculopharyngeal (OPMD), myotonic (MMD), facioscapulohumeral (FSHD) and limb-girdle (LGMD) forms and possibly Duchenne (DMD) in its later stages. Dysphagia is a common feature of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and occurs in some of the spinal muscular atrophies as well as in polymyositis, myasthenia gravis and Friedreich's ataxia.

55. Diagnosis And Treatment Of Swallowing Disorders (Dysphagia) In Acute-Care Stroke Diagnosis and Treatment of Swallowing Disorders (dysphagia) in AcuteCare Stroke Patients. Information on the incidence and prevalence of dysphagia is scarce. http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/dysphsum.htm

Evidence Report/Technology Assessment: Number 8 Diagnosis and Treatment of Swallowing Disorders (Dysphagia) in Acute-Care Stroke Patients Summary Under its Evidence-based Practice Program , the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR) is developing scientific information for other agencies and organizations on which to base clinical guidelines, performance measures, and other quality improvement tools. Contractor institutions review all relevant scientific literature on assigned clinical care topics and produce evidence reports and technology assessments, conduct research on methodologies and the effectiveness of their implementation, and participate in technical assistance activities. Overview Reporting the Evidence Methodology Findings ... Availability of Full Report Overview This study was conducted by ECRI investigators to evaluate methods for diagnosing and treating swallowing disorders (dysphagia) in older Americans. The study had two primary goals: first, to examine the efficacy and clinical value of methods for diagnosing and treating swallowing disorders in older Americans with neurologic disorders; and second, to suggest important directions for future dysphagia research. For the first goal, ECRI investigators concentrated on the broad area of speech-language pathology and, more specifically, on the diagnostic and treatment methodologies associated with the services provided by speech-language pathologists, focusing on oropharyngeal dysphagia and not esophageal dysphagia.

56. Diagnosis And Treatment Of Swallowing Disorders (Dysphagia) In Acute-Care Stroke The summary of Evidence Report/Technology Assessment Number 8 Diagnosis and Treatment of Swallowing Disorders (dysphagia) in AcuteCare Stroke Patients has http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/dysphsum.htm

The summary of Evidence Report/Technology Assessment: Number 8: Diagnosis and Treatment of Swallowing Disorders (Dysphagia) in Acute-Care Stroke Patients has been moved. It is now at: http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/dysphsum.htm Please update your bookmarks. AHRQ Home Page

57. THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 3, Ch. 20, Esophageal Disorders dysphagia. A subjective awareness of difficulty in swallowing caused by impaired progression of matter from pharynx to stomach. PREESOPHAGEAL dysphagia. http://www.merck.com/mrkshared/mmanual/section3/chapter20/20b.jsp

58. About GERD Functional dysphagia. Functional dysphagia is the sensation of solid and/or liquid foods sticking, lodging, or passing abnormally through the esophagus. http://www.aboutgerd.org/dysphagia.html

About GERD Characteristics Treatment Daily Living ... Contact IFFGD Visit these IFFGD web sites: IFFGD.org About IFFGD GI Disorders Publications ... aboutKidsGI.org Functional Dysphagia Adapted from IFFGD's Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders Education Program Guide , Chapter Five: "Functional Esophageal Disorders." By: Joel Richter, M.D., Chair, Department of Gastroenterology, Professor of Internal Medicine, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio Functional esophageal disorders represent a combination of chronic or recurrent symptoms affecting the esophagus. They are not attributable to an underlying anatomic problem or significant motility disorder. They are termed as "functional" disorders because no inflammatory, infectious, or structural abnormality is observed by examination, x-ray, or laboratory test. Functional esophageal disorders are not attributable to an underlying anatomic problem or significant motility disorder. Functional dysphagia is the sensation of solid and/or liquid foods sticking, lodging, or passing abnormally through the esophagus. It is diagnosed based on symptoms present for at least three months and not associated with anatomic abnormalities, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), or well recognized motility disorders such as achalasia [difficulty swallowing due to an absence of peristaltic contractions in the esophagus]. Prevalence of functional dysphagia is unknown and generally it has been poorly studied. The disorder is usually accompanied by other symptoms of esophageal dysfunction including chest pain, heartburn, and regurgitation.

59. Dysphagia Info Page dysphagia dysphagia Mail List. About dysphagia, English (USA). The dysphagia Mail List was started in November of 1995. The mail http://lists.b9.com/mailman/listinfo/dysphagia

Dysphagia Dysphagia Mail List About Dysphagia English (USA) The Dysphagia Mail List was started in November of 1995. The mail list provides a forum for various medical professionals to discuss clinical or research issues and clinical cases, share ideas and news items, ask questions, or ask for resources related to swallowing and its disorders. Job postings related to the field of swallowing disorders are also allowed. To see the collection of prior postings to the list, visit the Dysphagia Archives Using Dysphagia To post a message to all the list members, send email to dysphagia@b9.com You can subscribe to the list, or change your existing subscription, in the sections below. Subscribing to Dysphagia Subscribe to Dysphagia by filling out the following form. You will be sent email requesting confirmation, to prevent others from gratuitously subscribing you. This is a hidden list, which means that the list of members is available only to the list administrator. Your email address: Your name (optional): You may enter a privacy password below. This provides only mild security, but should prevent others from messing with your subscription.

60. Institution Authentication Form Difficulty Swallowing and dysphagia Online Diagnosis. New Online diagnosis of difficulty swallowing and dysphagia based on the patient s symptoms. Difficulty Swallowing and dysphagia - Online Diagnosis. http://journals.ohiolink.edu/cgi-bin/sciserv.pl?collection=journals&journal=0179

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