121. This Is London Succinct overview of anthrax, smallpox, ebola, cholera, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, plague and botulinum. From the UK newspaper. http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/dynamic/news/story.html?in_review_id=459916&in

122. DTG - Empfehlungen Zu Reiseimpfungen - Cholera Translate this page cholera. Bemerkungen 1. Die cholera-Impfung ist insgesamt nur bedingt empfehlenswert,da für die Prävention primär Hygienemaßnahmen im Vordergrund stehen. http://www.dtg.mwn.de/impfen/cholera.htm

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Tropenmedizin und Internationale Gesundheit e.V. Empfehlungen zu Reiseimpfungen Startseite Vorschrift Impfplan Schwangere ... Impfungen Weitere Impfungen: Gelbfieber Diphtherie FSME Hepatitis A ... Typhus Cholera Indikation: 1. bei besonders hohem Infektionsrisiko 2. bei bekannter inoffizieller Einreisevorschrift Impfstoff: oraler Lebend- oder Totimpfstoff, in Deutschland nicht zugelassen Applikation: abhängig vom Impfstoff und Alter des Reisenden: 1 Dosis bzw. 2 - 3 Dosen im Abstand von 1 - 6 Wochen Wirksamkeit: Wiederimpfung: nach 6 - 12 Monaten (WHO) Nebenwirkungen: gelegentlich gastrointestinale Beschwerden Kontraindikationen: akute Erkrankungen, speziell Darminfektionen, Immundefekte oder –suppression (nur beim Lebendimpfstoff), bekannte allergische Reaktionen auf Bestandteile des Impfstoffes Schwangerschaft: keine ausreichenden Erfahrungen Bemerkungen: 1. Die Cholera-Impfung ist insgesamt nur bedingt empfehlenswert, da für die Prävention primär Hygienemaßnahmen im Vordergrund stehen.

123. Nobel E-Museum: The Nobel Prize In Physiology Or Medicine 1994 The Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine 1994. http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1994/illpres/cholera.html

Cholera: G Proteins are at full speed ahead Cholera is caused by a comma-shaped bacterium, Vibrio cholerae , which is ingested in contaminated water and food. The bacteria multiply enormously in the intestine, where epithelial cells allow fluid to leak into the intestine with intense diarrhoea as a result. Cholera is endemic in India and other parts of the third world. The bacterium discovered by Robert Koch in 1884, can be killed by antibiotics, but the disease is caused by a bacterial toxin, which irreversibly activates the G proteins of epithelial cells in the intestine. This results in an often life-threatening loss of water and salts. From Koch's discovery of the cholera bacterium in 1884 it took researchers about 100 years to expose the real cause of the disease - the effect of the bacterial toxin on G proteins The cholera bacterium is shaped like a comma with a tail (above).

124. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Gaetano Sanseverino Restorer of the Scholastic philosophy in Italy, b. at Naples, 1811; d. there of cholera, 16 Nov., 1865. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13453a.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... S > Gaetano Sanseverino A B C D ... Z Gaetano Sanseverino Restorer of the Scholastic philosophy in Italy, b. at Naples, 1811; d. there of cholera, 16 Nov., 1865. He made his studies in the seminary at Nola, where his uncle was rector. After his ordination, he continued the study of philosophy, with the special view of comparing the various systems. He became a canon of the cathedral of Naples, professor of logic and metaphysics in the seminary substitute-professor of ethics in the university, and eventually scrittore in the National Library. Sanseverino had been educated in the Cartesian system, which at that time prevailed in the ecclesiastical schools of Italy, but his comparative study of the various systems supplied him with a deeper knowledge of the Scholastics, particularly St. Thomas, and of the intimate connection between their doctrine and that of the Fathers. From that time until the end of his life, his only concern was the restoration of Christian P ROVERITA Del Canonico Gaetano Sanseverino (Naples, 1867).

125. Medical Ecology >> Water >> Applications: Cholera Thus, cholera is a perfectly suited topic for illustrating the usefulness of theMedical Ecology paradigm. The cholera Organism. How Do cholera Epidemics Start? http://medicalecology.org/water/cholera/w_cholera.html

var baseDir = '../'; var pageSection = 'water'; Introduction Background Applications: Cholera Applications: Cholera History Cholera British arrived there. One of the first documented epidemics of cholera occurred in 1817 along the coastal region near the mouth of the Ganges River. Cholera now has a worldwide presence , with many people dying each year. Most deaths from cholera can be avoided if adequate medical care were made available. John Snow identified the Broad Street water pump as the single point source of that outbreak. His classical maps showing where people who became sick lived convinced him that the only possible source of the infection was the water pump. This landmark study established the epidemiological view of cholera that has endured until quite recently. In London on the corner of Broadwick (formerly Broad) stands the John Snow pub , a fitting commemorative honoring the site on which these historic events unfolded. Today, all patrons of the John Snow can enjoy a pint of local ale, and even more importantly, a refreshing glass of crystal clear, pathogen-free water.Since 1961, there have been seven major cholera

126. Cholera Home FAQ Health Infectious Diseases cholera. Overpopulation.Com.Guests. Logon Account Signup. cholera. Africa; Asia; Europe; http://www.overpopulation.com/faq/health/infectious_diseases/cholera/

Home FAQ Health Infectious Diseases Cholera Overpopulation.Com Guests Logon Account Signup Cholera Africa Asia Europe Latin America ... Printer Friendly June 2, 2004

127. CHURCH DOCUMENTS: Superiore Anno (1884) On the recitation of the rosary. Previous year's October Marian devotions judged a success. Also mentions cholera epidemic then sweeping France and Italy. Encyclical promulgated 30 August, 1884. http://www.newadvent.org/docs/le13sa.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... Church Documents > Superiore Anno (1884) A B C D ... Z Please contact webmaster@newadvent.org if an ad appears here that contradicts Catholic teachings. Superiore Anno On the Recitation of the Rosary His Holiness Pope Leo XIII August 30, 1884 To All Our Venerable Brethren the Patriarchs, Primates, Archbishops, and Bishops of the Catholic World in the Grace and Communion of the Apostolic See. Venerable Brethren, Health and Apostolic Benediction. 3. With respect to Italy, it is now most necessary to implore the intercession of the most powerful Virgin through the medium of the Rosary, since a misfortune, and not an imaginary one, is threateningnay, rather is among us. The Asiatic cholera, having, under God's will, crossed the boundary within which nature seemed to have confined it, has spread through the crowded shores of a French port, and thence to the neighboring districts of Italian soil.To Mary, therefore, we must flyto her whom rightly and justly the Church entitles the dispenser of saving, aiding, and protecting giftsthat she, graciously hearkening to our prayers, may grant us the help they besought, and drive far from us the unclean plague. 4. We have therefore resolved that in this coming month of October, in which the sacred devotions to Our Virgin Lady of the Rosary are solemnized throughout the Catholic world, all the devotions shall again be observed which were commanded by Us this time last year.We therefore decree and make order that from the 1st of October to the 2nd of November following in all the parish churches (curialibus templis), in all public churches dedicated to the Mother of God, or in such as are appointed by the Ordinary, five decades at least of the Rosary be recited, together with the Litany. If in the morning, the Holy Sacrifice will take place during these prayers; if in the evening, the Blessed Sacrament will be exposed for the adoration of the faithful; after which those present will receive the customary Benediction. We desire that, wherever it be lawful, the local confraternity of the Rosary should make a solemn procession through the streets as a public manifestation of religious devotion.

128. Snow S Cholera Map Snow s cholera Map. the position of 13 water pumps ( pumps ). Each coordinate pointin the file deaths specifies the address of a person who died from cholera. http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/pubs/snow/snow.html

Snow's Cholera Map The significance of Snow's famous cholera map (a piece of which is shown here In 1992, as part of the development work for an NCGIA technical report, Rusty Dodson of NCGIA Santa Barbara, digitized details from Snow's map reproduced in: "Snow on Cholera: being a reprint of two papers by John Snow, M.D., together with a Biographical Memoir by B.W. Richardson, M.D. and an Introduction by Wade Hampton Frost, M.D.", London, Oxford University Press, 1936. The scale of the source map is approx. 1:2000. Coordinate units are meters. The data in these files consists of: the relevant 1854 London streets ("streets") the location of 578 deaths from cholera ("deaths") the position of 13 water pumps ("pumps") Each coordinate point in the file "deaths" specifies the address of a person who died from cholera. When many points are associated with a single street address, they are "stacked" in a line away from the street so that they are more easily visualized. This is how they are displayed on John Snow's original map. The dates of the deaths are not recorded. The data files were created for a student exercise included in NCGIA Technical Report 93-5: Teaching Introductory Geographical Data Analysis with GIS: A Laboratory Guide for an Integrated Spacestat/Idrisi Environment, edited by Rusty Dodson, preface by Luc Anselin.

129. WHO: Cholera Directory of resources concerning cholera and its vaccine. http://www.who.int/vaccine_research/diseases/cholera/en/

English Search Home Countries Health topics ... Links Initiative for Vaccine Research (IVR) Location: WHO WHO sites IVR home Infectious diseases Cholera Cholera Disease burden. During 2001, 58 countries officially notified WHO of a total of 184 311 cases (one third more than in 2000) and 2 728 deaths. The reported overall case-fatality rate (CFR) has dropped to 1.48% with regards to the 3.6% reported in 2000. This absolute decline in CFR reflects contrasting realities, as CFR for South Africa is very low (0.22%) whereas rates of up to 30% have been observed in other parts of Africa. Continue Background Objectives Key documents Links WHO website on Cholera Frequently asked questions Disease outbreak news - cholera (updated regularly) [new window] Cholera : basic facts for travellers [new window] ... CDC cholera information [new window] Fact sheets Cholera fact sheet (in English) [new window] Cholera fact sheet (in French) [new window] Epidemic dysentery fact sheet (in English) [new window] Epidemic dysentery fact sheet (in French) [new window] Meetings WHO Diarrhoeal Diseases Steering Committee, Montreux, Switzerland, 10-11 September 2003

130. Cholera cholera. What is cholera? cholera is a bacterial disease that affects the intestinaltract. It is caused by a germ called Vibno cholera. Who gets cholera? http://mdchoice.com/pt/ptinfo/cholera.asp

Sign up for a FREE disease newsletter: Select Disease Allergies Arthritis Cholesterol Depression Diabetes Hypertension Medical Information Arthritis Center Allergy Center Kid's Health Cancer Center ... Health News From our Sponsors Interactive Education Simulators PhotoRounds Medical Databases MEDLINE CancerLit AIDSLine Healthcare Employment About Us Editorial Board Our Company Contact Us We subscribe to the HONcode principles of the Health On the Net Foundation Spell Checker Search the Web's best medical sites Searches over 6,000 Medical Journals Health Information Wednesday, June 02, 2004 Find more information about this topic from either the Web or the world's best medical journals by using the search boxes at the top of this page. Cholera What is cholera? Cholera is a bacterial disease that affects the intestinal tract. It is caused by a germ called Vibno cholera. Although only a few cases are recognized in the United States each year, epidemic levels of cholera have recently been reported in parts of Central and South America. Who gets cholera?

131. The Cholera Epidemic Of 1832 In Buffalo The cholera Epidemic of 1832. The first reported case of cholera in Buffalo wason July 16th, an Irish laborer, an habitual drunkard, being the victim. http://www.buffalonian.com/history/articles/1801-50/cholera32.html

The Cholera Epidemic of 1832 Edited by Srtephen R. Powell For more on the Cholera Epidemic click here to read the diaries of George Washington Jonson who lived through the outbreak of 1834. The dreaded Asiatic cholera had been spreading over Europe in 1831, and while desperate efforts were made to keep it out of America, it was found to be in Quebec in the spring of 1832, having been carried it is thought by emigrants from Ireland. The scourge passed up the St. Lawrence, and by the time it reached Buffalo, the residents were so very apprehensive that it found receptive material, and the state in the young city soon became very serious. "It may be said that at the first visitation of the pestilence one-half of its victims were carried off by fear and fright," wrote Samuel M. Welch. Further, he said: "Buffalo was severely afflicted by this visitation. The treatment of the disease was mostly experimental, its nature not being understood; indeed the epidemic at times seemed to have full sway, without check. A man might be in apparent good health in the morning and in his grave the same night. Often people were taken away for burial in the night of the day of their death. "The death carts would patrol the streets, and when there would seem an indication of a death in a house, the driver would shout: 'Bring out your dead!' Bodies were not permitted to remain unburied over an hour or two, if it were possible to obtain carriers, or a sexton to bury them."

132. HOG CHOLERA PART IV FOREIGN ANIMAL DISEASES. HOG cholera ( Note The preferredterm for this disease is now classical swine fever.). (Classical http://www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/gray_book/FAD/hoc.htm

BACK MENU NEXT PART IV FOREIGN ANIMAL DISEASES HOG CHOLERA ( Note: The preferred term for this disease is now classical swine fever.) (Classical swine fever, peste du porc, colera porcina, Virusschweinepest) Definition Hog cholera (HC) is a highly contagious viral disease of swine that occurs in an acute, a subacute, a chronic, or a persistent form. In the acute form, the disease is characterized by high fever, severe depression, multiple superficial and internal hemorrhages, and high morbidity and mortality. In the chronic form, the signs of depression, anorexia, and fever are less severe than in the acute form, and recovery is occasionally seen in mature animals. Transplacental infection with viral strains of low virulence often results in persistently infected piglets, which constitute a major cause of virus dissemination to noninfected farms. Etiology Although minor antigenic variants of hog cholera virus (HCV) have been reported, there is only one serotype. Hog cholera virus is a lipid-enveloped pathogen belonging to the family Flaviviridae, genus Pestivirus . The organism has a close antigenic relationship with the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and the border disease virus (BDV), as demonstrated in the immunodiffusion and immunofluorescence tests. The serum neutralization test can, however, differentiate between HCV and BVDV. In a protein-rich environment, HCV is very stable and can survive for months in refrigerated meat and for years in frozen meat. The virus is sensitive to drying (desiccation) and is rapidly inactivated by a pH of less than 3 and greater than 11.

133. Avian Cholera - The National Atlas Of The United States Of America This multimedia map requires the Shockwave plugin for your browser anda minimum screen resolution of 800 by 600 pixels. Get Shockwave. http://nationalatlas.gov/avcholera.html

Home Page Text Mode This multimedia map requires the Shockwave plug-in for your browser and a minimum screen resolution of 800 by 600 pixels. Get Shockwave National Atlas of the United States and The National Atlas of the United States of America are registered trademarks of the United States Department of the Interior URL: http://www.nationalatlas.gov/avcholera.html Comments and feedback: atlasmail Last modification: 06APR01 db Frequently Asked Questions

134. DJIBOUTI Fears Of Cholera Outbreak Following Flash Floods - OCHA DJIBOUTI Fears of cholera outbreak following flash floods. © IRIN. Djibouti. Thelast cholera epidemic was in 2002 1,828 cases were declared with 32 deaths. http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=40879&SelectRegion=Horn_of_Africa&Se

135. Public Health Fact Sheet - Cholera Search the DPH Website. Public Health Fact Sheet cholera What is cholera? cholerais a diarrheal disease caused by the bacteria (germ) Vibrio cholera. http://www.mass.gov/dph/cdc/factsheets/cholera.htm

Bureau of Communicable Disease Control HIV/AIDS Surveillance STD Prevention Related Sites Centers for Disease Control Contact Information Bureau of Communicable Disease Control State Laboratory Institute 305 South Street Jamaica Plain, MA 02130 Alfred DeMaria, Jr., M.D., Assistant Commissioner Tel. Fax Search the DPH Website Public Health Fact Sheet - Cholera What is cholera? Cholera is a diarrheal disease caused by the bacteria (germ) Vibrio cholera. Cholera is rare in the United States and is more common in areas that have poor water treatment and hygiene practices. How is cholera spread? Cholera is spread by eating food or drinking water that is contaminated with the bacteria. People traveling to foreign countries with areas of poor hygiene and insufficient water treatment may be at a greater risk. Cholera can also be spread by eating contaminated shellfish such as oysters and clams. Shellfish become infected by coming into contact with contaminated sewage. Can cholera be used for bioterrorism?

136. How The Cholera Bacterium Got Its Virulence How the cholera Bacterium Got Its Virulence Harvard Researchers Findcholera Bacterium May Take Instruction From a Virus. BOSTONJune http://www.hms.harvard.edu/news/releases/696cholera.html

Contact: Peta Gillyatt gillyatt@hms.harvard.edu How the Cholera Bacterium Got Its Virulence Harvard Researchers Find Cholera Bacterium May Take Instruction From a Virus BOSTONJune 28, 1996In 1993, as cholera swept through India, scientists were faced with a set of perplexing questions: What caused the deadly Bengal strain of cholera to reappear? Where did the deadly cholera pathogen come from in the first place? Scientists have known that the cholera bacterium (Vibrio cholera) owes its virulence to two factorsthe cholera toxin and another protein, TCP pili, which enables it to clump together and adhere to the intestines. But how the Vibrio cholera got those deadly factors has been a mystery. Two Harvard Medical School scientists have found a partial answer to the puzzle. It appears that the cholera pathogen responsible for the Indian epidemic (Vibrio cholera 01) picked up one of its most lethal patches of DNAthe gene coding for the cholera toxinfrom a virus, CTX phage. "Here you have this dumb bacteriumVibrio cholerae doesn't know how to become a pathogenand the virus instructs it by introducing the cholera gene into the bacterial genome. The virus is the smart player in the interaction," says John Mekalanos, Shipley Professor of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics. He and Matthew K. Waldor, research fellow in medicine, announced their findings in the June 28 issue of Science. The virus's first clever act is to select its students. It appears to introduce the gene for cholera toxin only into those bacteria that express the TCP pili protein.

137. Pressemitteilungen - Thematische Übersicht; Cholera Translate this page Pressemitteilungen - Thematische Übersicht. cholera. Erneut cholera-Ausbrüchein Afrika Robert Koch-Institut mahnt Reisende zur Vorsicht 22.03.99. http://www.rki.de/PRESSE/PD_THEMA/CHOLERA.HTM

Cholera Choleraepidemie in Zaire und Ruanda: Rober Koch-Institut empfiehlt Verhaltensregeln hier

138. Steckbriefe Seltener Und Importierter Bakterien; Cholera Translate this page Bartonellosis, Oroya Fieber, Carrionsche Krankheit, Verruga peruana, Botulismus,Brucellose (M. Bang, Maltafieber), cholera, Diphterie, Ehrlichiose cholera. http://www.rki.de/INFEKT/STECKBRF/STBR_B/CHOLERA.HTM

139. HealthlinkUSA Cholera Links Lowest Prices On cholera At DealTime! Kanoodle.com. Click here forpage 1 of cholera information from the HealthlinkUSA directory. http://www.healthlinkusa.com/70ent.htm

140. Cholera cholera (or Asiatic cholera ) is a severe bacterial infection ofthe gut, caused by Vibrio cholerae. A bloated, crampy feeling http://www.posen-l.com/Cholera.htm

Cholera (or "Asiatic Cholera") is a severe bacterial infection of the gut, caused by Vibrio cholerae. A bloated, crampy feeling in the abdomen quickly gives way to huge quantities of very watery stool. The stool, which has little odor, is often referred to as "rice-water stool" because of its appearance (very watery, light colored and laced with tiny bits of mucus). Usually there is no fever and no blood in the stool, but there may be vomiting. Death is caused by the dehydration (loss of water from the body). As the disease progresses, victims will experience: Intense thirst; extreme weakness; sunken eyes; decreased urination, or concentrated urine; dry, wrinkled skin; quickened heart rate; lowered blood pressure; weakened pulse; sleepiness; unconsciousness; seizures; kidney failure. The symptoms may appear 1 to 7 days after eating food or drinking water contaminated with the bacteria, typically within 2 to 3 days. Contamination is from contact with the feces or vomitus of someone infected with cholera. Cholera was often spread in the home by someone who is infected with the bacteria preparing food for others or sharing a drinking cup. For most of the 1800s, cholera was greatly misunderstood. It was easy to see that those in proximity to infected persons were in danger. Whether it was caused by contact with the person, or with the environment was a matter of unprovable opinion. Many were of the opinion that certain areas had "poisonous vapors" and the cause was generally believed to be related to either poor sanitation, close quarters contaminated with the "bad air" of human civilization or both. It was generally thought to be the scourge of the depraved, poor masses, since it hit first and hardest in the poorest, most crowded places. In Europe and America, many felt that since it originated in non-Christian areas, that cleanliness and Godliness would protect. It wasn’t uncommon for some to blame it on a lack of morality. Originally, it was thought unable to survive the cold of winter.

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