1. DBMD - Cholera - General Information cholera. En español Prevención In January 1991, epidemic cholera appearedin South America and quickly spread to several countries. A few cases http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/cholera_g.htm

Cholera Frequently Asked Questions What is cholera? How does a person get cholera? What is the risk for cholera in the United States? What should travelers do to avoid getting cholera? ... Where can a traveler get information about cholera? In January 1991, epidemic cholera appeared in South America and quickly spread to several countries. A few cases have occurred in the United States among persons who traveled to South America or ate contaminated food brought back by travelers. Cholera has been very rare in industrialized nations for the last 100 years; however, the disease is still common today in other parts of the world, including the Indian subcontinent and sub-Saharan Africa. Although cholera can be life-threatening, it is easily prevented and treated. In the United States, because of advanced water and sanitation systems, cholera is not a major threat; however, everyone, especially travelers, should be aware of how the disease is transmitted and what can be done to prevent it. What is cholera?

2. What Is Cholera? Disease description, prevention, treatment, and links. http://www.disasterrelief.org/Disasters/971112cholera/

What is Cholera? Posted on Thu, 13 Nov 1997 16:14:36 GMT It seems like every time there are floods, earthquakes or any disasters in the developing countries of the world, an outbreak of cholera follows quickly. But what is this disease and why does it usually show up after a disaster? What is Cholera? Cholera is the illness caused by a bacterium called Vibria cholerae . It infects people's intestines, causing diarrhea, vomiting and leg cramps. How do people get it? The most common cause of cholera is by someone eating food or drinking water that has been contaminated with the bacteria. After a disaster, this is a very real danger, since regular, clean water and food supplies are often unavailable. The disease can be spread even further by infected people using already dirty water sources to clean themselves or dispose of waste. Why is it so serious? Cholera can be mild or even without symptoms, but a severe case can lead to death without immediate treatment. The diarrhea and vomiting brought on by the infection quickly leaves the body without enough fluid. The following dehydration and shock can kill a person within hours. Can it be treated?

3. John Snow - A Historical Giant In Epidemiology The life and times of Dr. John Snow (18131858), with multimedia pages including the complete text of On the Communication of cholera. Created by the Department of Epidemiology, UCLA School of Public Health. http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow.html

Last Updated 01 Jun 2004 This site is devoted to the life and times of Dr. John Snow (1813-1858), a legendary figure in the history of public health, epidemiology and anesthesiology. Click with your left mouse key to see and hear the material or and to see the material. is for broadband transmission. WHAT IS THIS SITE ALL ABOUT? The following articles describe the intent of the John Snow site and comment about his life. "Pioneer..." Chronicle of Higher Education "Cyber Sleuths" UCLA Magazine "History, maps..." SoC Bulletin (Adobe Acrobat) "When Cholera Met its Match" Science "John Snow" BBC Online "The Handle" UAB School of Public Health Magazine "Popularity of Epi site grows" UCLA School of Public Health Magazine SNOW ON CHOLERA Sight and sound animation describing the life and accomplishments of John Snow. Hardware and software requirements Instructions and test of system Part 1 : The Early Years Part 2 : Broad Street Pump Outbreak The U North Carolina Version Part 3: The Grand Experiment in process ARTICLES ON JOHN SNOW FROM 1955 TO PRESENT in process Many articles have been written about John Snow in the past half century. Eventually, all will appear here for distribution as PDF files to historians, teachers, students or other interested persons.

4. This Page Has Been Removed. - Centers For Disease Control And Prevention Pan American Health Organization. World Health Organization. The page choleraInformation for Travelers (Updated October 25, 2000) has been removed. http://www.cdc.gov/travel/cholera.htm

Contents Destinations Outbreaks Diseases Vaccinations ... USDA/APHIS Importing food, plant, animal products U.S. State Department Pan American Health Organization World Health Organization The page "Cholera Information for Travelers (Updated October 25, 2000)" has been removed. For current health information about cholera, please see "Travelers' Health Information on Cholera" at http://www.cdc.gov/travel/diseases/cholera.htm Division of Global Migration and Quarantine National Center for Infectious Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Top of Page Travelers' Health Home Contact Us CDC Home ... Health Topics A-Z This page last reviewed October 10, 2003 Division of Global Migration and Quarantine National Center for Infectious Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Accessibility

5. Vibrio Cholerae Vibrio cholerae and Asiatic cholera ©. 2002 Kenneth Todar University of WisconsinMadison Department of to humans, Vibrio cholerae, the agent of cholera, is the most important http://www.bact.wisc.edu/Bact330/lecturecholera

Bacteriology at UW-Madison Bacteriology 330 Home Page Vibrio cholerae and Asiatic Cholera Introduction The genus Vibrio consists of Gram-negative straight or curved rods, motile by means of a single polar flagellum. Vibrios are capable of both respiratory and fermentative metabolism. O is a universal electron acceptor; they do not denitrify. Most species are oxidase-positive. In most ways vibrios are related to enteric bacteria, but they share some properties with pseudomonads a well. The Family Vibrionaceae is found in the "Facultatively Anaerobic Gram-negative Rods" in Bergey's Manual, on the level with the Family Enterobacteriaceae . Vibrios are distinguished from enterics by being oxidase-positive and motile by means of polar flagella. Of the vibrios that are clinically significant to humans, Vibrio cholerae , the agent of cholera, is the most important. Most vibrios have relatively simple growth factor requirements and will grow in synthetic media with glucose as a sole source of carbon and energy. However, since vibrios are typically marine organisms, most species require 2-3% NaCl or a sea water base for optimal growth. Vibrios vary in their nutritional versatility, but some species will grow on more than 150 different organic compounds as carbon and energy sources, occupying the same level of metabolic versatility as Pseudomonas . In liquid media vibrios are motile by polar flagella that are enclosed in a sheath continuous with the outer membrane of the cell wall. On solid media they may synthesize numerous lateral flagella which are not sheathed.

6. ARS Research Timeline - Story On Hog Cholera Eradication An article on Hog cholera. http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/timeline/cholera.htm

Advanced Browse Help About Us ... Careers Printer Friendly Email this page About Us Home ARS Celebrates 50 Years Biographical Sketch of the Acting Administrator The Research Enterprise ... About Us > History of Research at the U.S. Department of Agriculture and Agricultural Research Service Eradicating Hog Cholera Back to Features Farms with hog cholera were quarantined. In the early years of this century [the 1900s], hog cholera "often swept through the countryside, causing devastating losses. During the fall months, looking across the prairies of the Middle West, one could often see smoke ascending from perhaps a half-dozen farms where pigs dead of cholera were being burned," USDA veterinarian C.N. McBryde recalled later... On January 31, 1978, Secretary Bob Bergland declared the United States hog cholera free in ceremonies in Washington, D.C. This was 99 years after USDA began hog cholera research and 17 years after the start of a Federal-State eradication campaign. Whether hog cholera originated in America or Europe is not definitely established, but most experts believe it to be native to this country. Cholera was first reported in the United States in 1833 in southern Ohio. By 1893, 90 separate areas of infection were known to exist. Outbreaks in 1886, 1887, and 1896 each killed more than 13 percent of the Nation's hogs; more than 10 percent died during the 19l3 outbreak. The disease was still costing producers $50 million a year in the early 1960's.

7. Cholera In Peru Makes a case study of the epidemic outbreak in 1991, with graphics and geographic information system data files. University of Colorado's Department of Geography http://www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/warmup/cholera/cholera_f.html

8. Krunal Cholera - Homepage Seeks employment in networking and/or web design. Experienced in Pascal, C programming, VERILOG, UNIX, Assembly Language 8085, 8086, and 80386. http://astro.temple.edu/~krunal

Skip Flash Intro Krunal Cholera Skip Flash Intro Krunal Cholera

9. Cholera MAIN SEARCH INDEX. cholera. Definition. cholera is an acute illness characterizedby watery diarrhea that is caused by the bacterium Vibro cholerae. http://www.ehendrick.org/healthy/000314.htm

MAIN SEARCH INDEX Cholera Definition Description Causes and symptoms Diagnosis ... Resources Definition Cholera is an acute illness characterized by watery diarrhea that is caused by the bacterium Vibro cholerae . Cholera is spread by eating food or drinking water contaminated with the bacteria. Although cholera was a public health problem in the United States and Europe a hundred years ago, modern sanitation and the treatment of drinking water have virtually eliminated the disease in developed countries. In third world countries, however, cholera is still common. Description Cholera is spread by eating food or drinking water that has been contaminated with cholera bacteria. Contamination usually occurs when human feces from a person who has the disease seeps into a community water supply. Fruits and vegetables can also be contaminated in areas where crops are fertilized with human feces. Cholera bacteria also live in warm, brackish water and can infect persons who eat raw or undercooked seafood obtained from such waters. Cholera is rarely transmitted directly from one person to another. Cholera often occurs in outbreaks or epidemics. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that during any cholera epidemic, approximately 0.2-1% of the local population will contract the disease. Anyone can get cholera, but infants, children, and the elderly are more likely to die from the disease because they become dehydrated faster than adults. There is no particular season in which cholera is more likely to occur.

10. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Cholera cholera. V. cholerae; Vibrio Definition Return to top. cholera is an infectionof the small intestine caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000303.htm

@import url(http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/images/advanced.css); Skip navigation Medical Encyclopedia Other encyclopedia topics: A-Ag Ah-Ap Aq-Az B-Bk ... Z Cholera Contents of this page: Illustrations Alternative names Definition Causes, incidence, and risk factors ... Prevention Illustrations Digestive system Digestive system organs Alternative names Return to top V. cholerae; Vibrio Definition Return to top Cholera is an infection of the small intestine caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae . It results in profuse, watery diarrhea. Causes, incidence, and risk factors Return to top Cholera is an acute illness characterized by watery diarrhea . The toxin released by the bacteria causes increased secretion of water and chloride ions in the intestine, which can produce massive diarrhea. Death can result from the severe dehydration brought on by the diarrhea. Cholera occurs in epidemics when conditions of poor sanitation, crowding, war, and famine are present. Endemic areas include India, Asia, Africa, the Mediterranean, and more recently, South and Central America, and Mexico. The infection is acquired by ingesting contaminated food or water. A type of Vibrio bacteria also has been associated with shellfish , especially raw oysters. Risk factors include residence or travel in endemic areas and exposure to contaminated or untreated drinking water.

11. South African Officials Fear Cholera Epidemic Might Spread CNN http://cnn.com/2001/WORLD/africa/01/02/southafrica.cholera.ap/index.html

12. Cholera Kills At Least 44 Mozambicans CNN http://cnn.com/2003/WORLD/africa/05/08/mozambique.cholera.reut/index.html

13. WHO Cholera And Epidemic-prone Diarrhoeal Diseases Diseases covered by CSR cholera and epidemicprone diarrhoeal diseases cholera. cholera is an acute bacterial infection of the intestine caused by ingestion of food or water http://www.who.int/emc/diseases/cholera

14. Cholera ( I Vibrio Cholerae /I ) cholera (Vibrio cholerae). ©2004 Timothy Paustian, Universityof WisconsinMadison. This page is no longer available. http://www.bact.wisc.edu/MicrotextBook/disease/cholera.html

15. WHO: Cholera And Epidemic-prone Diarrhoeal Diseases cholera and epidemicprone diarrhoeal diseases. cholera and epidemic-pronediarrhoeal diseases. cholera. cholera is an acute bacterial http://www.who.int/csr/disease/cholera/en/

English Search Home Countries Health topics ... Media Centre Location: WHO WHO sites CSR Home Diseases covered by CSR Cholera and epidemic-prone diarrhoeal diseases Cholera and epidemic-prone diarrhoeal diseases Cholera Cholera is an acute bacterial infection of the intestine caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with Vibrio cholerae, serogroups O1 or O139. Symptoms include acute watery diarrhoea and vomiting which can result in severe dehydration. When left untreated, death can occur rapidly. FOR MORE INFORMATION Cholera Information resources Epidemic dysentery Dysentery may be simply defined as diarrhoea containing blood. Although several organisms can cause dysentery, Shigella are the most important. Shigella dysenteriae type 1 (Sd1), also known as the Shiga bacillus, is the most virulent of the four serogroups of Shigella. Sd1 is the only cause of epidemic dysentery. In addition to bloody diarrhoea, the illness caused by Sd1 often includes abdominal cramps, fever and rectal pain. Less frequent complications of infection with Sd1 include sepsis, seizures, renal failure and the haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Approximately 5-15% of Sd1 cases are fatal. FOR MORE INFORMATION WHO fact sheet on epidemic dysentery Information resources Typhoid fever Typhoid fever is contracted when people eat food or drink water that has been infected with Salmonella typhi. It is recognized by the sudden onset of sustained fever, severe headache, nausea and severe loss of appetite. It is sometimes accompanied by hoarse cough and constipation or diarrhoea. Case-fatality rates of 10% can be reduced to less than 1% with appropriate antibiotic therapy. Paratyphoid fever shows similar symptoms, but tends to be milder and the case-fatality rate is much lower.

16. FDA/CFSAN Bad Bug Book Vibrio Cholerae Serogroup O1 This bacterium is responsible for Asiatic or epidemic cholera. No major outbreaks of this disease have occurred In 1991 cholera was reported for the first time in this century http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~MOW/chap7.html

C enter for F ood S A pplied N utrition Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook Vibrio cholerae Serogroup O1 1. Name of the Organism: Vibrio cholerae Serogroup O1 This bacterium is responsible for Asiatic or epidemic cholera. No major outbreaks of this disease have occurred in the United States since 1911. However, sporadic cases occurred between 1973 and 1991, suggesting the possible reintroduction of the organism into the U.S. marine and estuarine environment. The cases between 1973 and 1991 were associated with the consumption of raw shellfish or of shellfish either improperly cooked or re-contaminated after proper cooking. Environmental studies have demonstrated that strains of this organism may be found in the temperate estuarine and marine coastal areas surrounding the United States. In 1991 cholera was reported for the first time in this century in South America, starting in Peru. The outbreaks quickly grew to epidemic proportions and spread to other South American and Central American countries, and into Mexico. 1,099,882 cases and 10,453 deaths were reported in the Western Hemisphere between January 1991 and July 1995. Although the South American strain of V. cholerae O1 has been isolated from Gulf Coast waters, presumably transmitted by ships off-loading contaminated ballast water, no cases of cholera have been attributed to fish or shellfish harvested from U.S. waters. However, over 100 cases of cholera caused by the South American strain have been reported in the United States. These cases were travelers returning from South America, or were associated with illegally smuggled, temperature-abused crustaceans from South America.

17. CNN.com - Cholera Epidemic Spreads Among South Africans Without Clean Water - No CNN http://www.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/africa/11/01/southafrica.cholera.ap/index.html

world africa Editions myCNN ... Feedback CNN Sites CNN CNN Europe CNNfn CNNSI myCNN CNNfyi AllPolitics Languages Search CNN.com CNNSI.com CNNfn.com The Web WORLD TOP STORIES Thousands dead in India; quake toll rapidly rising Israelis, Palestinians make final push before Israeli election Gates pledges $100 million for AIDS Davos protesters face tear gas ... MORE TOP STORIES Thousands dead in India; quake toll rapidly rising Israelis, Palestinians make final push before Israeli election Davos protesters face tear gas MORE ... MORE MARKETS 4:30pm ET, 4/16 DJIA NAS SPORTS Jordan says farewell for the third time ... LOCAL EDITIONS: CNN.com Europe change default edition MULTIMEDIA: video video archive audio multimedia showcase ... more services E-MAIL: Subscribe to one of our news e-mail lists Enter your address: DISCUSSION: chat feedback CNN WEB SITES: CNNfyi.com CNN.com Europe AsiaNow Spanish ... Korean Headlines TIME INC. SITES: Go To ... Time.com People Money Fortune EW CNN NETWORKS: CNN anchors transcripts Turner distribution SITE INFO: help contents search ad info ... jobs WEB SERVICES: Cholera epidemic spreads among South Africans without clean water EMPANGENI, South Africa (AP) Several times a day, Roslina Motha walks from her home in rural South Africa to a nearby river to fill two 25-liter (6 1/2 gallon) containers with water.

18. Mode Of Communication Of Cholera(John Snow, 1855) John Snow s historic text, On the Mode of Communication of cholera, published in London in 1855. This page uses frames http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/snowbook.html

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19. WHO/OMS: Cholera Vaccines and Immunization. Background information on cholera and its control. Surveillance and Response. Global incidence, epidemiology, disease outbreaks, articles and publications, videos. WHO Publications. Diarrhoeal Diseases Child Health and Development cholerarelated publications. cholera Basic Facts for Travellers http://www.who.int/health-topics/cholera.htm

WHO Fact Sheet Vaccines and Immunization Background information on Cholera and its control Surveillance and Response Global incidence, epidemiology, disease outbreaks, articles and publications, videos WHO Publications Diarrhoeal Diseases Infectious, Emerging Diseases International Travel and Health vaccination requirements and health advice Child Health and Development Cholera-related publications Cholera: Basic Facts for Travellers Newsletter Global defence against the infectious disease threat ... Accès au français Catalogue Disease Outbreak News Weekly Epidemiological Record WHO Home Search ... (c) WHO/OMS 2001

20. Cholera - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia cholera. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. cholera is a diseaseof the intestinal tract caused by the Vibrio cholerae bacterium. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera

Cholera From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Cholera is a disease of the intestinal tract caused by the Vibrio cholerae bacterium . These bacteria are typically ingested by drinking water contaminated by improper sanitation or by eating improperly cooked fish, especially shell fish. Symptoms include diarrhea , abdominal cramps, nausea vomiting , and dehydration. It is treated with rehydration and antibiotics , but in severe cases, cholera can lead to death. About one million Vibrio cholerae bacteria must be ingested to cause cholera in normally healthy adults, although increased susceptibility may be observed in those with weakened immune systems, individuals with decreased gastric acidity (as from the use of antacids ), or those who are malnourished. The last major outbreak of cholera in the United States was in 1,099,882 cases and 10,453 deaths were reported in the Western Hemisphere between January 1991 and July 1995. On average, one case of cholera is reported in the United States every week. Vibrio cholerae causes disease by producing a toxin that disables the GTPase function of G proteins which are part of G protein-coupled receptors in intestinal cells. This has the effect that the G proteins are locked in the "on position" binding

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