61. Foundation Fighting Blindness http://www.rpresearch.ca/

62. Sight Savers International - Saving Sight - River Blindness Information about the disease and its treatment. http://www.sightsavers.org.uk/html/savingsight/treatments/river.htm

home page who we are what we do conditions ... contact us where you are: home eye conditions What is River Blindness? River Blindness: What is River Blindness Page 2: Causes of River Blindness Page 3: Controlling River Blindness Page 4: River Blindness is another name (coined by Sight Savers' founder Sir John Wilson) for a disease called onchocerciasis. As well as being a major cause of blindness in West and Central Africa, it is also present - to a lesser extent - in the Arabian Peninsula and the Americas. At the moment about 18 million people are infected, of whom roughly 300,000 are irreversibly blind. Astonishingly, a huge 125 million further people are currently at risk from infection. As well as causing blindness, onchocerciasis also has several other, equally harmful, effects. People who suffer from it will experience skin conditions such as 'nodules' (bizarre protuberances) and terrible itching, causing them to scratch repeatedly. This results in damage to the pigment and over time the skin becomes mottled; a distinctive characteristic of the disease known as 'Leopard Skin'. This can cause further problems because the de-pigmented 'spots' are more susceptible to skin cancer. Also, because the layers of skin just under the surface are damaged by the disease, it gives the appearance of premature aging ('Lizard Skin'), which can be especially damaging for younger sufferers. Because it becomes endemic in certain areas, it also has two important social implications:

63. New Scientist Spinach pigments proposed as blindness cure. 1000 02 May 04. A truly extraordinary cure for some forms of blindness is being proposed. http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99994933

64. Consumer Guide To Glaucoma - AllAboutVision.com Risk factors, symptoms and treatments; also FAQ, doctor Q A, and news about research and new therapies. http://www.allaboutvision.com/conditions/glaucoma.htm

Eye Health Topics Introduction Allergies Amblyopia or Lazy Eye AMD AMD FAQs AMD News Astigmatism Blepharitis Cataracts FAQs Cataract News CMV Retinitis Color Blindness Conjunctivitis Crossed Eyes Diabetic Retinopathy Diabetic Retinopathy FAQs Drooping Eyelids Dry Eyes Eye Safety Floaters and Spots Glaucoma Glaucoma FAQs Glaucoma News Hyperopia Keratoconus Macular Degeneration Myopia Ocular Hypertension Photophobia (Light Sensitivity) Pink Eye Presbyopia Ptosis Retinal Detachment Retinitis Pigmentosa Strabismus Styes What's New in Eye Care Products or AllAboutVision.com home Glaucoma: The Second-Leading Cause of Blindness in the U.S. By Judith Lee and Gretchyn Bailey reviewed by Dr. Vance Thompson Glaucoma: News FAQ Your eye has pressure just like your blood, and when this intraocular pressure (IOP) increases to dangerous levels, it damages the optic nerve . This can result in decreased peripheral vision and, eventually, blindness. Glaucoma is similar to ocular hypertension but with accompanying optic nerve damage and vision loss. Glaucoma affects an estimated 3 million Americans, with 120,000 blind due to the condition. Elsewhere in the world, treatment is less available, and glaucoma ranks as a leading cause of blindness just about everywhere. Even if people with glaucoma do not become blind, vision can be severely impaired.

65. Journal Of Visual Impairment And Blindness--Index Of Issues On-Line Journal of Visual Impairment blindness The peerreviewed journal reporting on cutting-edge research, innovative practice, and news on all aspects of visual http://www.afb.org/jvib/main.asp

Current Issue Back Issues Sample Issue JVIB’s First Perspectives Column Discusses the Need for a Unified English Braille Code One of the hottest topics in the field is discussed in the inaugural Perspectives column of the A major change in the braille code will affect braille readers, teachers, rehabilitation specialists, transcribers, administrators, and others who work with braille in any capacity. Because of the implications of adopting the Unified English Braille Code (UEBC) proposed by the International Council on English Braille, all JVIB readers are encouraged to consider the valuable insights offered in this month's Perspectives column , take time to learn more about the UEBC, and provide input on the proposed code by joining in an online discussion on this important topic. Perspectives is an invited platform for people in the blindness field to discuss a timely and important and perhaps controversial topic. JVIB is the international, interdisciplinary journal of record on blindness and visual impairment that publishes scholarship and information and serves as a forum for the exchange of ideas, airing of controversies, and discussion of issues. Find out more by reading the free sample issue . Then, if you want to have access to all issues beginning with January 2000, follow this link to

66. Wales Council For The Blind Independent umbrella organisation promoting the welfare of blind and partially sighted people and the prevention of blindness. Information about membership, activities, and their Manifesto. http://wcb-ccd.org.uk/

Home News Organisation Information ... Donate Wales Council for the Blind "Enabling and Empowering" Enter the site A VI Strategy for Health and Social Care Services: Give us your views Sylw! Read the June bulletin. What is WCB? Who are our members? What are our aims? ... How are we governed? What is WCB? WCB is the umbrella body for visual impairment in Wales. It is an independent organisation for Wales. Who are our members? Our membership consists of organisations concerned with visual impairment. We are unique in having both statutory and voluntary organisations in membership - local authorities and all voluntary groups working in this field in Wales including branches or representatives of U.K. bodies. What are our aims? The aims of WCB as outlined in its constitution are to promote the welfare of blind and partially sighted people and the prevention of blindness We work to get visual impairment on every agenda. We believe that policies and services should be based on increasing independence and empowering an individual to make their own decisions and organise their own lives. It is uniquely easy to network in Wales and to develop a strategic approach for this purpose because of its size and culture. We believe too that visual impairment should be part of the mainstream and that skills and information should be shared.

67. JVIB Journal of Visual Impairment blindness (JVIB). The journal was first published under the name Journal of Visual Impairment blindness in January 1977. http://www.afb.org/jvib.asp

Home Change Colors and Text Size Contact Us Sitemap Site Search American Foundation for the Blind About AFB Press Room Bookstore Donate ... Home JVIB JVIB is the premiere international, interdisciplinary journal of record on blindness and visual impairment that publishes scholarship and information and serves as a forum for the exchange of ideas, airing of controversies, and discussion of issues. JVIB is a monthly publication that includes research articles, as well as shorter pieces of interest to practitioners and extensive news coverage about the field of visual impairment. Two sections of JVIB are available free online to the public: Speaker's Corner and Perspectives . These columns are platforms for members of the blindness field who are invited to express their points of view about timely, important, and controversial issues. Readers of these columns are encouraged to visit the JVIB online message board , and voice their opinions on these important topics. The journal was first published under the name in January 1977. The journal's purpose, as conceived by the AFB Publications Advisory Committee, was to foster an exchange of information between the research and practice communities in the field of visual impairment and blindness.

68. What's Color Blindness? isn t true. Learn more about what causes color blindness in this Q A for kids. Is Color blindness Inherited? Color blindness is http://kidshealth.org/kid/talk/qa/color_blind.html

KidsHealth Kids Kids' Talk To understand what causes color blindness, you need to be cool with cones and what they do. No, not ice cream cones! We're talking about the cones in your eyes . At the very back of your eye is the retina. It's about the size of a postage stamp, and it contains millions of cells that are sensitive to light. Some of these cells are called cones. Cones let you see color by combining the three main colors (red, blue, and yellow) to make thousands of colors, from the orange of your macaroni and cheese to the turquoise of a tropical fish. Even though many people think that being color-blind means a person can't see any color, this isn't true. Very few color-blind people see life the way it is on an old black-and-white TV show. Instead, most people who are color-blind just have a hard time telling the difference between certain colors. If you don't have the correct chemicals in the cones, they may not let you see the right number of main colors. Most people who are color-blind aren't able to see red or green. For example, when a kid who is color-blind looks at a green leaf, he sees a leaf that's either a neutral color (like a light tan) or a shade of gray. Is Color Blindness Inherited?

69. Face Blind! Bill's Face Blindness (Prosopagnosia) Pages - Introduction A personal account of face blindness (prosopagnosia), by a sufferer. http://www.choisser.com/faceblind/

Preface This is the world's first (and to date only) book about face blindness. It has been published on the Internet so people in all lands can have access to it readily, and so it can be continuously updated. In these pages, you will find information, much of which is not available anywhere else at this time. Until people with this rare condition began to meet each other on the Internet in mid-1996, assembling this kind of information would not have been possible. Even researchers who have had hopes of specializing in this condition have been frustrated by having seen only a handful of subjects over a lifetime. With the advent of the Internet, face blind people are coming together in heretofore unheard of numbers, and much is being learned with each passing month. This document was first published as "Bill's Face Blindness Pages" in January, 1997, based on information learned in the fall of 1996. Since then, it has grown considerably, to become the document you will now see. Face Blind!

70. Internetworking (1.3): Article-Banner Blindness their goal. We have dubbed this phenomenon banner blindness and have investigated it in two experiments. Experiment 1 The purpose http://www.internettg.org/newsletter/dec98/banner_blindness.html

home purpose join itg ITG Publication ... library ARTICLE Banner Blindness: Web Searchers Often Miss "Obvious" Links Jan Panero Benway panero@oxy.edu David M. Lane lane@rice.edu Rice University Suppose you are designing a web page where one particular link among many is likely to be the most used by visitors. For example, perhaps you have a web page for sending text messages to pagers. "Send a message" is likely to be a very popular link, and it is important that all users notice it. On a travel reservations page, the designer wants to be sure that users notice the link for "make a reservation." Web guidelines usually recommend that to make an important item stand out, it should be near the top, and be large and/or brightly colored. For example, the Ameritech web design guidelines state: "In general, the larger an item is, the greater its perceived visual importance and likelihood of attracting attention. Make sure that items of greatest importance are easy to see, and clearly distinguished from other items. (Detweiler & Omanson, 1996)" Although this seems like perfectly good design advice, we have reason to believe it may not be. In a usability test of a corporate intranet, we were interested in finding out whether the novice users could make their way easily from the main home page to a lower-level page on computer training courses. We gave the users the task of finding information about Internet courses. The training page contained the seemingly highly-salient link shown below.

71. NVRI Home Page Pursues research in vision and the disorders of vision. Investigates difficult problems which require intensive and coordinated basic and clinical research over a long period of time. Its goal is the preservation of sight and the prevention of blindness. http://www.optometry.unimelb.edu.au/nvri/nvri.htm

The National Vision Research Institute was founded in 1972 to pursue research in vision and the disorders of vision. It devotes the whole of its resources to research and is therefore able to embark on investigations of difficult problems which require intensive and co-ordinated basic and clinical research over a long period of time. Its goal is the preservation of sight and the prevention of blindness. The NVRI is currently undergoing a restructure that has resulted in significant changes to staff and research projects. At this stage the web pages are unavailable while they are updated. They will be updated over the next few months. Vision testing products are still available for purchase from the NVRI. Contact the Secretary for more information. Catalogue Prices For further information about the NVRI, please contact: NVRI Secretary Corner Keppel and Cardigan Street Carlton 3053 Telephone: 9349 7480 Email: nvri@optometry.unimelb.edu.au

72. Color Blindness - Color Vision Color blindness may be a hereditary condition or caused by disease of the optic nerve or retina. Color blindness. Complete color blindness is very rare. http://www.stlukeseye.com/Conditions/ColorBlindness.asp

Conditions Home Macular Degeneration Diabetic Retinopathy Dry Eye Syndrome ... Services Search Selected by the sciLINKS program, a service of National Science Teachers Association. Treatment Color Blindness Overview Color blindness may be a hereditary condition or caused by disease of the optic nerve or retina . Acquired color vision problems only affect the eye with the disease and may become progressively worse over time. Patients with a color vision defect caused by disease usually have trouble discriminating blues and yellows. Inherited color blindness is most common, affects both eyes, and does not worsen over time. This type is found in about 8% of males and 0.4% of females. These color problems are linked to the X chromosome and are almost always passed from a mother to her son. Color blindness may be partial (affecting only some colors), or complete (affecting all colors). Complete color blindness is very rare. Those who are completely color blind often have other serious eye problems as well. Photoreceptors called cones allow us to appreciate color. These are concentrated in the very center of the retina and contain three photosensitive pigments: red, green and blue. Those with defective color vision have a deficiency or absence in one or more of these pigments. Those with normal color vision are referred to as trichromats. People with a deficiency in one of the pigments are called anomalous trichromats (the most common type of color vision problem.) A dichromat has a complete absence in one cone pigment.

73. Color Blindness Tests, Testing, Screening, Charts, Posters And Books For Hospita Offers products on color blindness diagnosis and educational materials on color blindness. http://www.colorblind.to

Where the world goes for color blindness tests, books, guides and posters. We have color blind related products that you just can't find anywhere else. From the popular Color Vision Guide (currently discounted) to the comprehensive "Little Black Book," as well as the critically acclaimed book, "Colour Blindness Causes and Effects"; we have what everyone needs to know about color blindness. We even have original Ishihara compliant color blind test charts you can license for your own publications. Color Vision and Learning "What Teachers, School Nurses and Parents Should Know About Students Who Are Colorblind" An overview by Dr. Terrance Waggoner (76K, PDF, free to download now) Don't see what you were looking for? Subscribe to our newsletter and we'll let you know when new items arrive! Our Departments Tests for Color Blindness Test for color blindness with these professional grade books and charts. Books and Video on Color Blindness A wide range of educational resources for children and adults alike. Licenses for Ishihara Compliant Test Charts and Eye Art for Publication Online purchase of licenses available here for publishers and media designers.

74. Color Deficient Vision Color blindness references for Web Designers. Cards and Charts simulating the websafe colors in color blindness. Highly recommended. Tests For Color blindness. http://www.visibone.com/colorblind/

VisiBone Color Deficient Vision Simulation in the Web Designer's Color Card and Chart Color Card (8.5" x 11") Color Chart (18" x 24") Printed color references with color deficiency simulations Toward the lower left on the Card and the Chart is a simulation of deuteranopia , a common variety of color blindness. This is from the Greek for "second doesn't see" referring to the second cones in the retina of the eye that respond primarily to green light and are presumed to be defective in this condition. This doesn't mean that greens are invisible to people with deuteranopia. Human vision is complicated. The role of the green cones is less to detect green light than to distinguish it from red. Similarly, when the red cones "don't see" (protanopia), the main consequence is that reds, yellows and greens are indistinguishable. This figure simulates the web-safe colors as they appear in a deuteranopic condition. In most other categories of color blindness, protanopia, protoanomaly and deuteranomaly, the view is very similar but there are subtle differences. In one very rare form, called tritanopia, affecting thirty people in a million, colors appear very differently. The

75. Disabilities And Handicaps - 123World An alphabetic list of websites on disabilities like blindness, deafness, dwarfism, stuttering and links to the english version of these sites. http://www.123world.com/health/disabilities/

DISABILITIES a b c d ... z A Ability to Share Abuse Prevention Project Amputee B Blindness C Communication Disorders D Deafness Developmental Disabilities Dwarfism I Invisible Disabilities L Learining Disabilities S Spinalcord Injury Stuttering

76. The Strange Symptoms Of Blindness To Motion Learn more about how humans see, how the eye works, color blindness, and more. How We See Things That Move. The Strange Symptoms of blindness to Motion. http://www.hhmi.org/senses/b210.html

It's All in the Brain Breaking the Code of Color How We See Things That Move The Strange Symptoms of Blindness to Motion A Hot Spot in the Brain's Motion Pathway Integrating Information About Movement The Quivering Bundles That Let Us Hear Locating a Mouse By Its Sound ... HHMI Home How We See Things that Move: The Strange Symptoms of Blindness to Motion The patient had great difficulty pouring coffee into a cup. She could clearly see the cup's shape, color, and position on the table, she told her doctor. She was able to pour the coffee from the pot. But the column of fluid flowing from the spout appeared frozen, like a waterfall turned to ice. She could not see its motion. So the coffee would rise in the cup and spill over the sides. More dangerous problems arose when she went outdoors. She could not cross a street, for instance, because the motion of cars was invisible to her: a car was up the street and then upon her, without ever seeming to occupy the intervening space. Even people milling through a room made her feel very uneasy, she complained to Josef Zihl, a neuropsychologist who saw her at the Max Planck Institute for Psychiatry in Munich, Germany, in 1980, because "the people were suddenly here or there but I did not see them moving." The woman's rare motion blindness resulted from a stroke that damaged selected areas of her brain.

77. CNN.com - Study: New Drug Combats Age-related Blindness - Nov. 15, 2003 CNN http://cnn.com/2003/HEALTH/conditions/11/15/blindness.reut/index.html

International Edition MEMBER SERVICES The Web CNN.com Home Page World U.S. Weather ... Special Reports SERVICES Video E-mail Services CNNtoGO Contact Us SEARCH Web CNN.com Study: New drug combats age-related blindness Story Tools HEALTH LIBRARY Health Library YOUR E-MAIL ALERTS Medical Research or Create your own Manage alerts What is this? LOS ANGELES, California (Reuters) - An experimental drug that blocks abnormal blood vessel growth in the eye is an effective treatment for the leading cause of age-related blindness, according to research unveiled Saturday. Macugen, a drug being developed by Pfizer Inc. and Eyetech Pharmaceuticals Inc., was 27 percent more effective than placebo at limiting vision loss in patients with the "wet" form of macular degeneration in a late-stage trial, said Dr. Carmen Puliafito, director of Bascom Palmer Eye Institute in Miami and the study's lead investigator. In macular degeneration, the central and most important area of the retina the macula deteriorates. The more common "dry" form results in gradual vision loss. In the more serious, wet form of the disease, vision loss occurs quickly as blood vessels leak and form a mound. The mound later contracts, leaving a scar that blocks vision. This form of macular degeneration afflicts an estimated 1.2 million Americans and the incidence is expected to rise as baby boomers age.

78. Canine Support Teams A California based nonprofit organization that provides specially trained dogs to people with disabilities other than blindness. http://www.caninesupportteams.org

Click here to enter our Site "Changing the way the world thinks about disabilities, one dog at a time"®

79. Vision Impairment (part 1), NCBDDD, CDC blindness is defined as a visual acuity worse than 20/400, with the best possible correction, or a visual field of 10 degrees or less. http://www.cdc.gov/node.do/id/0900f3ec8000773b

NCBDDD Home Vision Impairment What Is Vision Impairment? How Common Is It? ... Click here to contact the National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities. What is vision impairment? Vision impairment means that a person's eyesight cannot be corrected to a "normal" level. It is a loss of vision that makes it hard or impossible to do daily tasks without specialized adaptations. Vision impairment may be caused by a loss of visual acuity, where the eye does not see objects as clearly as usual. It may also be caused by a loss of visual field, where the eye cannot see as wide an area as usual without moving the eyes or turning the head. There are different ways of describing how severe a person's vision loss is. The World Health Organization defines "low vision" as visual acuity between 20/70 and 20/400, with the best possible correction, or a visual field of 20 degrees or less. "Blindness" is defined as a visual acuity worse than 20/400, with the best possible correction, or a visual field of 10 degrees or less. Someone with a visual acuity of 20/70 can see at 20 feet what someone with normal sight can see at 70 feet. Someone with a visual acuity of 20/400 can see at 20 feet what someone with normal sight can see at 400 feet. A normal visual field is about 160-170 degrees horizontally. Vision impairment severity may be categorized differently for certain purposes. In the United States, for example, we use the term "legal blindness" to indicate that a person is eligible for certain education or federal programs. Legal blindness is defined as a visual acuity of 20/200 or worse, with the best possible correction, or a visual field of 20 degrees or less.

80. On His Blindness Borges, Milton y la ceguera, art­culo de Brenda S¡nchez publicado en el nº 21 de la revista Esp©culo. http://www.ucm.es/info/especulo/numero21/ceguera.html

"On his Blindness": Borges, Milton y la ceguera Brenda Sánchez Departamento de Letras Facultad de Filosofía y Letras Universidad Nacional del Cuyo la_berenda@hotmail.com Mendoza - Argentina Localice en este documento El hecho central de mi vida ha sido la existencia de las palabras y la posibilidad de entretejer y transformar las palabras en poesía. Borges, Jorge Luis. La poesía -manifestó [Borges] alguna vez- tiene una entrañable amistad con la ceguera. Alifano, Roberto. E l tema de la presente investigación es la ceguera en la obra lírica de Jorge Luis Borges. Nuestro corpus está constituido por cinco sonetos: “ On his blindness ” (OHB1) de El oro de los tigres El ciego I ” (EC1) y “ El ciego II ” (EC2) publicados en dos volúmenes, El oro de los tigres y La rosa profunda Un ciego ” (UC) de La rosa profunda On his blindness ” (OHB2) de Los conjurados Consideraremos solo parcialmente el “ Poema de los dones ” (PD) de El hacedor (1960) y “ Elogio de la sombra ” (ES) de Elogio de la Sombra (1969), ya que, por razones métricas, temáticas y estilísticas creemos que los sonetos forman un todo homogéneo y que, si bien estos dos poemas antes mencionados comparten núcleos temáticos, son más las divergencias que las convergencias que presentan con el resto de los textos del corpus. Todos los poemas sobre la ceguera fueron compuestos a partir de 1955, es decir, que no incluimos en este análisis ningún texto de sus primeros tres volúmenes poéticos.

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