1. Bubonic Plague Far from the deadliest epidemic. The bubonic plague. Just At its worst,the bubonic plague killed 2 million victims a year. This http://home.nycap.rr.com/useless/bubonic_plague/

One of my readers, Tom Johnston, has prepared an excellent site titled Life at Camp Funston . On this website you will find a great collection of letters written by his dad, Charles L. Johnston. Starting with the letter written on Sunday, September 29, 1918, you can read of his first hand experiences with the influenza at the camp. Infectious Disease News features an article on the current research titled Is another influenza pandemic coming soon? . The story includes a discussion of how the government is preparing for the next pandemic. The Center for Disease Control offers details on Influenza and its prevention. The American Experience on PBS recently ran a show titled Influenza 1918 . This nice site offers quite a bit of detail. The March 21, 1997 issue of The New York Times features a page 1 article titled Genetic Material of Virus From 1918 Flu is Found The Albany Times Union also has an article appearing on March 21, 1997 titled 1918 flu that killed millions could return say researchers (page A-4). For more details on the Bubonic Plague, Black Death, and this mysterious virus, check out

2. The Black Death: Bubonic Plague The Black Death bubonic plague. In the early 1330s an outbreak ofdeadly bubonic plague occurred in China. Plague mainly affects http://www.byu.edu/ipt/projects/middleages/LifeTimes/Plague.html

The Black Death: Bubonic Plague In the early 1330s an outbreak of deadly bubonic plague occurred in China. Plague mainly affects rodents, but fleas can transmit the disease to people. Once people are infected, they infect others very rapidly. Plague causes fever and a painful swelling of the lymph glands called buboes, which is how it gets its name. The disease also causes spots on the skin that are red at first and then turn black. Since China was one of the busiest of the world's trading nations, it was only a matter of time before the outbreak of plague in China spread to western Asia and Europe. In October of 1347, several Italian merchant ships returned from a trip to the Black Sea, one of the key links in trade with China. When the ships docked in Sicily, many of those on board were already dying of plague. Within days the disease spread to the city and the surrounding countryside. An eyewitness tells what happened: "Realizing what a deadly disaster had come to them, the people quickly drove the Italians from their city. But the disease remained, and soon death was everywhere. Fathers abandoned their sick sons. Lawyers refused to come and make out wills for the dying. Friars and nuns were left to care for the sick, and monasteries and convents were soon deserted, as they were stricken, too. Bodies were left in empty houses, and there was no one to give them a Christian burial." The disease struck and killed people with terrible speed. The Italian writer Boccaccio said its victims often

3. The Electronic Passport To The Bubonic Plague The bubonic plague killed almost half of the European people in the fourteenth century. Learn about the disease also known as the Great Plague or the Black Death in the Electronic Passport at www . http://www.mrdowling.com/703-plague.html

HOME TIME AND SPACE PREHISTORY MESOPOTAMIA ... The Normans The Bubonic Plague Almost half of the people of Western Europe died in a great sickness known as the Bubonic Plague. The plague was also referred to as "the Black Death" b ecause the skin of diseased people turned a dark gray color. It apparently began in China's Gobi Desert, and it killed about 35 million Asian people. When sailors traveled to Asia, rats returned with them to Europe. Fleas living on the blood of infected rats then transferred the disease to the European people. In 1347, Italian merchant ships returned from the Black Sea, one of the links along the trade route between Europe and China. Many of the sailors were already dying of the plague, and within days the disease had spread from the port cities to the surrounding countryside. The disease spread as far as England within a year. Click here to see a map of the infected areas of Europe.

4. 7Online.com: NYC Medical Scare: Two Being Treated At Area Hospital For Bubonic P INTERACTIVELearn More About The bubonic plague, Including Symptoms, Risk Factors and Treatments Jay's Explanation of the Plague. The bubonic plague claimed millions of lives in http://abclocal.go.com/wabc/news/WABC_110602_nycplague.html

var CM8Server = "abc.checkm8.com"; var CM8Cat = "WABC.NEWS"; var CM8Profile = "STORY=WABC_110602_NYCPLAGUE"; CM8ShowAd("TOP") Quick Links News 7 On Your Side 7 On Call The Investigators Our Schools Technology- The Tech Guru Streaming Video Weather 5-Day Forecast At a Glance Watch the Forecast Interactive Get Your 7online.com Desktop Alert ENews Alerts Behind the News with Bill Ritter Message Boards Sports New York Teams ESPN Headlines Entertainment Celebrity Headlines Movies Lottery On TV Your TV Schedule Shows on ABC 7 Health Dr. Jay ABCNEWS.com Health Headlines Technology The Tech Guru Traffic and Live Cameras Tri-State Maps Text Updates Traffic Cameras Views Around NYC Live Cams around the U.S. About ABC 7 News Team Bios Contact Us Jobs at ABC 7 print story email story last updated: 11/7/2002 NYC Medical Scare: Two Being Treated At Area Hospital For Bubonic Plague (New York-WABC, November 6, 2002) Two patients at a New York City hospital have been diagnosed with a dangerous disease not seen in this region in decades. Eyewitness News has learned that doctors at Beth Israel Medical Center are caring for the two people who have the Bubonic plague. Jim Dolan reports from Beth Israel with more.

5. CNN.com - Bubonic Plague Suspected In NYC Visitors - Jan. 15, 2003 A New Mexico couple who traveled to New York have been hospitalized with what is believed to be the first case of bubonic plague in the city in a century, said health officials. Swollen, tender http://www.cnn.com/2002/HEALTH/11/07/ny.plague

CNN Europe CNN Asia Languages Spanish Portuguese German Italian Korean Arabic Japanese On CNN TV Transcripts Headline News CNN International ... Special Reports SERVICES Video E-Mail Services CNNtoGO SEARCH Web CNN.com Bubonic plague suspected in NYC visitors Story Tools BUBONIC PLAGUE What : Potentially fatal disease caused by bacterium Yersinia pestis How contracted : Bite from rodent flea carrying the plague bacterium. Symptoms : Swollen, tender lymph nodes (swollen gland called a bubo hence bubonic plague). Fever. Chills. Extreme exhaustion. Incidence : Ten to 20 persons a year infected in rural areas of Western United States. Globally, 1,000 to 3,000 cases a year. Treatment : Antibiotics. If not treated promptly can cause death. About 14 percent of all U.S. plague cases are fatal. Place in history : Millions of Europeans died in the Middle Ages when flea-infested rats inhabited homes and workplaces. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention NEW YORK (CNN) A New Mexico couple who traveled to New York have been hospitalized with what is believed to be the first case of bubonic plague in the city in a century, said health officials. The couple arrived in the city last Friday and went to the hospital two days later with high fever and swollen lymph nodes. The man, 53, is in critical condition and on life support at a Manhattan hospital; his 47-year-old wife is in stable condition, said officials. Both are in isolation at the hospital.

6. Bubonic Plague The Bubonic (and other forms of) Plague. or. This is the Xenopsylla cheopsis. A known carrier for the bubonic plague. Since China was one of the busiest of the http://www.angelfire.com/sc/plauge

var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "angelfire.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" Software Homepage DVD Music Home Page Search the Web: The Bubonic (and other forms of) Plague or This is the Xenopsylla cheopsis. A known carrier for the Bubonic Plague. Since China was one of the busiest of the world's trading nations, it was only a matter of time before the outbreak of plague in China spread to western Asia and Europe. In October of 1347, several Italian merchant ships returned from a trip to the Black Sea, one of the key links in trade with China. When the ships docked in Sicily, many of those on board were already dying of plague. Within days the disease spread to the city and the surrounding countryside. An eyewitness tells what happened: "Realizing what a deadly disaster had come to them, the people quickly drove the Italians from their city. But the disease remained, and soon death was everywhere. Fathers abandoned their sick sons. Lawyers refused to come and make out wills for the dying. Friars and nuns were left to care for the sick, and monasteries and convents were soon deserted, as they were stricken, too. Bodies were left in empty houses, and there was no one to give them a Christian burial." The disease struck and killed people with terrible speed. The Italian writer Boccaccio said its victims often

7. CNN.com - Scientist In Plague Vial Case Set To Appear Court - Jan. 16, 2003 The university scientist accused of making false statements to the FBI about missing vials of bacteria that could cause bubonic plague is expected in court Thursday, law enforcement sources said. http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/Southwest/01/15/missing.plague

CNN Europe CNN Asia Languages Spanish Portuguese German Italian Korean Arabic Japanese On CNN TV Transcripts Headline News CNN International ... Special Reports SERVICES Video E-Mail Services CNNtoGO SEARCH Web CNN.com Scientist in plague vial case set to appear court Dr. Thomas Butler Story Tools VIDEO CNN's Susan Candiotti reports on the arrest of a Texas Tech scientist who allegedly destroyed vials containing bacteria samples that could cause bubonic plague. (January 16) PLAY VIDEO CNN Medical Correspondent Dr. Sanjay Gupta explains different forms of plague and what causes them. (January 15) PLAY VIDEO RELATED What is plaque? Understanding chemical and biological weapons Antibiotics effective against plague Bubonic plague suspected in NYC visitors LUBBOCK, Texas (CNN) The university scientist accused of making false statements to the FBI about missing vials of bacteria that could cause bubonic plague is expected in court Thursday, law enforcement sources said. Dr. Thomas Butler, 61, chief of the Infectious Disease Division at Texas Tech University's Department of Internal Medicine, was leading a study aimed at developing antibiotics to fight the plague. One law enforcement source said Butler first notified the school Tuesday that the vials were missing. He repeated this assertion when the FBI questioned him, saying he did not know how or why the vials came to be missing, but he later recanted and admitted destroying them himself, the source said.

8. Plague.htm bubonic plague An extremely informative page, which covers all aspects of the Plague The Black Death bubonic plague, accounts Black Death 1 and Black Death 2 http://www.fidnet.com/~weid/plague.htm

The Black Plague General Information Primary Sources General Information: HWC, The Black Death : The BEST source on the Plague (23 pages) by Dr. E. L. Skip Knox of Boise State University. If you need to know about it, Dr. Knox wrote about it. A Look at History - The Plague : A doctor explores the causes, treatment, and control of pestilential outbreak. Describes both the bubonic and pneumonic plague. The Great Mortality : A complete three-part feature about the Black Death. Discovery Online Black Death : Awesome site with game. The Black Plague : City College of New York. Features a slide show of Medieval images, and details the devastation of the black plague. Also offers an eyewitness account from 1357. Death Defined - Medieval History : From About.com. Great sources. The Pestilence Tyme : Describes the movement of the black plague over Medieval Europe, and offers a series ofessays and etchings depicting its toll. The Plague : Describes the origination and devastation of the black plague, and offers painting depicting its grimcampaign. Plague Literature : Describes how plague galvanized the European population toward general learning, and how the printing press widened the audience for literature.

9. This Is The Fowarding Page To Lowercase Version The role of trade in transmitting the Black Death. http://www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/BUBONIC.HTM

You should be forwarded.... If you don't have JavaScript enabled, you are being redirected to this exact URL, except in all lower case letters.

10. Black Death The Bubonic Plague A student report describing the disease, causes, history, symptoms, and modern day treatment of the Black Death. Includes web links. http://hometown.aol.com/nathan19901162/myhomepage/index.html

Main My First Home Page htmlAdWH('7002588', '234', '60'); Black Death the Bubonic Plague Black Death the Bubonic Plague My Black Death the Bubonic Plague Home Page Woodburn, Elementary Black Death Nathan April 12, 2002 Black Death Nathan April 12, 2002 The cause of the Black Death (Bubonic Plague) is the bacterium Yersinia pestis. The bacterium is passed from an infected rat to a non-infected rat by being bitten by a flea. The flea bites the infected rat and the germ moves into and lives in the flea's stomach. The flea's stomach becomes filled with the bacterium. The flea can no longer digest blood, when it bites a human, rat or another animal the flea throws up into the bite causing the victim to become infected with Black Death. The rat will die from the germ, but not before being bitten by another non-infected flea. This flea can then start the cycle over again. After all of the rats die in a burrow, the bacteria can lie dormant until more rats move into the infected burrows. These new rats will become infected transmit the disease to the flea and the flea will pass it to the humans. During the European epidemic of the bubonic plague (1345-1352). The Black Death traveled across Asia and Europe. The plague started in Kaffa, when conquered by the Tartans, the residents of Kaffa fled and carried the black plague to Europe. Italy fell to the plague by the end of 1348 and France was mostly covered. By August of 1348 the Black Death germ had infected England. Then the spread of the germ continued to Scotland, Ireland, Denmark and most of Germany.

11. CDC Media Relations: Facts About Plague Symptoms of bubonic plague include enlarged, tender lymph nodes, fever, chills andprostration; septicemic plague symptoms include fever, chills, prostration http://www.cdc.gov/od/oc/media/fact/plague.htm

1600 Clifton Road, MS D-25, Atlanta, GA 30333 - Phone: 404.639.3286 FAX: 404.639.7394 Media Home Contact Us Local Contents "Centers" at CDC Summaries Archive Global Health Odyssey Media Relations Home Page ... Email Us Facts About Plague July 11, 1997 There are three forms of plague. Symptoms of bubonic plague include enlarged, tender lymph nodes, fever, chills and prostration; septicemic plague symptoms include fever, chills, prostration, abdominal pain, shock, and bleeding into skin and other organs; and pneumonic plague symptoms include fever, chills, cough, difficulty breathing, and rapid shock and death if not treated early. Plague is caused by Yersinia pestis bacillus. Annually, 1­40 cases of plague were reported (average 13 cases) by western states in 1971­1995. In 1993, 10 countries reported 2065 cases to the World Health Organization. Plague is transmitted by fleas from infected animals to humans (in the United States primarily rock squirrels, prairie dogs, and other burrowing rodents); by direct contact with infected tissues or fluids; or by respiratory droplets from cats and humans with pneumonic plague. Persons at-risk for plague are those exposed to rodent fleas, wild rodents, or other susceptible animals in areas of the western United States. Most cases occur in southwestern states: Arizona, California, Colorado, and New Mexico. Other groups at-risk include hunters, veterinarians and pet owners handling infected cats, campers, or hikers entering areas were plague is know to exist.

12. The Electronic Passport To The Middle Ages Guide for middle school students introduces the period. Also provides indepth information about specific topics such as feudalism, the Vikings, the Byzantine Empire, and the bubonic plague. http://www.mrdowling.com/703middleages.html

HOME TIME AND SPACE PREHISTORY MESOPOTAMIA ... The Bubonic Plague Between Ancient and Modern In AD 476, warriors attacked the city of Rome and ended the more than 800 years of glory for the "eternal city." Historians mark the fall of Rome as the end of ancient history. The next one thousand years were called the Middle Ages. The Latin term for Middle Ages is "medieval." The early Middle Ages are often called the "Dark Ages" because the great civilizations of Greece and Rome had fallen. Life in Europe during the Middle Ages was very hard. Very few people could read or write and nobody expected conditions to improve. The only hope for most people during the Middle Ages was their strong belief in Christianity, and the hope that life in heaven would be better than life on earth. The Dark Ages were anything but dark in other parts of the world. The Muslims in the Middle East and North Africa studied and improved on the works of the ancient Greeks while civilization flourished in sub-Saharan Africa, China, India, and the Americas.

13. Plague And Public Health In Renaissance Europe Plague and Public Health in Renaissance Europe any given time period or chronologically from the first cases of bubonic plague in 1348 to the early sixteenth century http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/osheim/intro.html

Plague and Public Health in Renaissance Europe This project involves the creation of a hypertext archive of narratives, medical consilia, governmental records, religious and spiritual writings and images documenting the arrival, impact and response to the problem of epidemic disease in Western Europe between 1348 and 1530. When completed researchers will be able to follow themes and issues geographically across Europe in any given time period or chronologically from the first cases of bubonic plague in 1348 to the early sixteenth century. Introduction Florence, 1348 Pistoia, 1348 Lucca, 1348 Last Modified: Tuesday, 01-Nov-1994 23:24:12 EST

14. CNN.com - Bubonic Plague Suspected In NYC Visitors - Jan. 15, 2003 CNN http://cnn.com/2002/HEALTH/11/07/ny.plague/index.html

CNN Europe CNN Asia Languages Spanish Portuguese German Italian Korean Arabic Japanese On CNN TV Transcripts Headline News CNN International ... Special Reports SERVICES Video E-Mail Services CNNtoGO SEARCH Web CNN.com Bubonic plague suspected in NYC visitors Story Tools BUBONIC PLAGUE What : Potentially fatal disease caused by bacterium Yersinia pestis How contracted : Bite from rodent flea carrying the plague bacterium. Symptoms : Swollen, tender lymph nodes (swollen gland called a bubo hence bubonic plague). Fever. Chills. Extreme exhaustion. Incidence : Ten to 20 persons a year infected in rural areas of Western United States. Globally, 1,000 to 3,000 cases a year. Treatment : Antibiotics. If not treated promptly can cause death. About 14 percent of all U.S. plague cases are fatal. Place in history : Millions of Europeans died in the Middle Ages when flea-infested rats inhabited homes and workplaces. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention NEW YORK (CNN) A New Mexico couple who traveled to New York have been hospitalized with what is believed to be the first case of bubonic plague in the city in a century, said health officials. The couple arrived in the city last Friday and went to the hospital two days later with high fever and swollen lymph nodes. The man, 53, is in critical condition and on life support at a Manhattan hospital; his 47-year-old wife is in stable condition, said officials. Both are in isolation at the hospital.

15. Bubonic Plague This story has been moved to a new location.Please click here to go to this story. http://home.nycap.rr.com/useless/bubonic_plague/bubonic.html

This story has been moved to a new location. Please click here to go to this story.

16. EMedicine – Bubonic Plague : Symptoms, Causes, Pictures Of The Bubonic Plague ( Acral necrosis of nose, lips, fingers (a) and toes (b) and residual ecchymoses overboth forearms in a patient recovering from bubonic plague that disseminated http://www.emedicine.com/EMERG/topic428.htm

(advertisement) Home Specialties CME PDA ... Patient Education Articles Images CME Patient Education Advanced Search Link to this site Back to: eMedicine Specialties Emergency Medicine Warfare - Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear And Explosives CBRNE - Plague Last Updated: January 15, 2003 Rate this Article Email to a Colleague AUTHOR INFORMATION Section 1 of 11 Author Information Introduction Clinical Differentials ... Bibliography Author: Demetres Velendzas, MD , Consulting Staff, Department of Emergency Medicine, Manchester Memorial Hospital, Eastern Connecticut Health Network Coauthor(s): Susan Dufel, MD, FACEP , Program Director, Associate Professor, Department of Traumatology and Emergency Medicine, Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine; Thomas W McGovern, MD , Dermatologist and Mohs Surgeon, Fort Wayne Dermatology, PC Editor(s): Dan Danzl, MD , Chair, Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Louisville Hospital; Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD

17. What Is The Bubonic Plague? What is the bubonic plague? 1. Bushey, Starr, The Church s involvement in the BubonicPlague/ bubonic plague www.ecnet.net/users/gemedia3/Plague.html ,6/7/98. http://209.106.8.193/summer/plague.htm

What is the Bubonic Plague? The Bubonic Plague is a disease that is caused by a germ called Yersinia pestis. It is spread to humans by fleas from infected rodents. In the 1300s, fourth of the population of Europe was destroyed. The disease causes swelling of the lymph glands (up to the size of a hens egg). The Greek word for groin is boubon, which is bubonic. The number of reported human cases of this plague in the United States has increased since the 1960s because the environment isn't staying clean. (Holt 1) How do you get this disease? When a rat is infected, the flea bites the rat then the flea gets infected. The disease fills the stomach of the flea making it so the flea can't digest any more blood. The flea then becomes so hungry that it bites the human. Now the human is infected. (Bushey 1) The first symptoms are headaches, nausea, vomiting and aching joints. Some others are fever, chills, the most horrible: the skin turns black. (Mermel 1 In the 1300s the plague spread so quickly in cities for many reasons. There were no regular garbage pick-ups. They let their food become rotten and kept them in their homes for weeks. Left over meals were thrown onto the ground for animals, also feeding rats and fleas. They had no running water, so bathing was every once in a while. (Bushey 3) Galen's theory was that the disease was spread by poisonous vapors coming from swamps which corrupted the air. Heat was also believed to be a cause of the disease. People washed their feet and hands regularly but, not their bodies because this would open pores, another way for the disease to enter the body. (Bushey 3)

18. Man With Bubonic Plague Leaves Hospital CNN http://cnn.com/2003/HEALTH/conditions/02/10/plague.reut/index.html

19. CNN.com - Bubonic Plague Suspected In NYC Visitors - Nov. 8, 2002 CNN http://cnn.com/2002/US/Northeast/11/06/ny.plague/index.html

CNN Europe CNN Asia Languages Spanish Portuguese German Italian Korean Arabic Japanese On CNN TV Transcripts Headline News CNN International ... Special Reports SERVICES Video E-Mail Services CNNtoGO SEARCH Web CNN.com Bubonic plague suspected in NYC visitors Frieden at a news conference Wednesday Story Tools BUBONIC PLAGUE What : Potentially fatal disease caused by bacterium Yersinia pestis How contracted : Bite from rodent flea carrying the plague bacterium. Symptoms : Swollen, tender lymph nodes (swollen gland called a bubo hence bubonic plague). Fever. Chills. Extreme exhaustion. Incidence : Ten to 20 persons a year infected in rural areas of Western United States. Globally, 1,000 to 3,000 cases a year. Treatment : Antibiotics. If not treated promptly can cause death. About 14 percent of all U.S. plague cases are fatal. Place in history : Millions of Europeans died in the Middle Ages when flea-infested rats inhabited homes and workplaces. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention NEW YORK (CNN) A New Mexico couple who traveled to New York have been hospitalized with what is believed to be the first case of bubonic plague in the city in a century, said health officials. The couple arrived in the city last Friday and went to the hospital two days later with high fever and swollen lymph nodes. The man, 53, is in critical condition and on life support at a Manhattan hospital; his 47-year-old wife is in stable condition, said officials. Both are in isolation at the hospital.

20. Black Death The Bubonic Plague Black Death the bubonic plague. Black Death the bubonic plague. My Duringthe European epidemic of the bubonic plague (13451352). The http://hometown.aol.com/nathan19901162/myhomepage/

Main My First Home Page htmlAdWH('7002588', '234', '60'); Black Death the Bubonic Plague Black Death the Bubonic Plague My Black Death the Bubonic Plague Home Page Woodburn, Elementary Black Death Nathan April 12, 2002 Black Death Nathan April 12, 2002 The cause of the Black Death (Bubonic Plague) is the bacterium Yersinia pestis. The bacterium is passed from an infected rat to a non-infected rat by being bitten by a flea. The flea bites the infected rat and the germ moves into and lives in the flea's stomach. The flea's stomach becomes filled with the bacterium. The flea can no longer digest blood, when it bites a human, rat or another animal the flea throws up into the bite causing the victim to become infected with Black Death. The rat will die from the germ, but not before being bitten by another non-infected flea. This flea can then start the cycle over again. After all of the rats die in a burrow, the bacteria can lie dormant until more rats move into the infected burrows. These new rats will become infected transmit the disease to the flea and the flea will pass it to the humans. During the European epidemic of the bubonic plague (1345-1352). The Black Death traveled across Asia and Europe. The plague started in Kaffa, when conquered by the Tartans, the residents of Kaffa fled and carried the black plague to Europe. Italy fell to the plague by the end of 1348 and France was mostly covered. By August of 1348 the Black Death germ had infected England. Then the spread of the germ continued to Scotland, Ireland, Denmark and most of Germany.

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