41. CIDRAP >> Botulism BIOTERRORISM . botulism. From Biochemistry, published online May 8 More Selected Reading . botulism Resource List Updated Mar 31 More Resource List . http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/bt/botulism/

Home About Us Center Support Contact Us ... Structural analysis of botulinum neurotoxin type E catalytic domain and its mutant Glu212-Gln reveals the pivotal role of Glu212 carboxylate in the catalytic pathway From Biochemistry, published online May 8 Botulism Resource List Updated Mar 31 Botulism: Current, comprehensive information on pathogenesis, microbiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment CIDRAP-authored overview, lab section updated Mar 17 Botulinum toxin type B micromechanosensor From Nov 11, 2003, Proc Natl Acad Sci Synaptotagmins I and II mediate entry of botulinum neurotoxin B into cells From Sep 29, 2003, J Cell Biol Wound botulism among black tar heroin users From Sep 19, 2003, MMWR CDC: New telephone number to report botulism cases and request antitoxin From Aug 15, 2003, MMWR Management of botulism Article from Ann Pharmacother Antibody response to a delayed booster dose of anthrax vaccine and botulinum toxoid Article in Vaccine by Pittman PR, et al Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon: medical and public health management Academic Health Center University of Minnesota

42. EMedicine - Botulism : Article By Bhupendra Patel, MD, FRCS botulism botulism is a disease caused by the neurotoxins of Clostridium botulinum. This botulism. Last Updated December 12, 2001, http://www.emedicine.com/oph/topic493.htm

(advertisement) Home Specialties Resource Centers CME ... Patient Education Articles Images CME Patient Education Advanced Search Consumer Health Link to this site Back to: eMedicine Specialties Ophthalmology Infectious Disease Botulism Last Updated: December 12, 2001 Rate this Article Email to a Colleague AUTHOR INFORMATION Section 1 of 10 Author Information Introduction Clinical Differentials ... Bibliography Author: Bhupendra Patel, MD, FRCS , Professor, Departments of Plastic Surgery and Oculoplastic Reconstructive Surgery, University of Utah Coauthor(s): Simon Taylor, MBBS, FRANZCO, FRACS , Fellow, Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah Bhupendra Patel, MD, FRCS, is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Royal College of Surgeons of England , and Royal Society of Medicine Editor(s): Andrew Lawton, MD , Medical Director of Neuro-Ophthalmology Service, Section of Ophthalmology, Baptist Eye Center, Baptist Health Medical Center; Donald S Fong, MD, MPH

43. Infant Botulism Treatment And Prevention Program Official sites for physicians to obtain BabyBIG, an FDA approved orphant drug for treatment of infant botulism type A and B. Also provides parent support forum and medical/clinical information on the disease. http://www.infantbotulism.org

44. Infant Botulism - DrGreene.com - Caring For The Next Generation Honey and Infant botulism. My daughter is now 7 months old. I It may save her life. The concern is with infant botulism. Botulinum http://www.drgreene.com/21_825.html

QUICK SEARCH A - Z Guide Allergies Allergy Care Guide Asthma Care Guide Bedwetting Breastfeeding Childhood Obesity Diabetes Care Guide Ear Infections Genetics Immunizations Infectious Diseases Parenting Potty Training Rashes Safety Sleep About DrGreene.com Archives About Us Context Reviews Awards Readers Comments Press Room Partners and Supporters Topic Centers Contact Us Pediatric Information A-Z Guide Allergy Care Guide Asthma Care Guide Diabetes Care Guide Discussion Boards DrGreene´s Chats DrGreene´s Event Schedule FAQ Fast Facts Feature Articles Guidelines Pediatric Updates Special Feature Top Tips Community Activty Guide Advanced Search Community Central Chat Chat Schedule Cute Faces Discussion Boards Family Friendly Recipes Parent-to-Parent Resources The DrGreene Team Newsletter Prenatal Newborn Infants Toddlers Pre-Schoolers School Age Teens / Adolescents Multimedia Library Fertility Children's Health Honey and Infant Botulism My daughter is now 7 months old . I have been adding locally produced honey to my daughter's food to help with her allergies . In my opinion, this has decreased her allergy like symptoms. My wife and I have had great success decreasing our allergies with this practice. I was told that honey can hurt an infant. Is this true? Mark Torrans Pineville, Louisiana

45. The Merck Manual Botulism Includes types of the disease, symptoms, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. http://www.merck.com/mrkshared/mmanual/section3/chapter28/28d.jsp

46. Avian Botulism Avian botulism. What Is Avian botulism? Avian botulism, or Western duck sickness, is one of the three most important disease problems of wild migratory birds. http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/facts/avian.html

Avian Botulism What Is Avian Botulism? How Serious Is It? Where Does It Occur? What Species Are Affected? ... Dedication Selecting any thumbnail image will display a full-sized version of the graphic. What Is Avian Botulism? Avian botulism, or Western duck sickness, is one of the three most important disease problems of wild migratory birds. Each year, many birds are paralyzed or die after exposure to a toxin produced by the botulinum bacterium. Two of the seven toxin types that have been identified commonly cause mortality in wild birds; one of these, type C, is most often associated with dieoffs of ducks, while type E primarily affects gulls and loons. How Serious Is It? Losses vary from year to year and from species to species. A few hundred birds may die one year at a specific location, with tens of thousands dying the following year at the same site. More than a million deaths from avian botulism have been reported in localized outbreaks in a single year. Outbreaks causing losses of 50,000 or more birds are fairly common. Initial Outbreaks of Type C Botulism in Wild Waterfowl Americas United States Europe-Africa Denmark Canada Great Britain Uruguay Netherlands Mexico Germany Australia-Asia Australia Italy New Zealand Spain Japan South Africa A Montana marsh experiences an outbreak of type C avian botulism.

47. NWHC: Avian Botulism Fact Sheet Avian botulism. Cause. Transmission. Avian botulism is a paralytic disease caused by ingestion of a toxin produced by the bacteria, Clostridium botulinum. http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/facts/botulism.html

Avian Botulism Cause Bacteria Clostridium botulinum , Types C and E toxins Host Type C toxin: waterfowl, shorebirds, colonial waterbirds, and others Type E toxin: gulls, loons, and others Transmission Avian botulism is a paralytic disease caused by ingestion of a toxin produced by the bacteria, Clostridium botulinum . This bacteria is widespread in soil and requires warm temperatures, a protein source and an anaerobic (no oxygen) environment in order to become active and produce toxin. Decomposing vegetation and invertebrates combined with warm temperatures can provide ideal conditions for the botulism bacteria to activate and produce toxin. There are several types of toxin produced by strains of this bacteria with birds being most commonly affected by type C and to a lesser extent type E. Birds either ingest the toxin directly or may eat invertebrates (e.g. chironomids, fly larvae) containing the toxin. Invertebrates are not affected by the toxin and store it in their body. A cycle develops in a botulism outbreak when fly larvae (maggots), feed on animal carcasses and ingest toxin. Ducks that consume toxin-laden maggots can develop botulism after eating as few as 3 or 4 maggots. Clinical Signs/Field Signs Healthy birds, affected birds, and dead birds in various stages of decay are commonly found in the same area. The toxin affects the nervous system by preventing impulse transmission to muscles which results in flaccid paralysis. Consequently, birds are unable to use their wings and legs normally or control the third eyelid, neck muscles, and other muscles. Birds with paralyzed neck muscles cannot hold their heads up and often drown. Death can also result from water deprivation, electrolyte imbalance, respiratory failure, or predation.

48. MayoClinic.com - Honey: Why Isn't It Safe For Infants? Discusses the danger of children less than one year old getting botulism from honey. http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ00854

49. New York City Department Of Health - Communicable Disease - Botulism, July 2000 Medical Treatment and Response to Suspected botulism Information for Health Care Providers During Biologic Emergencies. July 2000 Draft. http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/cd/botmd.html

New York City Department of Health Bureau of Communicable Disease Medical Treatment and Response to Suspected Botulism: Information for Health Care Providers During Biologic Emergencies July 2000 Draft Key Summary Points Introduction/Epidemiology Significance as a Potential Bioterrorist Agent Clinical Manifestations ... References ALL SUSPECT CASES OF BOTULISM MUST BE REPORTED IMMEDIATELY TO THE BUREAU OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASE: During Business Hours: After Hours (Nights, Weekends and Holidays): 212-POISONS KEY SUMMARY POINTS Epidemiology: Botulinum neurotoxins (A-F) could be transmitted by aerosol or contamination of food and water supplies Botulism is NOT transmitted from person to person Clinical: Incubation period is 12-36 hours (can be several days) Early symptoms include blurred vision, diplopia, and dry mouth Later symptoms include dysarthria, dysphagia, dysphonia, ptosis and the development of a symmetrical, descending progressive paralysis and respiratory failure Patients are usually alert and afebrile Diagnosis: Diagnosis is primarily based on a compatible clinical presentation Spinal fluid protein is normal and characteristic findings are seen on EMG (facilitation of the compound muscle action potential on repetitive nerve stimulation) Toxin can be detected in serum and stool (foodborne botulism) by mouse neutralization bioassay Treatment: Supportive care is the mainstay of therapy; prolonged ventilatory support is often required for severe cases

50. Botulism : Fact Sheet : New York City AWARE : NYC DOHMH Public Health Emergency Preparedness. botulism. What is botulism? Who gets botulism? Anybody is susceptible to foodborne botulism. http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/cd/cdbot.html

Public Health Emergency Preparedness Botulism What is botulism? Botulism is a severe intoxication or food poisoning resulting from the ingestion of an extremely potent toxin produced by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum . Infant botulism results from the ingestion of the bacteria or bacterial spores and subsequent production of the toxin in the infant's intestinal tract. Both forms are rarely reported in New York City. In 2001, there were four reported cases of infant botulism and no cases of foodborne botulism in New York City. Who gets botulism? Anybody is susceptible to foodborne botulism. Infant botulism is most frequently seen before the age of six months, but all infants are susceptible. How is botulism spread? Foodborne botulism is usually acquired through the ingestion of toxin in foods which were not properly canned or preserved, and which were not adequately cooked or reheated before eating. Most cases in the United States are due to home-canned fruits and vegetables. Infants can develop botulism through the ingestion of food contaminated with the bacterial spores, which then produce the toxin in the gastrointestinal tract. Although safe for children and adults, honey should not be fed to infants. However, most cases of infant botulism cannot be traced to a particular food item. Person-to-person spread does not occur. What are the symptoms of botulism?

51. HPA - Infections | Topics A-Z | Botulism botulism. botulism is caused by botulinum toxin which is a poison produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Gastrointestinal botulism. General information. http://www.hpa.org.uk/infections/topics_az/botulism/menu.htm

Home Divisions Topics A - Z Publications ... Sitemap JavaScript Date Search Advanced Search CDR Weekly CDPH Influenza ... Deliberate Release To enlarge text select view then text size on your browser. This site uses Adobe Acrobat Download here Botulism Botulism is caused by botulinum toxin which is a poison produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum Gastrointestinal Botulism General information Epidemiological data Deliberate Release of Botulism Information for the Public Information for Health Professionals Botulism - Injecting Drug Users Wound botulism in injecting drug users Microbiological investigation into would botulism CDR Weekly Article - Cluster of wound botulism cases in injecting drug users (Published: 31 October 2002. Vol 12 No. 44)

52. Botulism How to prevent botulism food poisoning. Proper methods of canning low acid home canned foods. Causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment. Infant botulism. http://hgic.clemson.edu/factsheets/HGIC3680.htm

HGIC 3680 http://hgic.clemson.edu Botulism WHAT IS BOTULISM? Botulism is a food poisoning caused by a toxin produced by the bacteria, Clostridium botulinum C. botulinum and its spores are everywhere. It is prevalent in soil and water worldwide. The bacteria and spores themselves are harmless; however, when they grow, they create a highly toxic poison that can lead to extreme illness and even death. The spores must have an oxygen-depleted, low-acid environment in which to grow, and prefer temperatures between 40 °F and 120 °F. This organism can easily grow in improperly stored home-cooked or commercial foods, as well as in canned foods that have not been prepared with proper canning procedures. During the canning process, oxygen is removed from the container and if the proper temperatures to destroy the spores are not reached, the spores now have the proper environment to grow into vegetative cells and eventually produce the deadly toxin. WHO GETS BOTULISM? Foodborne botulism is due to ingestion of a toxin formed in food. One of the most common culprits in foodborne botulism is home canned foods, especially low-acid foods such as asparagus, corn, green beans, lima beans, mushrooms, peppers, sauces, soups, meats, fish and poultry. More than 90 percent of foodborne botulism outbreaks between 1976 and 1985 were due to home-processed foods. Commercial foods have also been involved in botulism outbreaks. Some outbreaks have been attributed to improperly handled food, such as potato salad, served in restaurants. But many commercial food outbreaks are due to consumer mishandling, such as disregarding labels that indicate the food should be refrigerated. Some food companies acidify their products or lower their moisture content as an extra precautionary measure in case the refrigeration warning is not heeded. Consumers can best protect themselves by reading the labels and following the storage instructions and by discarding rusty, swollen or otherwise damaged cans.

53. Harrison's Online: Chapter 144 Part 7 Infectious Diseases Section 5 Diseases Caused By GramPositive Bacteria Chapter 144 botulism Author Elias Abrutyn Definition. http://www.mheducation.com/HOL2_chapters/HOL_chapters/chapter144.htm

Reproduced from Harrison's Online ( www.harrisonsonline.com as given at the website. Part 7: Infectious Diseases Section 5: Diseases Caused By Gram-Positive Bacteria Chapter 144: Botulism Author: Elias Abrutyn Definition Botulism is a paralytic disease that begins with cranial nerve involvement and progresses caudally to involve the extremities. It is caused by potent protein neurotoxins elaborated by Clostridium botulinum . The toxins' high potency has led to consideration of their use in bioterrorism or biological warfare. Cases may be classified as (1) food-borne botulism , from ingestion of preformed toxin in food contaminated with C. botulinum wound botulism , from toxin produced in wounds contaminated with the organism; (3) infant botulism , from ingestion of spores and production of toxin in the intestine of infants; or (4) adult infectious botulism , a group that includes some cases in older children and adults in which disease is produced by a mechanism similar to that described for infant botulism. Etiologic Agent C. botulinum

54. Antrax, Botulism Och Smittkoppor Antrax, botulism och Smittkoppor antrax, botulism, smittkoppor, bioterrorism, terrorhot, mjältbrand. Antrax, botulism och Smittkoppor, Uppdaterad 2003-07-04. http://www.internetmedicin.se/dyn_main.asp?page=996&sub=126&item=7&main=ref

55. Bioterrorism Preparedness - Biological Agents BACK botulism botulism Fact sheet CDC CDC botulism CDC Frequently Asked Questions About botulism Recognition of Illness Associated with the Intentional http://www.idph.state.il.us/Bioterrorism/bioagents_botul.htm

Botulism Botulism Fact sheet - CDC CDC: Botulism CDC: Frequently Asked Questions About Botulism Recognition of Illness Associated with the Intentional Release of a Biologic Agent ... Infectious Diseases Society of America: Botulism Resource List

56. Current / Fact-Sheet / Botulism Fact Sheet botulism, pdffile (16 Kb). Contact botulism is not transmissible from person-to-person. botulism as a biological weapon http://www.vbs.admin.ch/ls/e/current/fact_sheet/botulismus/

Fact Sheet Botulism pdf-file (16 Kb) Toxin from the pathogen Clostridium botulinum Occurrence: There are various naturally-occurring forms of botulism including foodborne botulism and wound botulism. Another artificial form of botulism appears in the form of dust (aerosol) of the botulinim toxin, called inhalation botulism. All forms of botulism result from the uptake of toxins in the body. It does not enter the body through the skin. Identification: The apparent neurological effects of all forms of botulism are ptosis (drooping eyelids), diplopia (double or blurred vision), and often abnormal dilation of the pupils, dysarthria (speech difficulty), dysphonia (hoarseness) and dysphagia (difficulty swallowing). Dry mouth can be another symptom. With increasing paralysis, loss of control of the head, hypotony (circulatory weakness) and general weakness become the most important symptoms. The toxin does not cross the blood-brain barrier, and the patient shows no signs of confusion. If left untreated, death occurs due to respiratory failure. Diagnosis: Toxin, antibody: immunological test (ELISA, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay), results within hours;

57. Honey And Infant Botulism Fact Sheet on From Health Canada Honey and Infant botulism. June 14, 1999. What is infant botulism? Infant botulism is a neuroparalytic http://www.nutriwatch.org/06FST/honey.html

Fact Sheet on From Health Canada: Honey and Infant Botulism June 14, 1999 What is infant botulism? Infant botulism is a neuroparalytic disease which affects otherwise healthy children less than one year old. It was first recognized in 1976. Early symptoms of infant botulism are constipation, generalized weakness and a weak cry. While most cases require hospitalization, fatal cases are rare. What causes the illness? Infant botulism is caused by the food poisoning bacterium Clostridium botulinum . This is the same bacterium that causes the food poisoning known as "botulism". Spores of these bacteria are ingested by the infant, grow and produce a neurotoxin (i.e. poison) in the infant's intestine. Spores of C. botulinum may be easily ingested as they are common in soil and dust. This may lead to botulism in children younger than one year. Many infants who develop infant botulism have been fed honey, the only identified food source of C. botulinum spores causing infant botulism. Three of the sixteen infant botulism cases (as of June 1999) reported in Canada since 1979 have been associated with honey. What are the symptoms?

58. NY-PA-OH Sea Grant: Botulism In Lakes Erie, Ontario 2004. NY/PA/OH Sea Grant botulism in Lakes Erie, Ontario. The shore? These birds were killed by the bacterial disease botulism. According http://www.seagrant.sunysb.edu/botulism/default.htm

Find what you're looking for ... Search 'Botulism in Great Lakes' site Click Here New York Sea Grant: Home Page Pennsylvania Sea Grant ... Home Page Site Created and Maintained by: Paul C. Focazio NYSG Assistant Communicator Last Updated: Wednesday, March 17, 2004 NY/PA/OH Sea Grant: Botulism in Lakes Erie, Ontario The situation For bird watchers, the chance to see a common loon is exciting. In the Fall 2000, though, their excitement turned to disappointment as they found many of these beautiful birds washed up along the New York shore of Lake Erie. And loons weren’t the only dead birds found in the Lakes. Hundreds of mergansers, grebes, mallard ducks, ring-billed and herring gulls, and other dead waterfowl littered the shoreline. What was the cause of death for these birds and fish that were beginning to wash up on Lake Erie's shore in late 2000? And, as Sea Grant announced in July 2002, on Lake Ontario's shore?

59. Health Canada - It's Your Health - Infant Botulism Infant botulism. The Issue. to top. Honey and Infant botulism. Most honey produced in Canada is not contaminated with the bacteria that can cause infant botulism. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/english/iyh/diseases/infant_botulism.html

About IYH Diseases Breast Cancer Cervical Cancer ... Sign up as a distributor Infant Botulism The Issue Infant botulism is a rare disease that can affect otherwise healthy children who are less than a year old. The only food linked to cases of infant botulism in Canada is honey, so Health Canada is advising parents and caregivers not to feed honey to infants. Background The Cause of Infant Botulism Infant botulism is caused by a food poisoning bacterium called Clostridium botulinum. When an infant swallows spores of this bacterium, the spores grow and produce a poison in the baby's intestine. It's easy for infants to come into contact with this bacterium, because it's quite common in soil and dust. The spores have also been found in samples of honey, which is the only food source that has been linked to actual cases of infant botulism. Infant botulism is rare in Canada, with only seven cases reported since 1979. In three of the cases, the child had been given honey. In the United States, about 70 to 90 cases of infant botulism are reported every year. It's quite possible that there have been additional cases in both countries that were misdiagnosed, and therefore not reported. Symptoms of Infant Botulism The earliest and most common symptom of infant botulism is constipation. Other symptoms include general weakness, a weak cry, a poor sucking reflex, irritability, lack of facial expression, and loss of head control. In some cases, the child may have trouble breathing due to paralysis of the diaphragm.

60. Botulism, Infant botulism, infant. Treatment is supportive care, and the complete recovery rate for infant botulism is stated to be 98% or better. http://www.drhull.com/EncyMaster/B/botulism.html

Help for sleepless parents Encyclopedia Index B botulism, infant Search botulism, infant This is a syndrome recognised in recent years. Clostridium botulinum (the causative germ) spores are found in the soil and specifically in all honeys. (They may also be found in light or dark corn syrup (Karo) but in much lower levels. Current literature casts doubt on corn syrup being a source of infection.) The baby with infant botulism may have a history of being fed honey, but sporadic cases without honey ingestion are more common. Initial constipation is followed by profound weakness and floppiness, poor feeding and a weak cry. The illness most often strikes in the first six months of life, although it may occur up to 11-12 months and has even occurred later in immunocompromised children. Treatment is supportive care, and the complete recovery rate for infant botulism is stated to be 98% or better.

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