21. E-Bioterrorism.com: Information About Bioterrorism And Biological Agents Offers an insight into bioterrorism and biological pathogens including anthrax, botulism, and tularemia. http://www.e-bioterrorism.com/

Canadian Online Pharmacies Canada Pharmacy Canadian Mail Order Pharmacies Healthcare professionals and scientists have carefully prepared this ALtruis Biomedical Network-affiliated site, intended for informational purposes only Partners: Anthrax Botulism Tularemia Smallpox ... Other Agents Bioterrorism is the use or threatened use of microorganisms or toxins to produce disease and/or death in humans, animals or plants. Bioterrorists undertake such actions to create fear and intimidate governments in the pursuit of idealological, political, or religious goals. Bioterrorism is insidious because biological agents are hard to detect upon covert release, they are nondiscriminate killers, and terrorists can protect themselves from the release and escape prior to the effect as it may take days to produce disease. Unlike conventional weapons, bioweapons are a relatively inexpensive means of eradicating people from an environment while preserving stuctures. At least 17 nations have offensive bioweapons programs. With the collapse of the Soviet Union and economic instability, the possibility exists that their research into weaponizing bioagents has been sold to terrorists. Weaponizing consists of processes designed to enhance delivery, stability, infectivity and/or lethality. Aerosol delivery is the most likely means of delivery for bioagents followed by water or food borne means, which are less likely due to logistics. In order to be delivered effectively by aerosol to the oral and nasal passages, particles must be very small (10 microns). They must be even smaller if they are to reach the

22. Information On Botulism Information on botulism. What is botulism? botulism is a serious illness caused by a nerve toxin made by the bacterium, Clostridium botulinum. http://www.health.state.ny.us/nysdoh/communicable_diseases/en/botulism.htm

Return to Communicable Disease Home Page From the ... What's New Information on Botulism What is botulism? Botulism is a serious illness caused by a nerve toxin made by the bacterium, Clostridium botulinum . (A toxin is a poison that is released by some bacteria and viruses). There are three types of botulism: food, wound, and infant botulism. Eating food that has the botulism toxin causes food-borne botulism. It often involves improperly processed home canned foods. Botulism in infants under one year of age has been associated with the intake of contaminated honey. Wound botulism occurs when Clostridium botulinum spores contaminate a wound and produce toxin. Can botulism be used as a bioterrorism threat? In the event of a bioterrorism event, people intentionally exposed who breathe in the toxin or eat the toxin in contaminated food or water might develop the illness. No information is available on the effects of breathing in the botulinum toxin but it may be similar to the food-borne illness. How is it spread? A person must eat contaminated food that has not been properly canned, cooked or reheated after the bacteria have produced the toxin.

23. Health Canada - Emergency Preparedness - Botuliism Factsheet on the disease. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/english/epr/botulism.html

What you need to know Anthrax Botulism Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers ... Frequently Asked Questions What Health Canada is doing to protect you Centre for Emergency Preparedness and Response (CEPR) Federal Nuclear Emergency Plan Drugs, Medical Devices and Biologics ... Post Exercise Report Botulism What is botulism? How is botulism spread? Is botulism spread from person to person? How can botulism be prevented? ... Are there cases of botulism in Canada? What is botulism? Botulism is a rare disease caused by a toxin produced by the spore-forming bacterium Clostridium botulinum . C. botulinum occurs naturally and can be found in soil, water, animals, contaminated food or agricultural products. The toxin produced by C. botulinum is the most potent toxin known and can affect humans, animals, even fish. There are three kinds of botulism that occur naturally: foodborne, wound and infant botulism. Foodborne - rare, potentially life-threatening, caused by eating food contaminated with botulinum toxin.

24. Avian Botulism Outbreak Could Be Worst Yet CNN http://cnn.com/2002/US/Northeast/12/08/avian.botulism.ap/index.html

25. Page Moved - Botulism Home Page. From the. Commissioner. Directory. Services. Vital. Records. Info for. Consumers. Info for. Providers. Info for. Researchers. Public Health. Forum. Employment. Events. Search. Help. What's http://www.health.state.ny.us/nysdoh/consumer/botulism.htm

location.href="/nysdoh/communicable_diseases/en/botulism.htm"; Page moved click here if your browser does not forward you to the new page. http://www.health.state.ny.us/nysdoh/communicable_diseases/en/botulism.htm

26. CNN.com - Refried Beans Recalled For Botulism Risk - Oct. 22, 2002 CNN http://cnn.com/2002/US/Midwest/10/22/generalmills.recall/index.html

CNN Europe CNN Asia Languages Spanish Portuguese German Italian Korean Arabic Japanese On CNN TV Transcripts Headline News CNN International ... Special Reports SERVICES Video E-Mail Services CNNtoGO SEARCH Web CNN.com Refried beans recalled for botulism risk Story Tools MINNEAPOLIS, Minnesota (CNN) General Mills announced it is recalling a small batch of one variety of refried beans in five states because of possible contamination by the bacteria that causes botulism. In a press release, the company said it will recall 4,080 cans of Old El Paso Traditional Variety Refried Beans in Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, Kentucky, and Missouri. General Mills says that batch "has the potential to be contaminated with Clostridium botulinum, the bacteria that can cause botulism." The contamination was detected after routine testing showed the batch in question may not have been heated to a high enough temperature during processing. RECALLED CANS Sold in Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, Kentucky, and Missouri. Marked with UPC Code 4600082121 and date code beginning with H2FF15. Consumers can call 1-800-300-8664 Company spokeswoman Marybeth Thorsgaard said the tests show a risk of contamination in one small batch that was processed during a short time period.

27. CNN.com - Heinz Canada Recalls Canned Beans Due To Botulism Threat - November 23 CNN http://cnn.com/2000/WORLD/americas/11/23/bc.canada.beanrecall.ap/index.html

world americas Editions myCNN ... Feedback CNN Sites CNN CNN Europe CNNfn CNNSI myCNN CNNfyi AllPolitics Languages Search CNN.com CNNSI.com CNNfn.com The Web WORLD TOP STORIES Thousands dead in India; quake toll rapidly rising Israelis, Palestinians make final push before Israeli election Gates pledges $100 million for AIDS Davos protesters face tear gas ... MORE TOP STORIES Thousands dead in India; quake toll rapidly rising Israelis, Palestinians make final push before Israeli election Davos protesters face tear gas MORE ... MORE MARKETS 4:30pm ET, 4/16 DJIA NAS SPORTS Jordan says farewell for the third time ... LOCAL EDITIONS: CNN.com Europe change default edition MULTIMEDIA: video video archive audio multimedia showcase ... more services E-MAIL: Subscribe to one of our news e-mail lists Enter your address: DISCUSSION: chat feedback CNN WEB SITES: CNNfyi.com CNN.com Europe AsiaNow Spanish ... Korean Headlines TIME INC. SITES: Go To ... Time.com People Money Fortune EW CNN NETWORKS: CNN anchors transcripts Turner distribution SITE INFO: help contents search ad info ... jobs WEB SERVICES: Heinz Canada recalls canned beans due to botulism threat TORONTO (AP) Heinz Canada announced Thursday it was recalling 144,000 cans of its Original Beans in Tomato Sauce due to the possibility of botulism.

28. THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 3, Ch. 28, Gastroenteritis caused by selfinjection of illegal drugs. Infant botulism occurs most often in infants 6 mo old in vivo; unlike foodborne botulism, infant botulism is not caused by ingestion http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual/section3/chapter28/28d.htm

This Publication Is Searchable The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy Section 3. Gastrointestinal Disorders Chapter 28. Gastroenteritis Topics [General] Escherichia Coli O157:H7 Infection Staphylococcal Food Poisoning ... Drug-Related Gastroenteritis Botulism Neuromuscular poisoning from Clostridium botulinum toxin. Botulism occurs in three forms: foodborne, wound, and infant botulism. Etiology and Pathophysiology The sporulating, anaerobic gram-positive bacillus C. botulinum elaborates seven types of antigenically distinct neurotoxins, four of which affect humanstype A, B, or E toxin or rarely type F toxin. Type A and B toxins are highly poisonous proteins resistant to digestion by GI enzymes. Approximately 50% of foodborne outbreaks in the USA are caused by type A toxin, followed by types B and E. Type A toxin occurs predominantly west of the Mississippi River, type B in the eastern states, and type E in Alaska and the Great Lakes area. In foodborne botulism, toxin produced in contaminated food is eaten; in wound and infant botulism, neurotoxin is elaborated in vivo by C. botulinum

29. WHO: Botulism Fact sheet N°270 Revised August 2002. botulism. Overview. Human botulism is a serious but relatively rare disease. The disease http://www.who.int/entity/mediacentre/factsheets/fs270/en/

English Search Home Countries Health topics ... Multimedia Media centre Location: WHO WHO sites Media centre Fact sheets ... printable version Fact sheet N°270 Revised August 2002 Botulism Overview Human botulism is a serious but relatively rare disease. The disease is an intoxication caused by extremely potent toxins preformed in foods. The toxins are produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. Person to person transmission of botulism does not occur. There are seven recognized types of botulism. Four of these (types A, B, E and rarely F) cause human botulism. Types C, D and E cause illness in mammals, birds and fish. The sporulated form of the bacterium is commonly found in soils, aquatic sediments and fish. The spores are heat-resistant. Under anaerobic conditions, botulinum spores can germinate, and the bacterium grow and produce the toxin. Ingestion of the toxin present in improperly prepared food is dangerous and may be fatal. Botulism is mainly a foodborne intoxication but it can also be transmitted through wound infections or intestinal infection in infants. Symptoms The symptoms are not caused by the organism itself, but by the toxin that the bacterium releases. They usually appear within 12 to 36 hours (within a minimum and maximum range of four hours to eight days) after exposure. Incidence of botulism is low, but the mortality rate is high if treatment is not immediate and proper. The disease can be fatal in 5 to 10% of cases.

30. Clostridium Discusses gas gangrene, tetanus, food poisoning, botulism, and pseudomembranous colitis. http://www.geocities.com/SouthBeach/Port/3008/clost.html

31. Toxin Can Treat Cerebral Palsy Trait CNN http://cnn.com/2001/HEALTH/11/05/botulism.cerebral.palsy.ap/index.html

32. Botulism Fact Sheet Provides a fact sheet for botulism. http://www.vdh.state.va.us/epi/botuf.htm

Botulism (foodborne botulism and infant botulism) What is botulism? Botulism is a food poisoning caused by a toxin produced by bacteria known as Clostridium botulinum. Who gets botulism? Foodborne botulism is due to eating the toxin. It often involves improperly processed home canned foods. Infant botulism has been associated with eating honey that contains the bacterial spores. Light and dark corn syrups have also been reported to contain the spores, although cases of infant botulism have not been linked to corn syrup. How is botulism spread? You cannot get botulism from another person. A person must eat contaminated food that has not been properly cooked or reheated. With infant botulism, an infant must eat bacterial spores and then the bacteria produce the toxin in the gastrointestinal tract. What are the symptoms of botulism? Foodborne and infant botulism produce symptoms that affect the nervous system. The symptoms of foodborne botulism include blurred or double vision, dry mouth, and muscle paralysis that may affect breathing. About 15% of persons with foodborne botulism die. Infant botulism has a wide range of symptoms including constipation, listlessness, weakness, difficulty breathing, poor feeding and poor reflexes. About 2% of the cases of infant botulism die. How soon after exposure do symptoms appear?

33. Vm.cfsan.fda.gov/cgi-bin/bbbglos?Botulism More results from vm.cfsan.fda.gov THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 3, Ch. 28, Gastroenteritis botulism. Neuromuscular poisoning from Clostridium botulinum toxin. botulism occurs in three forms foodborne, wound, and infant botulism. http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/cgi-bin/bbbglos?Botulism

34. Infant Botulism Infant botulism can cause a variety of symptoms, including constipation, poor sucking action, and progressive muscle weakness. http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/bacterial_viral/botulism.html

KidsHealth Parents Infections Signs and Symptoms: Infant botulism is usually seen in children under 6 months of age. The children may receive medical attention because of symptoms such as constipation , poor sucking action, a weak cry, and a general, progressive muscle weakness. Description: Infant botulism is caused by Clostridium bacteria that live in soil and dust. These bacteria may also contaminate foods, especially honey. Clostridium bacteria produce a toxin (poison) called botulinum toxin, which blocks the normal messages between muscles and nerves and affects muscles everywhere in the body. The toxin usually affects intestinal muscles first. Infant botulism occurs worldwide, and 98% of cases occur in infants between 1 to 6 months of age. In the United States, most cases of infant botulism cannot be prevented, since the spores of Clostridium bacteria are found in soil everywhere. Duration: Infants with infant botulism may require hospital-based support for an extended period. In severe cases of infant botulism, the child may require several weeks of hospitalization and even respiratory support. Contagiousness: No special isolation or precautions are needed since this infection is not transmitted from person to person.

35. Botulism botulism is a rare disease that affects nerves and the muscles they control. Read this article for kids to find out how to protect yourself. What Is botulism? http://kidshealth.org/kid/watch/house/botulism.html

KidsHealth Kids Watch Out Playing It Safe Around the House "Don't eat dirt! It will make you sick!" Did your parent ever yell this to you when you were little? You were probably just another kid wondering what dirt tasted like. But your parent was right. Eating dirt is just one way you can get a really dangerous type of food poisoning called botulism. Botulism (say: ba -che-li-zem) is a rare disease that affects nerves and the muscles they control. Read on to find out how to protect yourself. What Is Botulism? Bacteria called Clostridium botulinum cause botulism. But here's how rare botulism is - on average, there are only about 110 cases reported in the United States every year. Most of these cases involve babies whose immune systems aren't as strong as older kids and adults, so they can't fight off the bacteria. One way babies can get botulism is by eating honey. Parents are warned not to give their babies honey until they are at least 1 year old. A person can get botulism if the bacteria get inside a cut or other injury, but botulism usually occurs after eating improperly cooked or preserved foods. The botulism bacteria release a poison, also called a

36. Osborn Scientific Group - Weapons Of Mass Destruction, Anthrax Test, Ricin Test, Developer and manufacturer of rapid anthrax, ricin, botulism toxin, smallpox, plaque and infectious disease tests. http://osborn-scientific.com

Credible and Immediate Bioterrorism Threat Detection *New* MSNBC News article stating that Osborn Scientific Group's BADD product line detected both ricin and botulinum toxins in Iraq! Click here for the article. *New* Press release put out by OSG on 04/08/03. Click here to be taken to that article. Osborn Scientific Group specializes in the development, manufacturing, and marketing of the most accurate and cost efficient tests to determine the credibility of a biological threat. Quickly determining credibility is the key to expediting emergency or treatment procedures in the presence of a truly infectious biological threat, and minimizing unnecessary business interruption in the case of a biowarfare threat hoax or false alarm (the vast majority of cases). Osborn Scientific Group holds extensive expertise in the development of rapid diagnostics using immunoassay technology, and leverages that expertise and the following credentials to ensure the highest quality products for our customers: ISO 9001 and EN-46001 certified FDA-inspected and cGMP certified Select Agent Registered Facility (CDC) Home About Us Products News ... Contact Us

37. CDC Botulism | Emergency Preparedness & Response Examines botulism used as a biological weapon. http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/botulism/

@import url(/css/rightCol.css); /*IE and NS6x styles*/ Disasters Winter Storms Power Outages Fires Hurricanes ... Bioterrorism Agents Botulism Fact Sheets and Overviews Video: "The History of Bioterrorism" NEW! Describes the role of Category A agents Facts About Botulism PDF (163 KB/2 pages) From the Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, NCID, CDC Technical Information about Botulism From the Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, NCID, CDC Handbook: Botulism in the United States 1899-1996 PDF (505 MB/43 pages) Foodborne Infections FAQs and technical info Infection Control Recognition of Illness Associated with the Intentional Release of a Biologic Agent MMWR 2001 Oct 19;50(41):893-897. PDF (168 KB/20 pages) Bioterrorism Readiness Plan: A Template for Healthcare Facilities PDF (1.5 MB/34 pages)

38. Tetanus And Botulism Type G toxin is thought to be plasmid encoded. Pathogenesis of botulism. Foodborne botulism. However, symptomatic CNS involvement is rare. Infant botulism. http://www.bact.wisc.edu/Bact330/lecturetetbot

Bacteriology at UW-Madison Bacteriology 330 Home Page The Pathogenic Clostridia The Genus Clostridium Left. Stained pus from a mixed anaerobic infection. At least three different clostridia are apparent. Right. Electron micrograph of Clostridium tetani cells. The clostridia are relatively large, Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria. All species form endospores and have a strictly fermentative mode of metabolism. Most clostridia will not grow under aerobic conditions and vegetative cells are killed by exposure to O2, but their spores are able to survive long periods of exposure to air. The clostridia are ancient organisms that live in virtually all of the anaerobic habitats of nature where organic compounds are present, including soils, aquatic sediments and the intestinal tracts of animals. Clostridia are able to ferment a wide variety of organic compounds. They produce end products such as butyric acid, acetic acid, butanol and acetone, and large amounts of gas (CO2 and H2) during fermentation of sugars. A variety of foul smelling compounds are formed during the fermentation of amino acids and fatty acids. The clostridia also produce a wide variety of extracellular enzymes to degrade large biological molecules in the environment into fermentable components. Hence, the clostridia play an important role in nature in biodegradation and the carbon cycle. In anaerobic clostridial infections, these enzymes play a role in invasion and pathology. Most of the clostridia are saprophytes but a few are pathogenic for humans. Those that are pathogens have primarily a saprophytic existence in nature and, in a sense, are opportunistic pathogens.

39. Infant Botulism Includes causes, foods associated with the disease, symptoms, and prevention. http://www.kidshealth.org/parent/infections/bacterial_viral/botulism.html

KidsHealth Parents Infections Signs and Symptoms: Infant botulism is usually seen in children under 6 months of age. The children may receive medical attention because of symptoms such as constipation , poor sucking action, a weak cry, and a general, progressive muscle weakness. Description: Infant botulism is caused by Clostridium bacteria that live in soil and dust. These bacteria may also contaminate foods, especially honey. Clostridium bacteria produce a toxin (poison) called botulinum toxin, which blocks the normal messages between muscles and nerves and affects muscles everywhere in the body. The toxin usually affects intestinal muscles first. Infant botulism occurs worldwide, and 98% of cases occur in infants between 1 to 6 months of age. In the United States, most cases of infant botulism cannot be prevented, since the spores of Clostridium bacteria are found in soil everywhere. Duration: Infants with infant botulism may require hospital-based support for an extended period. In severe cases of infant botulism, the child may require several weeks of hospitalization and even respiratory support. Contagiousness: No special isolation or precautions are needed since this infection is not transmitted from person to person.

40. Tetanus And Botulism Tetanus and botulism. ©2004 Timothy Paustian, University of WisconsinMadison. This page is no longer available. http://www.bact.wisc.edu/microtextbook/disease/botulism.html

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