41. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome What is complex regional pain Syndrome Since it s first clinical description in 1864 when Doctor Mitchell published a classic description of causalgia in a http://www.rsdsa-ca.org/complex_regional_pain_syndrome.htm

What is Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Since it's first clinical description in 1864 when Doctor Mitchell published a classic description of causalgia in a paper entitled, "Gunshot Wounds a nd Other Injuries of Nerves" , Reflex Sympathetic Dystrohpy ( RSD ) has been called many different names such as Causalgia, Suddeck's Atrophy, Raynauds and most recently - Complex Regional Pain Syndrome. In an attempt to define a taxonomy that more accurately describes conditions that fall under the umbrella term Complex Regional Pain Syndrome the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) Committee on Taxonomy recently revised it's previous description and published those clinical features consistently found in these conditions. To satisfy a diagnosis of CRPS type I (RSD) , the clinical findings include regional pain, sensory changes, allodynia, abnormalities of temperature, abnormal sudomotor activity, edema, and an abnormal skin color that occur after a noxious event. CRPS type II (Causalgia) includes all foregoing features in addition to a peripheral nerve lesion.

42. MayoClinic.com - Complex Regional Pain Syndrome complex regional pain syndrome is a puzzling, chronic, painful disease usually affecting an arm or a leg. Early treatment is essential to avoid progression. http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=DS00265

43. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome complex regional pain Syndrome, known as CRPS, is a chronic neurological disease which affects millions of people here in this country and around the world. http://rsdfoundation.usf.edu/complex_regional_pain_syndrome.html

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome What is complex regional pain syndrome? Complex Regional Pain Syndrome , known also as CRPS, is a chronic neurological disease which affects millions of people here in this country and around the world. And the number of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome cases among children is alarming. This website contains both educational and clinical information about Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) and RSD. Sections of this website include: How to Help A 40 minute video, , has been recorded with recent CRPS treatment innovations and has been reviewed by a panel of international experts on Complex Regional Pain Syndrome . This CRPS video can be downloaded to your computer for viewing or you can purchase a copy Research Updates on Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Clinical Practice Guidelines For Complex Regional Pain Syndrome click here . We hope this website can help educate the world and help people understand what Complex Regional Pain Syndrome is all about. HOME MENU DONATE CONTACT US For permission to reprint any information on the website, please contact the Foundation.

44. Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD), Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) - Inte This site contains both educational and clinical information about Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy syndrome (RSD) complex regional pain Syndrome (CRPS). . http://rsdfoundation.usf.edu/

International Research Foundation for RSD / CRPS You have been redirected to a non-flash version of the homepage. You do not have the Flash Plugin. You may install the Flash plugin for free by going to Macromedia or continue to enter the site by clicking on a language below. Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD) Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) The International Research Foundation for RSD / CRPS is a not-for-profit organization dedicated to education and research on Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy and Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy, known as RSD, is a chronic neurological disease which affects millions of people here in this country and around the world. This disease is also known as Complex Regional Pain Syndrome or CRPS. English Deutsch (Japanese)

45. Case Studies/ Complex Regional Pain Syndrome complex regional pain Syndrome. A differential diagnosis of complex regional pain syndrome secondary to the shoulder injury was then made. http://www.medtronic.com/neuro/paintherapies/pain_treatment_ladder/cs_crps.html

Introduction Abdominal Pain Arachnoiditis and Fibrosis Pain Back and Bilateral Leg Pain ... Chronic Back and Leg Pain Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) Dual-Site Mixed Pain Intractable Thoracic Pain Post-Laminectomy Syndrome Complex Regional Pain Syndrome This case study was written for Medtronic with consultation from: Michael Stanton-Hicks, M.D. Cleveland Clinic Foundation Pain Management Center Cleveland, Ohio The following article recounts the experience of one patient who is receiving neurostimulation for the treatment of pain. Medtronic invited this patient to share his story candidly. As you read it, please bear in mind that the experiences are specific to this particular patient. Results vary; not every response is the same. SUMMARY Clinical History and Presentation In 1994, the patient underwent a Mumford surgical procedure to repair his shoulder. However, this did not provide any pain relief. Because the patient had been disabled by pain for a long period of time while oral medication and regional anesthetics provided inadequate pain relief, it was determined he would be an appropriate candidate for neurostimulation. Top Neurostimulation On September 5, 1995, the patient underwent a screening test for neurostimulation. Pain relief from the patient's shoulder to his hand was the goal of this therapy. Under local anesthetic, a PISCES-QUAD PLUS

46. RSD UK - Awareness, Education And Support For Those Involved With RSD/CRPS Issue Reflex Symathetic Dystrophy and complex regional pain Syndrome, Support Pages for patients. http://www.rsd-crps.co.uk/support.htm

Home What is RSD? About RSD UK Support ... Site Map RSD UK - What type of support can you get? A major problem with any chronic illness or disability is finding the type of support the patient wants or needs. Being diagnosed with a condition that isn't well known may frightening for the whole family. RSD/CRPS isn't well understood, nor is it well known about and that means many patients go for years without getting a diagnosis, let alone a treatment protocol. In this section of RSD UK we offer various ways to contact others for the support that may be essential to a patients well-being. The support offered here gives a means for communicating with those who know just how you feel - it is likely there are many similarities between you, the reader and other members. The isolation that many RSD'ers suffer with can be as upsetting as the physical pain; doctors recognise that support groups can offer help, advice and support that they are not able to offer, either because of time constraints or lack of suitable financing in the Local Area Health Authority. Telephone calls to RSD UK highlight one of the main difficulties of this condition - many callers are told that RSD/CRPS is so rare they won't ever meet another person suffering this condition. Many are told they are the only one - and to hear someone on the phone saying there are 1,000's in the UK can be reassuring.

47. Pain Relief Foundation: Chronic Pain - Complex Regional Pain Syndrome General information about complex regional pain syndrome (reflex sympathetic systrophy) from the pain Relief Foundation. http://www.painrelieffoundation.org.uk/paininfo/pain_rsd.html

The Foundation Pain Meetings Pain Information The Charity ... Trigeminal neuralgia Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy) This section about complex regional pain syndrome is not intended as a comprehensive source of medical information, but as a hub for links to other more detailed sources. If you find this section useful, please support our Foundation by clicking here Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic pain condition, which develops after an injury, and continues after the injury has healed. The underlying cause of the condition is unknown. CRPS I was previously called Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD). The condition is associated with an injury, such as a bone fracture, or surgery to an arm or leg. CRPS II, was previously called causalgia. This condition is associated with an injury, to a nerve. Symptoms of CRPS include pain, stiffness, skin sensitivity, sudden changes in colour, warmth, and sweating, changes in skin and hair growth, swelling and tremors.

48. AllRefer Health - Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (Causalgia, CRPS, Reflex Sympat complex regional pain Syndrome (Causalgia, CRPS, Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome, RSDS, ShoulderHand Syndrome, Sudeck s Atrophy) information center http://health.allrefer.com/health/complex-regional-pain-syndrome-info.html

AllRefer Channels :: Yellow Pages Reference Health Home ... Contact Us Quick Jump ADD/ADHD Allergies Alzheimer's Disease Arthritis Asthma Back Pain Breast Cancer Cancer Colon Cancer Depression Diabetes Gallbladder Disease Heart Attack Hepatitis High Cholesterol HIV/AIDS Hypertension Lung Cancer Menopause Migraines/Headaches Osteoporosis Pneumonia Prostate Cancer SARS Stroke Urinary Tract Infection 1600+ More Conditions Alternative Medicine Health News Symptoms Guide Special Topics ... Medical Encyclopedia You are here : AllRefer.com Health Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Definition Prevention Treatment Expectations or Prognosis ... Go To Main Page Alternate Names : Causalgia, CRPS, Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome, RSDS, Shoulder-Hand Syndrome, Sudeck's Atrophy Definition Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a chronic pain syndrome with two forms. CRPS 1 currently replaces the term "reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome". It is a chronic nerve disorder that occurs most often in the arms or legs after a minor or major injury. CRPS 1 is associated with severe pain; changes in the nails, bone, and skin; and an increased sensitivity to touch in the affected limb. CRPS 2 replaces the term causalgia, and results from an identified injury to the nerve.

49. InteliHealth: Complex Regional Pain Syndrome In 1995, the name was changed officially to complex regional pain syndrome, or CRPS, although this name change has not been accepted universally. http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/ihtIH/WSIHW000/9339/24536.html

chrome_imgPreload('gifChr_mid_but_home_mo_1','http://img.intelihealth.com/i/C/Chr_mid_but_home-o.gif'); chrome_imgPreload('gifChr_mid_but_comm_mo_2','http://img.intelihealth.com/i/C/Chr_mid_but_comm-o.gif'); chrome_imgPreload('gifChr_mid_but_dental_mo_3','http://img.intelihealth.com/i/C/Chr_mid_but_dental-o.gif'); chrome_imgPreload('gifChr_mid_but_drug_mo_4','http://img.intelihealth.com/i/C/Chr_mid_but_drug-o.gif'); chrome_imgPreload('gifChr_mid_but_askexpert_mo_5','http://img.intelihealth.com/i/C/Chr_mid_but_askexpert-o.gif'); chrome_imgPreload('gifChr_mid_but_medical_mo_6','http://img.intelihealth.com/i/C/Chr_mid_but_medical-o.gif'); chrome_imgPreload('gifChr_mid_but_chats_mo_7','http://img.intelihealth.com/i/C/Chr_mid_but_chats-o.gif'); chrome_imgPreload('gifchr_mid_but_news_mo_8','http://img.intelihealth.com/i/c/chr_mid_but_news-o.gif'); chrome_imgPreload('gifChr_mid_but_privacy_mo_9','http://img.intelihealth.com/i/C/Chr_mid_but_privacy-o.gif'); Advertisement Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome (RSDS) What Is It?

50. Ask NOAH About: Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Overview *complex regional pain Syndrome An Overview. The Basics. complex regional pain Syndrome (CRPS) is the name now given to a very complicated pain problem. http://www.noah-health.org/english/illness/pain/CRPSoverview.html

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: An Overview Complex Regional Pain Syndrome The Basics Symptoms Diagnosis Treatments ... Information Resources Although our knowledge of the disease has advanced dramatically the words of Dr. Mitchell, written over 100 years ago to describe CRPS still ring true today. " Its favorite site is the foot or hand Its intensity varies from the most trivial burning to a state of torture, which can hardly be credited, but reacts on the whole economy, until the general health is seriously afflicted ." - SW Mitchell, 1872 The Basics Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) is the name now given to a very complicated pain problem. CRPS is a disease of the nervous system. CRPS not diagnosed early and without proper intervention, can be severely debilitating. Pain is the major symptom. The pain usually begins in a limb, usually a hand or a foot, less frequently it has been reported to have begun in the shoulder, the neck or in the head. The pain of CRPS can range from mild to severe. CRPS is divided into two types CRPS I and CRPS II. CRPS I, previously known as causalgia, usually begins after a direct injury to a nerve. This injury can be related to something as common as a sprain, or a fracture or basically to any simple or severe injury or trauma to a nerve.

51. Dr. Grohol's Psych Central - What Is Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)? What Is complex regional pain Syndrome (CRPS)? by Milan Stojanovic Three years ago, Mr. Gordon stepped the wrong way when getting http://psychcentral.com/library/id119.html

home resource directory disorders quizzes ... support forums What Is Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)? by Milan Stojanovic Three years ago, Mr. Gordon stepped "the wrong way" when getting out of bed one morning; the resulting foot pain was excruciating. Since that day, even lightly touching the skin of his foot causes Mr. Gordon pain. Sometimes his foot swells and, when it’s cold outside, the pain worsens. X-rays taken at the time of this mishap did not reveal a fracture. While Mr. Gordon continues to experience pain, his doctors aren’t sure what is causing it. Since all his test results are "normal" and none of the treatments have helped him, his doctors assume that his pain is "psychological" in origin. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS), formerly known as Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD), is a disease in which the portion of our nervous system that normally conducts pain becomes oversensitive. The result of this "sensitization" is spontaneous pain. This kind of pain persists despite the fact that there is no apparent cause (such as a fractured bone or infection), although the symptoms may emerge following a fall, injury, cut, or burn. Researchers have discovered that microscopic changes in nervous tissue can produce the chronic pain associated with CRPS. Not every case of CRPS is the same and there is no reliable test for diagnosing this syndrome. It is, as doctors often say, a "diagnosis of exclusion" (that is, if all other causes of pain have been ruled out, doctors may attribute the pain to CRPS). Similarly, there is no treatment "recipe" for CRPS. Treatment regimens are usually tailored to the individual’s particular form of pain.

52. Reflex Sympaathetic Dystrophy Syndrome/Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Security Ruling, SSR 032p Titles II and XVI Evaluating Cases Involving Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome/complex regional pain Syndrome AGENCY Social http://www.ssa.gov/regulations/articles/ssr-03-2p.htm

http://www.socialsecurity.gov [Federal Register: October 20, 2003 (Volume 68, Number 202)] [Notices] [Page 59971-59976] From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov] [DOCID:fr20oc03-74] - SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION [Social Security Ruling, SSR 03-2p] Titles II and XVI: Evaluating Cases Involving Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome/Complex Regional Pain Syndrome AGENCY: Social Security Administration. ACTION: Notice of Social Security Ruling. - SUMMARY: In accordance with 20 CFR 402.35(b)(1), the Commissioner of Social Security gives notice of Social Security [[Page 59972]] Ruling, SSR 03-2p. This Ruling explains the policies of the Social Security Administration for developing and evaluating title II and title XVI claims for disability on the basis of Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome (RSDS), also frequently known as Complex Regional Pain Syndrome, Type I (CRPS). These terms are synonymous and are used to describe a unique clinical syndrome that may develop following trauma. This syndrome is characterized by complaints of intense pain and typically includes signs of autonomic dysfunction. EFFECTIVE DATE: October 20, 2003. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Carolyn Kiefer, Office of Disability Programs, Social Security Administration, 6401 Security Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21235-6401, (410) 965-9104 or TTY (410) 966-5609. For information on eligibility or filing for benefits, call our national toll-free number, 1-800-772-1213 or TTY 1-800-325-0778, or visit our Internet Web site, Social Security Online, at http://www.socialsecurity.gov

53. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: Understanding Reflex... Ted Priebe, LAc, OMD, QME. complex regional pain Syndrome Understanding Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD). 2,5,9,10. complex regional pain Syndrome. http://www.acupuncturetoday.com/archives2000/nov/11priebe.html

Acupuncture Today November, 2000, Volume 01, Issue 11 Printer Friendly Version Email to a Friend Other MPAmedia Alternative Health Site Links Chiropractic ChiroExpo.com ChiroWeb.com DynamicChiropractic.com Massage Therapy MassageToday.com Pain Management Ted Priebe, LAc, OMD, QME Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: Understanding Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD) The first clinical description of reflex sympathetic dystrophy occurred in 1863, when Dr. S.W. Mitchell described a burning pain called causalgia in Gunshot Wounds and Other Injuries of Nerves Reflex sympathetic dystrophy is now known as a neurogenic disease with a multisymptom medical condition that affects one or more extremities. RSD was officially recognized and given an ICD-9 code (337.2) in 1993. It is described as an intense, severe burning pain, usually with swelling, color changes to the skin, and intense sensitivity to touch and temperature. Generally, it is caused by a slight injury; repetitive motion injury; surgery; venipuncture; laceration; burns; degenerative joint disease; compression due to casting; infection; and myocardial infarction. Many patients may have accompanying neuromas; peripheral neuropathies; temporal mandibular joint pain; nerve entrapments such as carpal tunnel or thoracic outlet syndrome; and peripheral nerve compression. RSD will affect up to five percent of these patients.

54. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome. Acupuncture Today, April 2001 For pain specialists in the acupuncture field, it is not uncommon to evaluate and treat patients diagnosed with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). http://www.acupuncturetoday.com/archives2001/apr/04katz.html

Acupuncture Today April, 2001, Volume 02, Issue 04 Printer Friendly Version Email to a Friend Other MPAmedia Alternative Health Site Links Chiropractic ChiroExpo.com ChiroWeb.com DynamicChiropractic.com Massage Therapy MassageToday.com Dr. Katz's Corner Alejandro J. Katz, MD, OMD, LAc, QME Complex Regional Pain Syndrome For pain specialists in the acupuncture field, it is not uncommon to evaluate and treat patients diagnosed with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). The syndrome usually develops after trauma (minor or major) or nerve damage. Symptoms will appear within a month and may include: pain (diffused or localized); local changes in circulation; swelling; sweating; cool or warm extremities; muscle wasting; and reduction of motor activity of the muscles (in chronic cases). In some cases the sympathetic system reaction (local sweating, changes in skin temperature and color) is present; in other patients, it is not. Treatments applied to these patients include NSAIDs (Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs); physical therapy; sympathetic blocks; physical therapy; psychological support; and acupuncture (surgery will be utilized rarely). The treatment should be used in the earlier stages rather than in the chronic phase (the patient's response to acupuncture in the earlier stages is faster, thus requiring fewer treatments). In many cases, the symptoms will continue with little or no improvement, the pain becomes extremely severe and does not respond to treatment.

55. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: Beating The Unbeatable complex regional pain Syndrome Beating the Unbeatable. By Keven MosleyKoehler. Introduction. Physical activity has always been central to my personality. http://www.ncpad.org/yourwrites/keven022103.htm

Home Color Scheme [ Search Contact us ... Site Map breadCrumbs("www.ncpad.org",">>","default.htm","breadcrumbs","breadcrumbs","breadcrumbs","0"); Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: Beating the Unbeatable By Keven Mosley-Koehler Introduction Physical activity has always been central to my personality. I grew up as a tomboy, spending most of my time outdoors climbing trees, swimming, or ice-skating on the nearby river, and playing football with the neighborhood boys. As I got older, excelling in athletics became a major focus in my life. Once in college, it seemed natural for me to earn undergraduate and graduate degrees in physical education, and then use my interest in athletics to manage employee fitness and recreation programs for various employers in Seattle. When I wasn't competing in some sport or working, I was usually out "recreating"- hiking, biking, or skiing to my heart's content in the Pacific Northwest. Return to top Developing RSD The astute sports medicine physician also noted my anxiety level had steadily increased since the day I had begun developing RSD. Anyone who has had a painful illness go undiagnosed for months can relate to the tremendous fear and distress generated by the absence of a clear diagnosis and treatment plan. He suggested that I seek psychological support to better cope with what he termed to be "the biggest battle you will ever face, the battle against RSD." I took his advice to heart, and psychological support proved to be therapeutic.

56. Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome / Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Lawsuit O Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome / complex regional pain Syndrome Overview Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome / complex regional pain Syndrome - Find http://www.injuryboard.com/view.cfm/Topic=1256

June 2, 2004 Approximately 4 million homes in the United States housing young children contain lead-based paint hazards. Vioxx / Rofecoxib Tractor-Trailer Accidents Serzone / Nefazodone Hydrochloride Tort Reform ... Injuries Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome / Complex Regional Pain Syndrome If you or a family member has been injured, contact a personal injury attorney today. Just fill out InjuryBoard.com's on-line questionnaire and have a personal injury lawyer review your potential personal injury claim - free of charge. Ask an Attorney Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), also known as reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome, is a chronic condition characterized by severe burning pain, pathological changes in bone and skin, excessive sweating, tissue swelling, and extreme sensitivity to touch. The syndrome is a nerve disorder that occurs at the site of an injury (most often to the arms or legs). It occurs especially after injuries from high-velocity impacts such as those from bullets or shrapnel. However, it may occur without apparent injury. One visible sign of complex regional pain syndrome near the site of injury is warm, shiny red skin that later becomes cool and bluish. The pain that patients report is out of proportion to the severity of the injury and gets worse, rather than better, over time. Eventually the joints become stiff from disuse, and the skin, muscles, and bone atrophy. The symptoms of complex regional pain syndrome vary in severity and duration. The cause of CRPS is unknown.

57. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome complex regional pain syndrome is not well understood in children, probably due to underdiagnosis. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/430537

58. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Progress In Pain Research And Management (Vol. 22 complex regional pain Syndrome Progress in pain Research and Management (Vol. complex regional pain Syndrome Progress in pain Research and Management (Vol. http://www.ampainsoc.org/pub/bulletin/sep02/reso2.htm

Give us feedback about our web site Contact the Editor: Michael E. Clark, PhD webeditor@ampainsoc.org Contact APS: American Pain Society 4700 W. Lake Ave. Glenview, IL 60025 fax: 877-734-8758 [Toll Free] info@ampainsoc.org Site Guide PRINT PAGE EMAIL PAGE Resource Reviews John D. Loeser, MD, Department Editor Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Progress in Pain Research and Management (Vol. 22) Reviewed by John D. Loeser, MD Multiauthored volumes like this are useful for those who did not attend the meeting and serve to focus our attention on the topic being addressed. Unfortunately, the mechanisms responsible for CRPS have not yet been elucidated and all of our treatments are empirically based. One can only hope that the studies by these authors and others will someday lead to an effective treatment for this very disabling pain syndrome. John Loeser is a professor of neurological surgery and anesthesiology at the University of Washington in Seattle. On to Managing Pain Before It Manages You (Rev. ed)

59. Aetna: Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) / Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD Number 0447 Subject complex regional pain Syndrome (CRPS) / Reflex sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD); Epidural Analgesia. complex regional pain syndrome. http://www.aetna.com/cpb/data/CPBA0447.html

Home Clinical Policy Bulletins Medical Clinical Policy Bulletins Number: 0447 Subject: Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) / Reflex sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD); Epidural Analgesia Important Note This Clinical Policy Bulletin expresses Aetna's determination of whether certain services or supplies are medically necessary. Aetna has reached these conclusions based upon a review of currently available clinical information (including clinical outcome studies in the peer-reviewed published medical literature, regulatory status of the technology, evidence-based guidelines of public health and health research agencies, evidence-based guidelines and positions of leading national health professional organizations, views of physicians practicing in relevant clinical areas, and other relevant factors). Aetna expressly reserves the right to revise these conclusions as clinical information changes, and welcomes further relevant information. Each benefit plan defines which services are covered, which are excluded, and which are subject to dollar caps or other limits. Members and their providers will need to consult the member's benefit plan to determine if there are any exclusions or other benefit limitations applicable to this service or supply. The conclusion that a particular service or supply is medically necessary does not constitute a representation or warranty that this service or supply is covered (i.e., will be paid for by Aetna) for a particular member. The member's benefit plan determines coverage. Some plans exclude coverage for services or supplies that Aetna considers medically necessary. If there is a discrepancy between this policy and a member's plan of benefits, the benefits plan will govern. In addition, coverage may be mandated by applicable legal requirements of a State, the Federal government or CMS for Medicare and Medicaid members. CMS's Coverage Issues Manual can be found on the following website:

60. HealthCentral.com - Best Doctors - What Is Complex Regional Pain Syndrome? - (3/ pain Management. Sidney H. Schnoll, MD Medical College of Virginia Richmond, Virginia Questions . What Is complex regional pain Syndrome? March 13, 2000. http://www.healthcentral.com/BestDoctors/BestDoctorsFullText.cfm?ID=29445&storyt

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