1. Dysmenorrhea Hub A brief definition of dysmenorrhea, followed by links to overviews, research articles, diagnosis and treatment dysmenorrhea hub. dysmenorrhea is defined as cyclic pain, headaches, or bloating with menstruation http://www.projectlinks.org/dysmenorrhea

Dysmenorrhea hub Dysmenorrhea is defined as cyclic pain, headaches, or bloating with menstruation. Primary dysmenorrhea is usually caused by prostaglandin (responsible for the normal functions of the uterus during menstruation) production. Dysmenorrhea usually is less severe after a woman has a baby. Acne Allergy Antibiotics Antioxidants ... Primary Dysmenorrhea - by Andrew S. Coco, M.D., Lancaster General Hospital, Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Recommendations for the Treatmet of Dysmenorrhea - from University of Texas at Austin School of Nursing, Family Nurse Practitioner Program. Dysmenorrhea in the adolescent by MEDLINEplus Medical Encyclopedia - updated by J. Gordon Lambert, MD, Associate Medical Director; RxRemedy. Menstrual Cramps (Dysmenorrhea) - by McKinley Health Center. Dysmenorrhea from eMedicine Journal - by Alan D Clark, MD, Director, Teaching Faculty, Physician Assistant Studies, Southwest Missouri State University, Spring, St John's Regional Health Center. Dysmenorrhea (Painful Menstrual Cramps) - by Cowell Student Health Center, University of California, Davis. Dysmenorrhea (Menstrual Cramping) - by University of Maryland, College Park.

2. EMedicine - Dysmenorrhea : Article By Alan D Clark, MD dysmenorrhea dysmenorrhea is painful menstrual cramps. Primary dysmenorrhea is the pain, often incapacitating, that accompanies periods only when secondary dysmenorrhea, due to underlying Pathophysiology Primary dysmenorrhea is the direct result of the peak levels of prostaglandins at Mortality/Morbidity While primary dysmenorrhea is not life threatening, it is the http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic156.htm

(advertisement) Home Specialties CME PDA ... Patient Education Articles Images CME Patient Education Advanced Search Link to this site Back to: eMedicine Specialties Emergency Medicine Obstetrics And Gynecology Dysmenorrhea Last Updated: March 11, 2002 Rate this Article Email to a Colleague Synonyms and related keywords: menstrual cramps, cramps, menorrhalgia, painful menstruation, menstruation AUTHOR INFORMATION Section 1 of 10 Author Information Introduction Clinical Differentials ... Bibliography Author: Alan D Clark, MD , Director, StJohns.com / Healthy People Magazine, Former Department Chairman, St. John's Emergency Trauma Center (retired), St John's Regional Health Center, Springfield, Missouri Coauthor(s): Thomas Steele, DO † , Former Instructor, Department of Emergency and Trauma Services, Saint John's Regional Health Center Alan D Clark, MD, is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Forensic Examiners American Medical Association Missouri State Medical Association , and Southern Medical Association Editor(s): Steven A Conrad, MD, PhD

3. Dysmenorrhea - HealthWorld Online A brief overview is outlined by Dr. Hoffman. http://www.healthy.net/library/books/hoffman/REPRODUCTIVE/dysmenorrhea.htm

4. EMedicine - Dysmenorrhea : Article By Nahrain Alzubaidi, MD dysmenorrhea dysmenorrhea is one of the most common gynecologic complaints in young women who present to clinicians (Jamieson, 1996).The term dysmenorrhea is http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic606.htm

(advertisement) Home Specialties Resource Centers CME ... Patient Education Articles Images CME Patient Education Advanced Search Consumer Health Link to this site Back to: eMedicine Specialties Medicine, Ob/Gyn, Psychiatry, and Surgery Obstetrics/gynecology Dysmenorrhea Last Updated: March 20, 2003 Rate this Article Email to a Colleague Synonyms and related keywords: primary dysmenorrhea, secondary dysmenorrhea, painful menstruation, painful menses, spasmodic dysmenorrhea, congestive dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, PID, ovarian cysts, ovarian tumors, cervical stenosis, cervical occlusion, adenomyosis, fibroids, uterine polyps, intrauterine adhesions, congenital malformations, bicornate uterus, subseptate uterus, intrauterine contraceptive devices, IUCDs, intrauterine devices, IUDs, transverse vaginal septum, pelvic congestion syndrome, Allen-Masters syndrome AUTHOR INFORMATION Section 1 of 9 Author Information Introduction Clinical Differentials ... Bibliography Author: Nahrain Alzubaidi, MD

5. Dysmenorrhea - Painful Periodsor Painful Menstruation dysmenorrhea is painful periods or painful menstruation that can be the result of many causes. What is dysmenorrhea? dysmenorrhea is the medical term for pain during menstruation Women with http://www.dysmenorrhea.org/html/dysmenorrhea.htm

Send this link to a friend Search this site What is Dysmenorrhea? Dysmenorrhea is the medical term for pain during menstruation. Painful periods may be caused by a number of reasons. Sometimes a combination of factors may be responsible. Medical history and a careful physical exam are helpful in diagnosing the problem. The Causes of Painful Periods Include: Tipped uterus or retroverted uterus A tipped uterus may also cause pain during intercourse Endometriosis The tissue lining the uterus – the endometrium – may grow outside the uterus causing pain during periods. Hormonal changes and imbalances – A hormone produced by cells in the uterine lining called prostaglandin causes uterine contractions. Women with severe dysmenorrhea have higher prostaglandin levels in their menstrual fluid than other women. Adenomyosis – A condition where the lining of the uterus (endometrium) grows into the muscle of the uterus.

6. Dysmenorrhea (Menstrual Cramps) A military pamphlet about the causes, symptoms, risk factors, prevention, treatment and danger signs of painful menstruation. http://www.wramc.amedd.army.mil/departments/gyn/text_files/menstrual health/DYSM

DYSMENORRHEA (Menstrual Cramps) DESCRIPTION Severe, painful cramps during menstruation. Primary dysmenorrhea means pain has recurred regularly or within a year or two of the first period (puberty). Secondary dysmenorrhea means pain began years after periods started. Women with dysmenorrhea are generally fertile. Severity of symptoms varies greatly from woman to woman, and from one time to the next in the same woman. Dysmenorrhea usually is less severe after a woman has had a baby. FREQUENT SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Cramping and sometimes sharp pains in the lower abdomen, lower back and thighs. The pain starts at onset of menses and lasts for hours to days. Nausea and vomiting (sometimes). Diarrhea(occasionally). Sweating Lack of energy. Urinary frequency. Irritability, nervousness, depression. CAUSES Strong or prolonged contractions of the muscular wall of the uterus. These may be caused by concentration of prostaglandins (hormones found in the cervix and uterus). Research shows that women with dysmenorrhea produce and excrete more prostaglandins than those who don't have as much discomfort. Dilation (stretching) of the cervix to allow passage of blood dots from the uterus to the vagina in cases where the cervix is narrowed or constricted Other causes include: Pelvic infections.

7. Dysmenorrhea What is dysmenorrhea? This What are cramps? About 80 percent of the time, cramps are part of the primary dysmenorrhea syndrome. Cramps http://www.coolnurse.com/dysmenorrhea.htm

//This is the TopRight Button DisplayAds ("Top,Bottom,TopRight,Left1,x02!TopRight", "120", "60"); //This is the Top Banner DisplayAds ("Top,Bottom,TopRight,Left1,x02!Top", "468", "60"); //This is the Left Skyscraper DisplayAds ("Top,Bottom,TopRight,Left1,x02!Left1", "120", "600"); //This is the Textlink02 DisplayAds ("Top,Bottom,TopRight,Left1,x02!x02", "other", "other"); What is Dysmenorrhea? This condition refers to the pain or discomfort associated with menstruation T he pain is typically described as dull, aching, cramping and often radiates to the lower back. The pain from your period that is severe enough to be given this name by your health care provider is thought to be the result of uterine contractions, caused by prostaglandins (a hormone-like substance, normally found in your body). Prostaglandins are known to stimulate uterine contractions. In addition to pain other symptoms may include, headache , diarrhea, constipation, and urinary frequency and fainting How Can I Get Relief?

8. Virtual Hospital: University Of Iowa Family Practice Handbook, Fourth Edition: G Primary dysmenorrhea is defined as menstrual pain in the absence of pelvic nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, thigh pain, dizziness. Primary dysmenorrhea usually improves after childbirth http://www.vh.org/adult/provider/familymedicine/FPHandbook/Chapter13/07-13.html

For Providers University of Iowa Family Practice Handbook, Fourth Edition, Chapter 13 Gynecology: Dysmenorrhea Alicia M. Weissman, MD Department of Family Medicine University of Iowa College of Medicine and Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa Peer Review Status: Externally Peer Reviewed by Mosby Characteristics and Etiology Primary dysmenorrhea is defined as menstrual pain in the absence of pelvic pathology, resulting from excessive prostaglandin production with the onset usually before age 20. Pain is crampy and spasmodic in the lower abdomen or back and begins within a day of onset of flow, lasts 24 to 72 hours, and may be associated with headache, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, thigh pain, dizziness. Primary dysmenorrhea usually improves after childbirth. Secondary dysmenorrhea is defined as menstrual pain associated with pelvic pathology. Secondary dysmenorrhea usually has an onset after age 20, progresses with age, and is less characteristically timed with menses. Causes include endometriosis, leiomyomas, endometrial cancer, IUD use, polyps, PID, cervical stenosis, ovarian cysts, imperforate hymen or other obstructive malformation, uterine synechiae. Evaluation History . Past menstrual history, need for contraceptives, family history, review of systems, effect on daily activities or work, and psychologic effect.

9. OBGYN.net: Women's Health - Dysmenorrhea (Painful Menstrual Cramps) A guide to the causes and treatment of menstrual cramps. http://www.obgyn.net/women/conditions/hc-dysmeno.htm

OBGYN.net Women's Health Medical Conditons - Dysmenorrhea (Painful Menstrual Cramps) This page has moved in 5 seconds your browser will be automatically redirected to http://www.obgyn.net/conditions/conditions.asp please update your bookmarks.

10. Menstrual Cramps (Dysmenorrhea) - Health Information Health information discussing menstrual cramps, primary a more common type of dysmenorrhea, and secondary - defined as menstrual pain due to pelvic pathology http://www.mckinley.uiuc.edu/health-info/womenhlt/mencramp.html

Menstrual Cramps (Dysmenorrhea) Dysmenorrhea, Greek for painful menstruation, is classified as primary (from the beginning and usually lifelong) or secondary (due to some physical cause and usually of later onset). The uterus is a muscle. Like all muscles, it contracts and relaxes. Most uterine contractions are never noticed, but strong ones are painful. During strong contractions, the uterus may contract too strongly or too frequently, causing the blood supply to the uterus to be temporarily cut off. This deprives the muscle of oxygen, causing pain. In addition to painful uterine cramping with menses, women with dysmenorrhea may experience nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, weakness, and/or fainting. Symptoms may vary in severity from cycle to cycle, but generally continue throughout the reproductive years. Dysmenorrhea can be an incapacitating problem, causing significant disruption in a woman's life each month. PRIMARY DYSMENORRHEA Primary dysmenorrhea is the more common type of dysmenorrhea and is due to the production of prostaglandins. These are natural substances made by cells in the inner lining of the uterus and other parts of the body. The prostaglandins made in the uterus make the uterine muscles contract and help the uterus to shed the lining that has built up during the menstrual cycle. If excessive prostaglandins are produced, the woman may have excessive pain or dysmenorrhea with her menstrual cycle. Prostaglandins can also cause headaches, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.

11. Natural Menstrual / Period Pain (dysmenorrhea) Relief By Magnetic Therapy. Sales of Ladycare, claimed to help with menstrual pain (dysmenorrhea). http://www.natural-period-pain-relief.com

Welcome, today is Home Dr Eccles Explains How to buy Clinical Research ... A Nurses Experience Endorsed and recommended by Dr. N. Eccles BSc MBBS PhD MRCP Harley Street London What our customers say: from Andrea (by email) “I suffer from pelvic congestion and LadyCare really seems to help” from P. Kaur (Middlesex) “It is a god send to me - and to my daughter who no longer takes time off school because of cramps.” from Wendy (Surrey) “Within half an hour of using it for the first time I had relief from period pain and I have not had to endure the debilitating pain since.” for more click here A natural remedy to stop menstrual cramps or period pain (analgesia for dysmenorrhoea) Pain, Pain, Go Away! This is the 21st Century, on medication and become a slave to endless pill popping for the next 20 years. One LadyCare Lifetime will soothe away your period pain the natural way at a fraction of that cost. The latest trial results and the latest medical research on LadyCare clearly shows the extraordinary and undeniable ability of its natural magnetism to soothe and even eliminate menstrual and related pain completely. Sounds great but wasn’t quite so simple! It has taken many years of ground breaking development and follow-up research to finalize this natural pain stopper and to apply for patents.

12. Arthritis Pain Relief — BEXTRA.com Manufacturer's information on this medication, which is used to treat osteoarthritis and adult rheumatoid arthritis, as well as moderate to severe menstrual pain (primary dysmenorrhea). http://www.bextra.com

Get the facts about joint pain, sports injuries, and more. BEXTRA targets COX-2, an enzyme that plays an important role in pain and inflammation. BEXTRA is indicated for relief of the signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis and adult rheumatoid arthritis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. Are You New to BEXTRA? Here's what you need to know. Frequently Asked Questions About BEXTRA What is BEXTRA? How does it work? Get answers here. FREE 7-Day Trial Thinking of talking to your doctor about BEXTRA? Print your certificate for a FREE 7-day trial. How BEXTRA Works Animation BEXTRA blocks COX-2, an enzyme that plays a role in pain and inflammation. The Key to Success Take BEXTRA the right way for powerful relief. Important Safety Information BEXTRA is not for everyone. Only a doctor can determine if it's right for you. About Joint Pain and Arthritis Knee, hip, hand pain... find ways to keep doing what you need to do and like to do. Do Sports Injuries Cause Osteoarthritis? Dr. Edward G. McFarland, a Johns Hopkins sports medicine specialist, explains how sports injuries may contribute to osteoarthritis later in life. Get information and answers from the experts.

13. EHP 108-11, 2000: Science Selections Secondhand smoke increases the occurrence of dysmenorrhea (menstrual pain) in nonsmoking women; moreover, the more secondhand smoke a woman is exposed to daily, the higher her risk for dysmenorrhea. http://ehpnet1.niehs.nih.gov/docs/2000/108-11/ss.html#smoke

Advanced Search Become a Print Subscriber Subscribe online today! Subscriber Services Buy EHP Publications View Shopping Cart Advertising Information ... November 2000 Science Selections Smoke-Filled Rooms A Clearer Look at PM Childhood Tooth Decay Full Article in PDF ... Purchase This Issue Smoke-Filled Rooms ETS Causes Menstrual Pain Studies show that women who smoke are twice as likely to experience dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation) as nonsmokers, and smoking prolongs the symptoms of this condition. Fewer data are available on whether secondhand exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) at home or work also raises the risk for dysmenorrhea in nonsmoking women. In this issue, a team of environmental researchers headed by epidemiologist Changzhong Chen of the Harvard School of Public Health report that ETS exposure does indeed increase the occurrence of dysmenorrhea in nonsmoking women EHP . Moreover, the more ETS a woman is exposed to daily, the higher her risk for dysmenorrhea. Cramped quarters.

14. Menstrual Cramps (Dysmenorrhea) - Health Information Thanks to Student Bodies, Duke University Student Health Service, copyright 1985, for permission to reproduce this article writtenby Margaret A. Moylan. (Original title is dysmenorrhea The Price Women Pay for Being Female?). http://www.uiuc.edu/departments/mckinley/health-info/womenhlt/mencramp.html

Menstrual Cramps (Dysmenorrhea) Dysmenorrhea, Greek for painful menstruation, is classified as primary (from the beginning and usually lifelong) or secondary (due to some physical cause and usually of later onset). The uterus is a muscle. Like all muscles, it contracts and relaxes. Most uterine contractions are never noticed, but strong ones are painful. During strong contractions, the uterus may contract too strongly or too frequently, causing the blood supply to the uterus to be temporarily cut off. This deprives the muscle of oxygen, causing pain. In addition to painful uterine cramping with menses, women with dysmenorrhea may experience nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, weakness, and/or fainting. Symptoms may vary in severity from cycle to cycle, but generally continue throughout the reproductive years. Dysmenorrhea can be an incapacitating problem, causing significant disruption in a woman's life each month. PRIMARY DYSMENORRHEA Primary dysmenorrhea is the more common type of dysmenorrhea and is due to the production of prostaglandins. These are natural substances made by cells in the inner lining of the uterus and other parts of the body. The prostaglandins made in the uterus make the uterine muscles contract and help the uterus to shed the lining that has built up during the menstrual cycle. If excessive prostaglandins are produced, the woman may have excessive pain or dysmenorrhea with her menstrual cycle. Prostaglandins can also cause headaches, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea.

15. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Dysmenorrhea In The Adolescent dysmenorrhea in the adolescent. Periods painful (adolescent); Adolescent dysmenorrhea; Menstrual pain - adolescent; Painful menstrual periods - adolescent http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001194.htm

@import url(http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/images/advanced.css); Skip navigation Medical Encyclopedia Other encyclopedia topics: A-Ag Ah-Ap Aq-Az B-Bk ... Z Dysmenorrhea in the adolescent Contents of this page: Illustrations Alternative names Definition Causes, incidence, and risk factors ... Prevention Illustrations Female reproductive anatomy Painful periods (dysmenorrhea) Uterus Normal uterine anatomy (cut section) Alternative names Return to top Periods - painful (adolescent); Adolescent dysmenorrhea; Menstrual pain - adolescent; Painful menstrual periods - adolescent Definition Return to top Dysmenorrhea is defined as painful menses. Causes, incidence, and risk factors Return to top Primary dysmenorrhea in adolescents usually begins 2 to 3 years following the onset of menses. It consists of crampy lower abdominal pain that generally begins several hours prior to the onset of a menstrual period, but may begin as much as 1 or 2 days in advance. The pain lasts 1 or more days into the period and then subsides. Pain may be mild to severe, and may be associated with nausea and vomiting and changes in bowel habits (either constipation or diarrhea ). Primary dysmenorrhea is caused by prostaglandin-induced uterine contractions.

16. Dysmenorrhea dysmenorrhea. Please Read our Disclaimer. Prevalence of menstrual pain was 48% among 12year-old post-menarcheal girls and 79% among 18-year-olds. may be an effective and safe non pharmaceutical http://www.4icpa.org/research/dysmenor.htm

DYSMENORRHEA Prevalence of menstrual pain was 48% among 12-year-old post-menarcheal girls and 79% among 18-year-olds. Thirty percent of the 16-year-old girls had used medication and 21% had stayed at home due to menstrual pain in the last 6 months; 3% had both been absent and used medication several times. Teperi J; Rimpel¨a M. Menstrual pain, health and behaviour in girls. Soc Sci Med 1989; 29(2):163-9 / Medline ID: 89317555 Of those who received chiropractic adjustments 88% reported reduced pain during their menstrual periods, while none of the control, or sham, group did. Spinal manipulative therapy may be an effective and safe non pharmaceutical alternative for relieving the pain and distress of primary dysmenorrhea. Kokjohn K; Schmid DM; Troiano JJ; Brennan PC; The effect of spinal manipulation on pain and prostaglandin levels in women with primary dysmenorrhea. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1992; 15(5):279 / Medline ID: 92308764 Of the eleven participants 24.6% demonstrated a vertebral displacement at the first lumbar segment, 45.5% showed a second lumbar misalignment, 54.6% a third lumbar, 63.7% a fourth lumbar, and 63.7% had a fifth lumbar subluxation. Of the eight subjects that received manipulative therapy 88% had a dimunition in severity of symptomatology as determined by the grade of disability and pain. Conclusions suggest that in primary dysmenorrhea. Spinal manipulative therapy should be seriously considered as an alternative conservative treatment.

17. Dysmenorrhea dysmenorrhea or menstrual cramps is an extremely common disorder characterized by painful cramps just prior to or during the monthly period The true cause of dysmenorrhea is not well understood . http://www.symptomtracker.com/page1109.htm

SymptomSolutions, Inc. The New Look Of Health And Wellness Dysmenorrhea (Menstrual Cramps) Dysmenorrhea or menstrual cramps is an extremely common (possibly 50% of all menstruating women) disorder characterized by painful cramps just prior to or during the monthly period. Symptoms - Symptoms include lower abdominal pain that comes and goes in waves. Some women may also experience back pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, or sweating. The symptoms may last for a couple of hours or in more severe cases, several days. Symptoms may decrease after giving birth for the first time, or as a woman ages. Cause - The true cause of dysmenorrhea is not well understood. Dysmenorrhea is thought to be associated with an increased production of prostaglandins (substances similar to hormones that are produced in the body). This increased prostaglandin production may stimulate muscle contractions of the uterus. An underlying condition such as Endometriosis Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID), or

18. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Painful Menstrual Periods Alternative names Return to top. Menstruation painful; dysmenorrhea; Periods - painful; Cramps - menstrual There are two general types of dysmenorrhea http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003150.htm

@import url(http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/images/advanced.css); Skip navigation Medical Encyclopedia Other encyclopedia topics: A-Ag Ah-Ap Aq-Az B-Bk ... Z Painful menstrual periods Contents of this page: Illustrations Alternative names Definition Considerations ... What to expect at your health care provider's office Illustrations Female reproductive anatomy Painful periods (dysmenorrhea) Relieving PMS Uterus Alternative names Return to top Menstruation - painful; Dysmenorrhea; Periods - painful; Cramps - menstrual Definition Return to top Painful menstruation is when menstrual periods are accompanied by either sharp, intermittent pain or dull, aching pain, usually in the pelvis or lower abdomen. Considerations Return to top Painful menstruation affects many women. For a small number of women, such discomfort makes it next to impossible to perform normal household, job, or school-related activities for a few days during each menstrual cycle. Painful menstruation is the leading cause of lost time from school and work among women in their teens and 20's. The pain may begin several days before or just at the start of your period. It generally subsides as menstrual bleeding tapers off.

19. E-uterus.com: Information, Uterus, Cervix, Menstrual Cycle, Dysmenorrhea, Amenor and sedatives. dysmenorrhea. More commonly referred to as cramps, dysmenorrhea is painful menstruation caused by http://www.e-uterus.com/

Canadian Online Pharmacies Canada Pharmacy Canadian Mail Order Pharmacies Healthcare professionals and scientists have carefully prepared this ALtruis Biomedical Network-affiliated site, intended for informational purposes only Partners: Anatomy Function Pathology Tumors The uterus is a muscular pear-shaped organ of reproduction in the female. It is specialized for containing and nourishing a developing embryo from implantation to paturition (birth). The epithelial lining of the uterus undergoes cyclic changes that make it hospitable for the early embryo if fertilization has occurred. The muscular and elastic elements are specialized for expansion with the growing baby and for the expulsion of the baby at birth. Structure The never pregnant (nulliparous) uterus is a 7-8 cm long to 4-5 cm wide, muscular pear-shaped organ lying in the pelvic cavity on the superior surface of the bladder. The uterus weighs under 50 grams and is divided into the broad-ended fundus, body and thin isthmus that ends in the uterine cervix. The cervix is made mostly of dense connective tissue , about 2.5 cm in length and is covered interiorly by a mucous secreting ciliated

20. Primary Dysmenorrhea - August 1999 - American Academy Of Family Physicians Primary dysmenorrhea. ANDREW S. COCO, MD Lancaster General Hospital Lancaster, Pennsylvania TABLE 1 Circumstances That May Indicate Secondary dysmenorrhea. http://www.aafp.org/afp/990800ap/489.html

Advanced Search Primary Dysmenorrhea ANDREW S. COCO, M.D. Lancaster General Hospital Lancaster, Pennsylvania P rimary dysmenorrhea is a very common problem in young women. It is usually defined as cramping pain in the lower abdomen occurring at the onset of menstruation in the absence of any identifiable pelvic disease. It is distinguished from secondary dysmenorrhea, which refers to painful menses resulting from pelvic pathology such as endometriosis. A relative lack of physician awareness of the very high rates of prevalence and the substantial morbidity of dysmenorrhea often leads to inadequate treatment of this problem. With the widespread availability of over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), it is often assumed that women are treating themselves adequately. Unfortunately, this is not always the case. Menstrual Fluid Prostaglandin Levels The rightsholder did not grant rights to reproduce this item in electronic media. For the missing item, see the original print version of this publication. FIGURE 1.

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