81. A To Z Encyclopedia Topic: Dysmenorrhea dysmenorrhea. What is dysmenorrhea? dysmenorrhea is a associated with menstruation. dysmenorrhea may be classified as primary or secondary. http://web1.tch.harvard.edu/cfapps/A2ZtopicDisplay.cfm?Topic=Dysmenorrhea

82. The Analyst - Online Diagnosis And Natural Treatments Health Report: Condition: Alternative Medicine. dysmenorrhea, Painful Menstruation. dysmenorrhea is the medical term for painful periods or menstrual cramps. The majority http://www.digitalnaturopath.com/cond/C347097.html

Dysmenorrhea, Painful Menstruation Last updated: Apr 21, 2004 THE ANALYST TM Home FAQ Start The Analyst Dysmenorrhea, Painful Menstruation Contributing risk factors Other conditions that may be present Recommendations Dysmenorrhea is the medical term for painful periods or menstrual cramps. The majority of women are thought to experience some degree of dysmenorrhea. Dysmenorrhea is either primary or secondary. In cases of primary dysmenorrhea, no disease or other medical cause can be found for the pain and other symptoms, which may include backache, diarrhea , dizziness, headache, nausea , vomiting, and a feeling of tenseness. Primary dysmenorrhea frequently affects women in their teens and early 20s, who have never had a baby. The symptoms are caused by prostaglandin , a natural hormone produced by cells in the uterine lining. The level of prostaglandin increases in the second half of the menstrual cycle. When a woman’s period begins, the cells in the uterine lining release prostaglandin as they are shed. Women with severe primary dysmenorrhea have significantly higher prostaglandin levels in their menstrual fluid than do other women. Usually the symptoms do not last very long - one or two days, but rarely longer.

83. Primary Dysmenorrhea - Bextra.com Healthcare Professional Site Powerful relief of primary dysmenorrhea. Onset of action as fast as naproxen sodium 550 mg (the active ingredient of Anaprox ® DS*). http://www.bextra.com/primary_dysmenorrhea-25.asp

About BEXTRA Osteoarthritis Adult Rheumatoid Arthritis Primary Dysmenorrhea ... References Powerful relief of primary dysmenorrhea Onset of action as fast as naproxen sodium 550 mg (the active ingredient of Anaprox DS*) Magnitude of pain relief with BEXTRA 20 mg was comparable with naproxen sodium 550 mg The most common AEs experienced in primary dysmenorrhea clinical trials of BEXTRA were headache, nausea, and diarrhea, with incidence rates similar to placebo BEXTRA should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. BEXTRA should be avoided during late pregnancy The recommended dose for primary dysmenorrhea is 20 mg twice daily, as needed May be taken with or without food *Anaprox is a registered trademark of Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. Site Map This Web site is intended for healthcare professionals in the United States only. The products discussed herein may have different product labeling in different countries. The health information contained herein is provided for educational purposes only and is not intended to replace discussions with a healthcare provider. Decisions regarding patient care must be made with a healthcare provider, considering the unique characteristics of the patient.

84. Dysmenorrhea Salads. dysmenorrhea is painful menstruation. Primary dysmenorrhea generally occurs within a couple of years of the first menstrual period. http://www.healthwell.com/healthnotes/healthnotes.cfm?ContentID=1206000

85. Dysmenorrhea - Relief From Painful Menustration dysmenorrhea is painful menstruation and is the most common of all gynecologic complaints, and the leading cause of absenteeism of women from work, school, and http://www.healthynewage.com/menstrual-cramps.html

1000 QUESTIONS ABOUT WOMEN'S HEALTH - Organized into three main sections: The Phases of Life, A Look at the Body, and Life Management, 1000 Questions about Women's Health is an important resource for all women of all ages who choose to understand and manage their personal health program and live a longer and more fulfilling life. Dysmenorrhea (Painful Menustration) Dysmenorrhea is painful menstruation and is the most common of all gynecologic complaints, and the leading cause of absenteeism of women from work, school, and other activities. More than one in every two women suffer from it each month, and about one in four are so badly affected that they have to take time off work or school. Painful menstruation occurs with considerable frequency, particularly among adolescent females. Pain usually begins with, or just slightly before, the onset of the menstrual flow and lasts for periods of up to two days, seldom longer. This condition is associated with an increased production and concentration of prostaglandin ( an active principle obtained from the prostate gland and seminal vesicles; it is a pressor [increasing the activity of a function] a vasodilator [causing dilation of blood vessels] and stimulant to the intestinal and uterine muscles) in the endometrium ( the mucous membrane that lines the cavity of the uterus ) during the luteal and menstrual phases of the cycle. This results in hypercontractility of uterine muscle during a painful and difficult menstruation. JAGULANA F Hormone balance from Nature

86. Duke Student Health Center:Dysmenorrhea dysmenorrhea (Severe menstrual cramps). In the Women with dysmenorrhea should have a pelvic exam to rule out other problems. What can http://healthydevil.studentaffairs.duke.edu/health_information/dysmenorrhea.html

@import url(/assets/styles/nn7.css) screen; @import("/assets/styles/ie5mac.css"); Medical Services Health Promotion Health Information Events ... Parents Dysmenorrhea (Severe menstrual cramps) What are prostaglandins? Prostaglandins are chemicals which are found in nearly every cell of the body. These chemicals act to regulate the tone of smooth muscles, the nonvoluntary muscles of the body (e.g.: blood vessels, uterus, and intestines). An excessive amount of prostaglandins causes contractions of the smooth muscles. How do prostaglandins cause menstrual cramps? The levels of prostaglandins in the body increase as menstruation approaches, with the highest levels at the onset of the menstrual period. Higher prostaglandin levels increase uterine contractions causing cramps and pain. In essence, the uterus squeezes so hard that it compresses the uterine blood vessels and cuts off the blood supply. In addition, some of the excess prostaglandins escape from the uterus into the bloodstream where they may affect other smooth muscles. Thus, prostaglandins are responsible for the headaches, dizziness, hot and cold flashes, diarrhea and nausea that can accompany painful periods. Do all women have high prostaglandin levels?

87. Continuity Clinic Notebook: Dysmenorrhea dysmenorrhea. Reda Bassali, MD. Pathogenesis Prostaglandins the mediators; anovulatory cycles have less prostaglandins, and therefore, less dysmenorrhea. http://www.mcg.edu/pediatrics/CCNotebook/chapter3/dysmenorrhea.htm

Medical College of Georgia Department of Pediatrics A-Z Index MCG Home Continuity Clinic Notebook: Chapter III. Adolescent Issues Chapter 3 Index A. General B. Skin C. ... Orthopedics D. Genitourinary: Hormonal Contraception for Adolescents Dysmenorrhea Reda Bassali, MD Definition: Difficult menstrual flow Classification: Primary (no uterine abnormality) and Secondary (uterine or ovarian abnormality): e.g. endometriosis, PID, polyps, ovarian cysts, pelvic adhesions. Pathogenesis: Prostaglandins the mediators; anovulatory cycles have less prostaglandins, and therefore, less dysmenorrhea. Symptoms: Pain: spasmodic, crampy, pain in lower abdomen that may radiate to back and thighs; starts with or after the beginning of menstrual flow and lasts 48-72 hours. Systemic symptoms: nausea, vomiting fatigue, nervousness, dizziness, and diarrhea and headaches. Physical Exam: Only need to do a speculum exam if sexually active, if atypical pain or if there is a poor response to therapy; in other words if secondary suspected. Primary Dysmenorrhea: a. Starts 6-12 m after menarche

88. USA Today-Health Library Types of dysmenorrhea....... dysmenorrhea Definition dysmenorrhea is the pain or discomfort ( cramps ) during or just before a menstrual period. http://www.healthscout.com/ency/68/80/main.html

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89. Dysmenorrhea Detailed information on dysmenorrhea, including causes, symptoms, diagnosis, risk factors, and treatment. dysmenorrhea. What is dysmenorrhea? http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/uvahealth/adult_women/dysmen.cfm

@import url(/assets/UVAHealth/ssi/css/greystone_advance.css); Blood Disorders Bone Disorders Breast Health Cardiovascular Disease Dermatology Diabetes Digestive Disorders Endocrinology Environmental Medicine Eye Care Glossary Gynecological Health Infectious Diseases Kidney Disease Men's Health Mental Health Nervous System Disorders Non-Trauma Emergency Oral Health Orthopaedics Otolaryngology Pathology Pediatrics, General Health Prostate Health Radiology Respiratory Disorders Skin Cancer Surgical Care Urology Women's Health FIND A DOCTOR MAKE AN APPOINTMENT CALENDAR OF EVENTS CLINICAL TRIALS ... WHY CHOOSE UVA Dysmenorrhea What is dysmenorrhea? Dysmenorrhea is a menstrual condition characterized by severe and frequent menstrual cramps and pain associated with menstruation. Dysmenorrhea may be classified as primary or secondary. primary dysmenorrhea - from the beginning and usually lifelong; severe and frequent menstrual cramping caused by severe and abnormal uterine contractions. secondary dysmenorrhea - due to some physical cause and usually of later onset; painful menstrual periods caused by an another medical condition present in the body (i.e., pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis). What causes dysmenorrhea?

90. UHS Health Information Menstrual Cramps (dysmenorrhea). Approximately 3050 percent of women in their childbearing years suffer from a condition called dysmenorrhea. http://www.rochester.edu/uhs/menstrual.htm

Menstrual Cramps (Dysmenorrhea) Approximately 30-50 percent of women in their childbearing years suffer from a condition called dysmenorrhea. In simple terms, this means painful menstrual cramps. In addition to the cramps, many women also experience nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, fatigue, and nervousness. The majority of women who experience menstrual cramps do not have any gynecological abnormalities. Health professionals refer to this condition as "primary" dysmenorrhea. Until recently, the cause of primary dysmenorrhea was unknown. Experimental evidence indicates that primary dysmenorrhea is related to the over-production of prostaglandins by the uterus. Prostaglandins are a group of chemically similar substances synthesized by the inner lining of the uterus (e.g., the endometrium). One of the physiological effects of prostaglandins is powerful smooth muscle contractions. Because muscle is found in the uterus, stomach, intestines, and blood vessels, this excess muscle stimulation causes the symptoms of cramps, nausea, diarrhea, and headache in primary dysmenorrhea. For a few women with dysmenorrhea, the cause is endometriosis (benign uterine fibroid tumors), a condition in which tissue similar to the uterine lining is found outside the uterine cavity.

91. HealthlinkUSA Dysmenorrhea Links FindWhat. You can find dysmenorrhea right now at Info.com. Kanoodle.com. Click here for page 1 of dysmenorrhea information from the HealthlinkUSA directory. http://www.healthlinkusa.com/424ent.htm

92. OHSU Health - Dysmenorrhea Detailed information on dysmenorrhea, including causes, symptoms, diagnosis, risk factors, and treatment. Email. dysmenorrhea. What is dysmenorrhea? http://www.ohsuhealth.com/htaz/newgyn/mensthub/dysmenorrhea.cfm

Gynecological Health Home Page Menstrual Conditions Amenorrhea Dysmenorrhea Menorrhagia Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) The Menstrual Cycle: An Overview ... Email Dysmenorrhea What is dysmenorrhea? Dysmenorrhea is a menstrual condition characterized by severe and frequent menstrual cramps and pain associated with menstruation. Dysmenorrhea may be classified as primary or secondary. primary dysmenorrhea - from the beginning and usually lifelong; severe and frequent menstrual cramping caused by severe and abnormal uterine contractions. secondary dysmenorrhea - due to some physical cause and usually of later onset; painful menstrual periods caused by an another medical condition present in the body (i.e., pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis). What causes dysmenorrhea? The cause of dysmenorrhea depends on whether the condition is primary or secondary. In general, women with primary dysmenorrhea experience abnormal uterine contractions as a result of a chemical imbalance in the body (particularly prostaglandin and arachidonic acid - both chemicals which control the contractions of the uterus). Secondary dysmenorrhea is caused by other medical conditions, most often endometriosis (a condition in which tissue that looks and acts like endometrial tissue becomes implanted outside the uterus, usually on other reproductive organs inside the pelvis or in the abdominal cavity - often resulting in internal bleeding, infection, and pelvic pain). Other possible causes of secondary dysmenorrhea include the following:

93. Menstrual Cramps (dysmenorrhea) And Period Pains Many women have menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea) in association with their periods. It is usually felt in the lower abdomen and/or in the lower back. http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/montecarlo/clinical/cramps.htm

94. Menstrual Cramps 8.01 dysmenorrhea (Menstrual Cramps). Presentation. A prophylaxis. What not to do Do not treat acute dysmenorrhea with aspirin alone. http://www.ncemi.org/cse/cse0801.htm

More Emergency Medicine Resources Back to table of contents 8.01 Dysmenorrhea (Menstrual Cramps) Presentation A young woman complains of crampy, labor-like pains which began before the visible bleeding of her menstrual period. The pain is focused in the lower abdomen, low back, suprapubic area or thighs, and may be associated with nausea, vomiting, increased defecation, headache, muscular cramps, and passage of clots. The pain is most severe on the first day of the menses, and may last from several hours to several days. Often, this is a recurrent problem, dating back to the first year after menarche. Rectal, vaginal and pelvic examination disclose nothing abnormal. What to do: Ask about the duration of symptoms and onset of similar episodes (onset of dysmenorrhea after menarche suggests other pelvic pathology). Ask about appetite, diarrhea, dysuria, dyspareunia and other symptoms suggestive of other pelvic pathology. Perform a thorough abdominal and speculum and bimanual pelvic examination, looking for signs of infection, pregnancy, or uterine or adnexal disease. Confirm that the patient is not pregnant with a urine pregnancy test (or serum beta hCG if available stat).

95. SHS - Menstrual Cramps (Dysmenorrhea) dysmenorrhea is the medical term for menstrual cramps. dysmenorrhea affects......Menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea). http://www.studenthealth.ucla.edu/handoutsold/cramps.htm

Menstrual cramps (Dysmenorrhea) Description Dysmenorrhea is the medical term for menstrual cramps. Dysmenorrhea affects most women at some stage during their reproductive years. There are two types of dysmenorrhea, primary dysmenorrhea and secondary dysmenorrhea. Primary dysmenorrhea is now believed to be caused by an excess of one of the prostaglandin hormones normally found in the body. Excess amounts of this horm one result in excessive contractions of the uterus (cramping). Secondary dysmenorrhea may be caused by an underlying disease, infection, or gynelogical problem. Symptoms Abdominal cramps, lower back pin, and leg pain are the most common symptoms of dysmenorrhea. Nausea and vomiting, constipation or diarrhea may also be present. If the pain is sever, light-headiness may be experienced. Primary dysmenorrhea typically begins with the onset of the menstrual period and usually does not last more than two days. Secondary dysmenorrhea may begin prior to the menstrual period and last throughout the period. If the pain in the pelvic area is accompanied by fever, abnormal vaginal bleeding and/or pain with intercourse, it may indicate a serious infection and medical care should be sought promptly. Treatment The first important step in treatment is to see a Women's Health Care clinician for an examination in order to rule out the possibility of underlying disease or anatomic abnormality as the cause of dysmenorrhea. Secondary dysmenorrhea is often difficult to identify and treat.There are a number of treatment alternatives for primary dysmenorrhea. Antiprostaglandin medications, which inhibit the production of prostaglandin hormones, are available and frequently provide relief. These include ibuprofen and aspirin, which can be purchased over the counter, and related medications, which require prescriptions. They are non-narcotic. Women who are allergic to aspirin, have severe or persistent anemia, or have ulcers or intestinal bleeding Should not take these medications without consulting a clinician. Birth control pills usually reduce menstrual cramping. They may be an option for women needing contraception and for whom birth control pills are not contraindicated.

96. Secondary Dysmenorrhea Definition Of Secondary Dysmenorrhea. What Is Secondary D Definition of secondary dysmenorrhea in the Dictionary and Thesaurus. secondary dysmenorrhea. Word Word. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/secondary dysmenorrhea

Dictionaries: General Computing Medical Legal Encyclopedia secondary dysmenorrhea Word: Word Starts with Ends with Definition Noun secondary dysmenorrhea - painful menstruation that is caused by some specific disorder (as endometriosis) dysmenorrhea - painful menstruation Legend: Synonyms Related Words Antonyms Some words with "secondary dysmenorrhea" in the definition: adenomyosis amenia amenorrhea amenorrhoea ... secondary winding Previous General Dictionary Browser Next secondary censorship Secondary circle Secondary circuit ... Secondary quills Full Dictionary Browser Secondary boycott (enc.) secondary cache (comp.) Secondary cell Secondary cell (enc.) secondary censorship Secondary circle Secondary circuit Secondary circulation (enc.) secondary coil Secondary color Secondary conversion (enc.) Secondary coverts Secondary crystal Secondary current secondary damage (comp.) secondary dentition secondary diabetes (med.) secondary diagonal Secondary dominant (enc.) Secondary drowning (enc.) Secondary education Secondary education (enc.) Secondary education in Australia (enc.)

97. Painful Periods: Dysmenorrhea, Menstrual Cramps PAINFUL PERIODS dysmenorrhea, Menstrual Cramps. What causes cramps and painful periods? Painful periods are common—more than half http://www.shs.unc.edu/library/articles/painfulp.html

Back to the Virtual Health Library Back to Student Health PAINFUL PERIODS Dysmenorrhea, Menstrual Cramps What causes cramps and painful periods? Painful periods are common—more than half of all women who have periods have menstrual cramps. The pain women experience from cramps is real and is caused by "prostaglandins." Prostaglandins are chemicals in the cells of the body that cause contractions of smooth muscles (i.e. the uterus) when excessive amounts are present. The level of prostaglandins increases during menstruation and increases uterine contractions causing cramps and pain. Some women experience more contractions of the uterus than others and subsequently have more cramping. It is important though, to distinguish normal cramping from unusual, debilitating pain and see your health care provider if you are concerned. What is endometriosis? Endometriosis is a common condition caused by an abnormal growth of endometrial cells. Endometrial tissue forms outside the uterus in other areas of the body. This tissue then develops into small growths or tumors. During menstruation, these growths respond to the hormonal cycle and start "shedding" which results in painful cramping. If your periods cause unusual pain or you are concerned about your cramping, you should see a health care provider. How can I alleviate menstrual cramps?

98. Dysmenorrhea --  Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Online Article Britannica Concise Encyclopedia, dysmenorrhea Britannica Concise. In primary dysmenorrhea, caused by endocrine imbalances, severity varies widely. http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article?eu=388596

99. Dysmenorrhea Information From EVitamins dysmenorrhea. Also indexed as Menstrual Cramps, Painful Menstruation. What are the symptoms of dysmenorrhea? dysmenorrhea includes http://www.evitamins.com/healthnotes/healthnotes.asp?ContentID=1206000

100. Dysmenorrhea Choose another condition Section Home Glossary Index Online Resources dysmenorrhea. What is dysmenorrhea? What causes dysmenorrhea? http://www.stlouischildrens.org/articles/content.asp?pageid=P01599

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