21. Scientists Map Bubonic Plague Gene CNN http://cnn.com/2001/HEALTH/10/03/plague.gene.ap/index.html

22. Bubonic Plague - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia bubonic plague. bubonic plague is an infectious disease that is believedto have caused several epidemics or pandemics throughout history. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubonic_plague

Bubonic plague From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Plague redirects here. If you are looking for plagues in general, see disease infectious disease , or epidemic Bubonic plague is an infectious disease that is believed to have caused several epidemics or pandemics throughout history. Table of contents 1 Infection 2 Symptoms and treatment 3 Historic outbreaks 4 Contemporary cases ... edit Infection It is primarily a disease of rodents , particularly marmots (in which the most virulent strains of plague are primarily found), but also black rats prairie dogs chipmunks squirrels and other similar large rodents. Human infection occurs when people come into contact with infected rodents. The disease is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis and is usually transmitted by the bite of fleas from an infected host, often a black rat . The bacteria are transferred from the blood of infected rats to the rat flea ( Xenopsylla cheopsis ). The bacillus multiplies in the stomach of the flea, blocking it. When the flea next bites a mammal , the consumed blood is regurgitated along with the bacillus into the bloodstream of the bitten animal. Any serious outbreak of plague is started by other disease outbreaks in the rodent population. During these outbreaks, infected fleas that have lost their normal hosts seek other sources of blood. edit Symptoms and treatment The disease becomes evident 2-7 days after infection. Initial symptoms are chills, fever, headaches, and the formation of

23. CNN.com - Bubonic Plague Kills 14 In Uganda - October 11, 2001 CNN http://cnn.com/2001/WORLD/africa/10/11/uganda.plague/index.html

MAIN PAGE WORLD U.S. WEATHER ... ABOUT US/HELP CNN TV what's on show transcripts CNN Headline News CNN International EDITIONS CNN.com Asia CNN.com Europe CNNenEspanol.com CNNArabic.com ... set your edition Languages Spanish Portuguese German Italian Korean Arabic Japanese Time, Inc. Time.com People Fortune EW InStyle Business 2.0 Bubonic plague kills 14 in Uganda Rats have swarmed into several villages as a result of the rainy season KAMPALA, Uganda An outbreak of bubonic plague in Uganda has killed 14 people in the last three weeks, officials said. A government health official said on Thursday that the disease is believed to have been caused by an influx of rats into several villages. The rats entered four villages in the northwestern Nebbi district near the Congo border, said Dr. Dam Okware, who is coordinating the government's efforts to halt the spread of the fatal disease. The rats normally live outside the villages but seek shelter during the annual rainy season, he told Reuters. So far, 23 people have been infected with the disease, which affects the lymph nodes, and 14 have died. No new cases have been reported since October 3, Okware said. The bacterial disease is transmitted from rodents to humans by fleas living on the infected animals.

24. Bubonic Plague Traced To Ancient Egypt The bubonic plague may have originated in ancient Egypt, according to anew study. Egyptian bubonic plague Traced to Ancient Egypt Cameron http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/03/0310_040310_blackdeath.html

Sign up for our free e-mail newsletter Also see: Today's Top Stories This Story E-mail this story Sponsored in part by Win a National Geographic photo workshop in Santa Fe Looking for the ideal gift for Dad or Grads? Send the gift of National Geographic for a special price of $19! Bubonic Plague Traced to Ancient Egypt Cameron Walker for National Geographic News March 10, 2004 The bubonic plague, or Black Death, may have originated in ancient Egypt, according to a new study. "This is the first time the plague's origins in Egypt have been backed up by archaeological evidence," said Eva Panagiotakopulu, who made the discovery. Panagiotakopulu is an archaeologist and fossil-insect expert at the University of Sheffield, England. Read the full King Tutankhamun lies in his burial chamber in the Valley of the Kings, Egypt. Some researchers now believe that the bubonic plague, or Black Death, originated in the village where builders of Tutankhamun's tomb lived. National Geographic Magazine Collector's Issue: Treasures of Egypt The greatest collection of ancient Egypt photographs ever published More News Kids News The Environment Travel National Geographic Channel Special Series Emerging Explorers TravelWatch National Geographic Out There Oceans ... Pulse of the Planet suggests an alternate starting point.

25. EMedicine – Bubonic Plague : Symptoms, Causes, Pictures Of The Bubonic Plague ( A physician's report on bubonic plague infection, transmission patterns, and associated symptoms. Includes pictures of bubonic plague patients as well as a review of septicemic plague and pneumonic plague. http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic428.htm

(advertisement) Home Specialties CME PDA ... Patient Education Articles Images CME Patient Education Advanced Search Link to this site Back to: eMedicine Specialties Emergency Medicine Warfare - Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear And Explosives CBRNE - Plague Last Updated: January 15, 2003 Rate this Article Email to a Colleague AUTHOR INFORMATION Section 1 of 11 Author Information Introduction Clinical Differentials ... Bibliography Author: Demetres Velendzas, MD , Consulting Staff, Department of Emergency Medicine, Manchester Memorial Hospital, Eastern Connecticut Health Network Coauthor(s): Susan Dufel, MD, FACEP , Program Director, Associate Professor, Department of Traumatology and Emergency Medicine, Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine; Thomas W McGovern, MD , Dermatologist and Mohs Surgeon, Fort Wayne Dermatology, PC Editor(s): Dan Danzl, MD , Chair, Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Louisville Hospital; Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD

26. Bubonic Plague bubonic plague. Additional Information, Plague Q A, Plague Prevention.Plague is an infectious disease of animals and humans caused http://www.responsiblewildlifemanagement.org/bubonic_plague.htm

Bubonic Plague Additional Information Plague Prevention Plague is an infectious disease of animals and humans caused by a bacterium named Yersinia pestis . People usually get plague from being bitten by a rodent flea that is carrying the plague bacterium or by handling an infected animal. Millions of people in Europe died from plague in the Middle Ages, when human homes and places of work were inhabited by flea-infested rats. Today, modern antibiotics are effective against plague, but if an infected person is not treated promptly, the disease is likely to cause illness or death. The Risk Wild rodents in certain areas around the world are infected with plague. Outbreaks in people still occur in rural communities or in cities. They are usually associated with infected rats and rat fleas that live in the home. In the United States, the last urban plague epidemic occurred in Los Angeles in 1924-25. Since then, human plague in the United States has occurred as mostly scattered cases in rural areas (an average of 10 to 15 persons each year). Globally, the World Health Organization reports 1,000 to 3,000 cases of plague every year. In North America, plague is found in certain animals and their fleas from the Pacific Coast to the Great Plains, and from southwestern Canada to Mexico. Most human cases in the United States occur in two regions: 1) northern New Mexico, northern Arizona, and southern Colorado; and 2) California, southern Oregon, and far western Nevada. Plague also exists in Africa, Asia, and South America (see map).

27. The Black Death, The Bubonic Plague Story of bubonic plague with links to primary sources, including maps, drawings and pictures of the types of fleas that spread this disease during the Middle Ages. http://www.click2disasters.com/black_death/black_death.htm

The Black Death, Bubonic Plague During the 14th century, the plague invaded Europe. From its likely beginnings in China, "The Pestilence" (now known as "The Black Death") followed established trade routes. It is estimated that at least 50% of people living in some of the affected areas died. Carried by fleas on sea-going rodents, Bubonic Plague remained a mystery until the late 19th century. From Boccaccio's first-hand description in his Introduction to the "Decameron" to contemporary wood etchings of death's horror, we learn the enormity of the Plague's tragic effects. Go Directly To: O R Select a different story from the directory Follow links to the Center for Disease Control to learn what caused the Black Death. Read about the horror that followed in its 14th century wake. Examine current scholarship suggesting that anthrax may have been partly responsible for some of the deaths - especially in towns away from seaports. Learn the real story of the world's greatest disaster...Brought to you by Click2Disasters, a channel of AwesomeStories.com. the black death chapter 1 the black death chapter 2 the black death chapter 3 the black death chapter 4 ... the black death chapter 12

28. Medieval Village Life Features slides with information about medieval times such as manor life, farming, and the bubonic plague. http://website.lineone.net/~colin.beswick/WPercyPP_files/frame.htm

29. Woman Who Had Bubonic Plague Leaves Hospital CNN http://cnn.com/2002/HEALTH/conditions/11/14/plague.update.reut/index.html

30. Plague The Black Death. The bubonic plague or Black Death was a fatal diseasespread by fleas which lived on rats and humans. This plague http://www.svms.santacruz.k12.ca.us/portalii/Plague.html

The Black Death The Bubonic Plague or "Black Death" was a fatal disease spread by fleas which lived on rats and humans. This plague started in Asia and traveled to Europe by rat-infested Italian ships trading goods across the Mediterranean Sea. The Plague reached England by 1348, and by 1351 it had killed over a million people, one-third of Europe's entire population. Few who caught the Black Death ever survived. Whole towns, villages and hamlets were wiped out. A rat bite on a person's leg or arm would swell up into a painful bulging welt. More painful welts would appear all over the person's body until the infection was so bad that the person died usually within three days. As the people died out, so did The Plague. Today this disease is not fatal if treated with antibiotics when first detected. Excellent Resource for study of epidemic disease! Excerpt from Extraordinary Endings of Practically Everything and Everybody 'It began late in 1346 as an epidemic in the fortificd trading port of Caffa (now Theodosia~ on the Crimean shore of the Black Sea. "I buried with my own hands five of my children in a single grave," wrote Italian author Agnioli di Tura. "No bells. No tears. This is the end of the world." That is how the scourge was viewed. Burial Pits were hastily dug and as rapidly filled with corpses. As a commentator of the time graphically wrote: "The testator and his heirs and executors were hurled from the same cart into the same hole together." The clergy prayed over the dying for divine intervention, but when they too began to die in huge numbers, every man became his own confessor.

31. Bubonic Plague A brief description of history, transmission and other issues surrounding bubonic plague http://www2.itexas.net/~jburks/plague.htm

32. The Bubonic Plague A look at the bubonic plague, its causes and its history as it spreadthroughout England. The bubonic plague. A look at the bubonic http://me.essortment.com/bubonicplague_rvdr.htm

The Bubonic plague A look at the bubonic plague, its causes and its history as it spread throughout England. It is the year of Our Lord 1346, and trade is abundant in the wealthy ports of Europe. Merchant ships sail between Italy and the Orient on a regular basis, exchanging goods and glory, prosperity and ... plague? What foul disease could disturb the general peace of the known world? Originating in the Orient, a plague swept westward and, by the spring of 1348, was rampant in the once-thriving Italian port of Sicily. As the plague, quickly becoming known as the Black Death, spread, people began to become afraid. The stories of travelers had been circulating that disaster had struck the Orient a decade earlier. But Europe, detached from the situation, had simply ignored the possibility of its spread. While no one had been able to say why the plague began in the Orient, stories of its spread westward and its dastardly death toll had began to alarm people. bodyOffer(21295) Medieval medicine was a mixture of superstition and religion; because of this, the idea that the Black Death was caused by atmospheric corruption over the Orient kept Europeans calm. Later, excused as punishment on heathens and sinners, the Black Death would be scoffed by Europe as a whole. At the outbreak, many ignored its spread in Europe. However, the plague continued to spread rapidly, and people began to doubt their theories when it descended indiscriminately on heathen and Christian, sinner and saint, alike.

33. The History Of The Black Death Historical information, pictures, causes, superstitions, and outcomes dealing with the bubonic plague. http://www.geocities.com/julia09/blackdeath.html

34. Templateeliz The most devastating to England was the bubonic plague. The Black Deathappeared in two forms, the bubonic plague and the pneumonic plague. http://www.springfield.k12.il.us/schools/springfield/eliz/plague.html

District 186 District School Sites Teacher Resources Site Map Elizabethan England Plague by Liam Miller and Evan Orr Plagues devastated Elizabethan England. They were a constant threat to the people and the land. The most devastating to England was the bubonic plague. London was afflicted over a dozen times during the 1500's. The bubonic plague originated in Central Asia, where it killed 25 million people before it made its way into Constantinople in 1347. From there it spread to Mediterranean ports such as Naples and Venice. Trade ships from these Mediterranean ports spread plague to the inhabitants of southern France and Italy. It had spread to Paris by June of 1348, and London was in the grips of plague several months later. By 1350, all of Europe had been hit by plague. From this time to the mid 1600's, the disease was seen in England. This particular type of plague was the bubonic plague, which is caused by the bacteria called Yersinia pests. This bacteria lived in rats and other rodents. Human beings were infected through bites from the fleas that lived on these rats. The symptoms associated with plague are bubos, which are painful swellings of the lymph nodes. These typically appear in the armpits, legs, neck, or groin. If left untreated, plague victims die within two to four days. Victims of this disease suffered swelling in the armpit and groin, as well as bleeding in the lungs. Victims also suffered a very high fever, delirium and prostration. During the sixteenth century, plague teased England's countryside with isolated outbreaks. The major outbreaks were in London, due to its large population. Historian Rappel Holinshed wrote: "many men died in many places, but especially in London." At the beginning of the century, London had a few mild winters, allowing the infected rats and fleas (which usually hibernated) to remain active. Contemporary observers estimate that this epidemic took almost 30,000 lives, almost half of London's population at the time. However, church records show this estimate to be exaggerated, putting the actual number closer to 20,000.

35. Hardin MD : Bubonic Plague / Pneumonic Plague From the University of Iowa, the *best* lists of Internet sources in bubonicplague pneumonic plague. bubonic plague / Pneumonic Plague. http://www.lib.uiowa.edu/hardin/md/bubonicplague.html

Bubonic Plague / Pneumonic Plague "We list the best sites that list the sites" Site Map Diseases Home Free Articles in PubMed Search Hardin MD See also: Home Bioterrorism Infectious Dis. All links on this page hand-checked Popular Women's Health Dermatology Nursing Pharm Infect Disease Anthrax +Pictures Bioterrorism Black Widow Spiders +Pictures Brown Recluse Spiders +Pictures Chiggers +Pictures Flea Bites +Pictures Infectious Diseases Insect Bites Pictures Lungs ... Meningitis +Pictures Rocky Mtn Fever +Pictures Skin Pictures Smallpox +Pictures Spider Bites +Pictures Pictures of the Bubonic Plague Open Directory Project : Health : ... : Infectious diseases : Plague (Other versions: Google AOL LookSmart : Plague Yahoo : Plague healthfinder® : Pneumonic plague US Government OMNI : Plague Univ Nottingham, United Kingdom NOAH: Plague NY Online Access to Health Pictures of the Bubonic Plague Plague Images Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, US Center for Disease Control (CDC) Plague : Pictures Symptoms eMedicine.com MEDLINEplus Health Encyclopedia : Plague Symptoms A.D.A.M. / National Library of Medicine

36. Plague And Public Health In Renaissance Europe be able to follow themes and issues geographically across Europe in any given timeperiod or chronologically from the first cases of bubonic plague in 1348 to http://www.iath.virginia.edu/osheim/intro.html

Plague and Public Health in Renaissance Europe This project involves the creation of a hypertext archive of narratives, medical consilia, governmental records, religious and spiritual writings and images documenting the arrival, impact and response to the problem of epidemic disease in Western Europe between 1348 and 1530. When completed researchers will be able to follow themes and issues geographically across Europe in any given time period or chronologically from the first cases of bubonic plague in 1348 to the early sixteenth century. Introduction Florence, 1348 Pistoia, 1348 Lucca, 1348 Last Modified: Tuesday, 01-Nov-1994 23:24:12 EST

37. PLAGUE AND PUBLIC HEALTH IN RENAISSANCE EUROPE A. bubonic plague In Renaissance Europe. bubonic plague (Yersinia pestis) had beenabsent from Western Europe for nearly a millenium when it appeared in 1348. http://www.iath.virginia.edu/osheim/plaguein.html

PLAGUE AND PUBLIC HEALTH IN RENAISSANCE EUROPE This project involves the creation of a hypertext collection of materials on the Impact of Bubonic Plague on Renaissance Society between the initial outbreak in 1348 and the mid-sixteenth century. A. Bubonic Plague In Renaissance Europe B. Nature Of The Document Collection Although we like to recount history in a logical, linear narrative, in reality, matters usually are not so straight-forward. War, plague, economic depression all affect people differently depending on age, class, sex and the like. Collections of texts and images, since they do represent multiple points of view, are ideal ways to accurately convey the multi-faceted nature of human reality. Through a collection, annotation, and translation, where necessary, of chronicles, diaries, letters, government documents, religious literature and contemporary images this project aims at the creation of a hypertext archive through which scholars and students can study the medical, governmental, religious and personal responses to the problem of epidemic disease. The initial stages concentrating on three core areas will provide a basic context into which selected images, medical consilia and narrative fragments from other parts of Europe can be fitted.

38. Bubonic Plague bubonic plague Official Website. (C) 2003 by Pier. http://www.bubonicplague.nl/

Bubonic Plague Official Website. (C) 2003 by Pier.

39. Bubonic Plague The bubonic plague. Effects of the Plague. The Event and Process Facts.History of the Black Death. This page was created by these three people. http://warrensburg.k12.mo.us/ew/bubonic/

The Bubonic Plague Effects of the Plague The Event and Process Facts History of the Black Death This page was created by these three people. From left to right: Mike Smith, Jessica Paternoster, and Chris Brockway (and rats)

40. A Science Odyssey: People And Discoveries: Bubonic Plague Hits San Francisco bubonic plague hits San Francisco 1900 1909 bubonic plague, or the blackdeath, had raged throughout Europe and Asia over the past centuries. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/dm00bu.html

Bubonic plague hits San Francisco Photo: Rat Receiving Station set up as part of the War on Rats led by the U.S. Public Health Service. Millions of rats were killed and in 2 months no new cases of plague were reported. Bubonic plague, or "the black death," had raged throughout Europe and Asia over the past centuries. In the twentieth century, it came to America. In the summer of 1899, a ship sailing from Hong Kong to San Francisco had had two cases of plague on board. Because of this, although no passengers were ill when the ship reached San Franscisco, it was to be quarantined on Angel Island. When the boat was searched, 11 stowaways were found the next day two were missing. Their bodies were later found in the Bay, and autopsy showed they contained plague bacilli. Despite this scare, there was no immediate outbreak of disease. But rats from the ship probably had something to do with the epidemic that hit San Francisco nine months later. On March 6, 1900, a city health officer autopsied a deceased Chinese man and found organisms in the body that looked like plague. In 1894, two research physicians had simultaneously and independently identified the bacillus that causes bubonic plague. Shibasaburo Kitasato published his findings in Japanese and English; Alexandre Yersin published in French. People in different parts of the world credited one or the other with the discovery, depending which journals they had read. (Since 1970 the bacillus has been known as Yersinia pestis .) That the plague had an identifiable "germ" was known. But other recent findings had not been disseminated or believed. Most people felt that the germ infected humans through food or open wounds. Disinfection campaigns were the order of the day. In some places they ran carbolic acid through sewers, actually spreading the disease faster because it flushed out rats that had lived there.

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