1. Autonomic Nervous System - Part 1 The autonomic nervous system, as its name implies, governs or regulates, the body's internal environment skin to work efficiently. The autonomic nervous system does this as follows http://www.parkinson.org/autonomicns.htm

N ational P arkinson F oundation A World Wide Organization Autonomic Nervous System (Part 1) Figure 1 T he Autonomic Nervous System, as its name implies, governs or regulates, the body's internal environment. Shortly after you arrive in a doctor's office, or an emergency room, your vital signs are checked: temperature, pulse rate, blood pressure, and rate of respiration. The vital signs mirror your body's internal environment. They must be maintained for each organ: brain, heart, gut, kidneys, liver, lung, skin to work efficiently. The Autonomic Nervous System does this as follows: Maintains your Temperature at 98.6 Fahrenheit. If your temperature rises because, from among other things, of : (1) An infection from bacteria, or a virus. (2) An inflammation of a joint, a muscle, or a vein (phlebitis). (3) A sauna, a steam bath, a sun burn. the Autonomic Nervous System, rids your body of heat by shuttling blood from your internal organs to your skin. From here it radiates or evaporates. As a result you feel flushed or feverish. If you're anxious, your Autonomic Nervous System can be subconsciously "tricked" into thinking your temperature's up (when it's not) and you may feel flushed or feverish. If your temperature drops because of: (1) An under-active thyroid gland.

2. Neuroscience For Kids - Autonomic Nervous System The autonomic nervous system, The other. The autonomic nervous system.Structure, Sympathetic Stimulation, Parasympathetic Stimulation. http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/auto.html

The Autonomic Nervous System The organs (the "viscera") of our body, such as the heart, stomach and intestines, are regulated by a part of the nervous system called the autonomic nervous system (ANS) . The ANS is part of the peripheral nervous system and it controls many organs and muscles within the body. In most situations, we are unaware of the workings of the ANS because it functions in an involuntary, reflexive manner. For example, we do not notice when blood vessels change size or when our heart beats faster. However, some people can be trained to control some functions of the ANS such as heart rate or blood pressure. The ANS is most important in two situations: In emergencies that cause stress and require us to "fight" or take "flight" (run away) and In nonemergencies that allow us to "rest" and "digest" The ANS regulates: Muscles in the skin (around hair follicles; smooth muscle) around blood vessels (smooth muscle) in the eye (the iris; smooth muscle) in the stomach, intestines and bladder (smooth muscle) of the heart (cardiac muscle) Glands The ANS is divided into three parts: The sympathetic nervous system The parasympathetic nervous system The enteric nervous system The Sympathetic Nervous System It is a nice, sunny day...you are taking a nice walk in the park.

3. The ANS control of movements. The autonomic nervous system conveys sensory impulses from the major components of the autonomic nervous system, the sympathetic and the parasympathetic http://www.ndrf.org/ans.htm

NDRF National Dysautonomia Research Foundation 1407 W Fourth Street, Suite 160, Red Wing, MN 55066-2108 Phone: (651) 267-0525 Fax: (651) 267-0524 Be sure to visit the NDRF Reference Page where you can learn more about the NDRF Patient Handbook, Videos and other reference materials. General Organization of the Autonomic Nervous System Anatomical Structure of the System Transmission of Autonomic Stimuli Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System (a) ... The Adrenal Medulla General Organization of the Autonomic Nervous System Anatomical Structure of the System The nervous system comprises the brain and various types of nerves, including afferent nerves (from the Latin, ad = towards; ferro = I carry), which carry sensory impulses from all parts of the body to the brain and efferent nerves (ex = from; ferro = I carry) through which "messages" are conducted from the brain to the muscles and all of the organs of the body. The somatic part of the nervous system has sensory components which convey sensations from the eyes, the nose and other sensory organs to the brain (mainly the cerebral cortex) where most of the impulses reach our awareness, and motor components transmitting impulses to the skeletal muscles in the limbs and trunk permitting voluntary control of movements. The autonomic nervous system conveys sensory impulses from the blood vessels, the heart and all of the organs in the chest, abdomen and pelvis through nerves to other parts of the brain (mainly the medulla, pons and hypothalamus). These impulses often do not reach our consciousness, but elicit largely automatic or reflex responses through the efferent autonomic nerves, thereby eliciting appropriate reactions of the heart, the vascular system, and all the organs of the body to variations in environmental temperature, posture, food intake, stressful experiences and other changes to which all individuals are exposed.

4. Autonomic Nervous System autonomic nervous system. Up Diencephalon autonomic nervous system Hypothalamic Nuclei http://www.driesen.com/autonomic_nervous_system.htm

Autonomic Nervous System Up Back Next Autonomic Nervous System ... Diencephalon [ Autonomic Nervous System ] Hypothalamic Nuclei Pituitary Gland Thalamic Nuclei Memory in the Brain ... Search Our Site Last Edited: February 8, 2004 ©1998-2004 Jacob L. Driesen, Ph.D.

5. The Peripheral Nervous System The SensorySomatic Nervous System. The Cranial Nerves. The autonomic nervous system. The Sympathetic Branch. The Parasympathetic Branch. Organization of the Nervous System. The nervous system is divided into the of the autonomic system. The actions of the autonomic nervous system are largely involuntary http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/PNS.html

Index to this page The Sensory-Somatic Nervous System The Cranial Nerves The Autonomic Nervous System The Sympathetic Branch ... The Parasympathetic Branch Organization of the Nervous System The nervous system is divided into the peripheral nervous system PNS ) and the central nervous system CNS Link to discussion of the central nervous system. The PNS consists of sensory neurons running from stimulus receptors that inform the CNS of the stimuli motor neurons running from the CNS to the muscles and glands - called effectors - that take action. The CNS consists of the spinal cord and the brain The peripheral nervous system is subdivided into the sensory-somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system The Sensory-Somatic Nervous System The sensory-somatic system consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves The Cranial Nerves Nerves Type Function I Olfactory sensory olfaction (smell) II Optic sensory vision (Contain 38% of all the axons connecting to the brain.) III Oculomotor motor eyelid and eyeball muscles IV Trochlear motor eyeball muscles V Trigeminal mixed Sensory: facial and mouth sensation Motor: chewing VI Abducens motor eyeball movement VII Facial mixed Sensory: taste Motor: facial muscles and salivary glands VIII Auditory sensory hearing and balance IX Glossopharyngeal mixed Sensory: taste Motor: swallowing X Vagus mixed main nerve of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) XI Accessory motor swallowing; moving head and shoulder

6. Autonomic Nervous System A description of the autonomic nervous system, its characteristics and divisions. http://www.ivcc.edu/caley/107/Lectures_Unit_3/ans.html

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM BIO 1007 Lecture Outlines BIO 1007 Resources Ms. Caley's Home ... Contact Us The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is an involuntary division of the nervous system that consists of motor neurons (autonomic neurons) that conduct impulses from the brain stem or spinal cord to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands. These motor neurons are responsible for regulating heart rate, regulating peristalsis (smooth muscle contraction of the digestive organs), and the release of secretions from certain glands, such as the salivary glands in the mouth. General Characteristics of the ANS: 1. It is a two-neuron pathway. 2. Sensory signals from viscera and skin send signals to autonomic neurons in brain and spinal cord. 3. A preganglionic neuron cell body is located within the CNS (brain stem or spinal cord). 4. Preganglionic fibers (efferent fibers) synapse with a postganglionic neuron located in the PNS 5. The postganglionic fiber terminates on the effector organ (heart, stomach, etc). Divisions of the ANS 1. Sympathetic Division

7. The Autonomic Nervous System (page 1) Overview of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems by Dr S Bakewell. http://www.nda.ox.ac.uk/wfsa/html/u05/u05_010.htm

Issue 5 (1995) Article 6: Page 1 of 2 Go to page: 1 The Autonomic Nervous System Dr S Bakewell, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge. Introduction Parasympathetic nervous system Sympathetic nervous system The nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system which controls organs under voluntary control (mainly muscles) and the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) which regulates individual organ function and homeostasis, and for the most part is not subject to voluntary control. It is also known as the visceral or automatic system. The ANS is primarily involved in reflex arcs, involving an autonomic or somatic afferent limb, and then autonomic and somatic efferent limbs. For instance, afferent fibres may convey stimuli from pain receptors, or mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors in the heart, lungs, gastrointestinal tract etc. There may then be a reflex response to this involving autonomic efferent fibres causing contraction of smooth muscle in certain organs (e.g. blood vessels, eyes, lungs, bladder, gastrointestinal tract) and influencing the function of the heart and glands. The efferent limbs of these reflexes may also involve the somatic nervous system (e.g. coughing and vomiting). Simple reflexes are completed entirely within the organ concerned, whereas more complex reflexes are controlled by the higher autonomic centres in the CNS, principally the hypothalamus. The ANS is divided into two separate divisions called the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Systems, on the basis of anatomical and functional differences. Both of these systems consist of myelinated preganglionic fibres which make synaptic connections with unmyelinated postganglionic fibres, and it is these which then innervate the effector organ. These synapses usually occur in clusters called ganglia. Most organs are innervated by fibres from both divisions of the ANS, and the influence is usually opposing (e.g.the vagus slows the heart, whilst the sympathetic nerves increase its rate and contractility), although it may be parallel (e.g. the salivary glands). The responses of major effector organs to autonomic nerve impulses are summarised in

8. Neuroscience For Kids - Divisions Of The NS The peripheral nervous system is divided into two major parts the somatic nervoussystem and the autonomic nervous system. 2. autonomic nervous system. http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/nsdivide.html

Adventures in Neuroanatomy: Parts of the Nervous System Contents of this Page Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Divisions of the Nervous System Brain Structures ... Brain Structure Poll Neuroanatomy the structure of the nervous system. To learn how the nervous system functions, you must learn how the nervous system is put together. The nervous system can be divided into several connected systems that function together. Let's start with a simple division: The Nervous System is divided into: The Central Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous System Let's break the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system into more parts. Central Nervous System The central nervous system is divided into two parts: the brain and the spinal cord . The average adult human brain weighs 1.3 to 1.4 kg (approximately 3 pounds). The brain contains about 100 billion nerve cells (neurons) and trillons of "support cells" called glia . The spinal cord is about 43 cm long in adult women and 45 cm long in adult men and weighs about 35-40 grams. The vertebral column, the collection of bones (back bone) that houses the spinal cord, is about 70 cm long. Therefore, the spinal cord is much shorter than the vertebral column. For brain weights of other animals, see

9. Fibromyalgia What is the autonomic nervous system ? The autonomic nervous system worksbelow the level of consciousness to maintain the body s equilibrium. http://www.martinez-lavin.com/Fibromyalgia.htm

What is Fibromyalgia? Fibromyalgia (FM) is a common illness that affects 2% of the general population, of which the majority are female. The illness may be triggered by physical or emotional trauma. FM is characterized by chronic widespread pain, by sleeping problems, and by profound fatigue that does not improve after resting. There is significant overlap between FM and chronic fatigue syndrome. Patients with FM frequently have other symptoms such as headaches, nocturnal jaw tightness, morning stiffness, tingling and numbness of arms and legs, irritable bowel, urinary urgency, dryness in the mouth and eyes, cold swollen hands, anxiety and/or depression. Another characteristic of FM is tenderness at palpation in defined points at the neck and lower back areas. Is fibromyalgia easy to recognize ? The answer is no - for several reasons: · Many physicians are unaware of the existence of this syndrome. · The patients are sometimes labeled as hypochondriacs or hysterics because lab tests do not show evidence of disease. · It may be confused with other rheumatic illnesses such as polymyalgia rheumatica, ankylosing spondylitis or rheumatoid arthritis (because of the generalized muscle and joint pain), with lupus or Sjogren's syndrome (because of its perplexing symptoms). However, an important point of differentiation is the lack of any tissue damage or sign of inflammation in FM.

10. Regulation Of The Vascular System By Neural And Endothelial Mechanisms. Andrzej Relationship between the autonomic nervous system and the vascular system, mechanisms underlying disease in human arteries, cerebral and coronary arteries. Relevant to clinical medicine. Saphenous vein for CABG, and neurodegenerative diseases. University College London. http://www.homepages.ucl.ac.uk/~ucgaanl/

UCL ANATOMY DEPT ANATOMY STAFF BROCHURE ANATOMY STAFF LIST Email a.loesch@ucl.ac.uk HOME RESEARCH CV ... LINKS Dr Andrzej Loesch MSc PhD DSc Senior Research Fellow Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology University College London Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT Telephone SEE IMAGES: GALLERY 1 GALLERY 2 GALLERY 3 GALLERY 4 ... POLISH GALLERY Regulation of the vascular system by neural and endothelial mechanisms Over the last few decades our knowledge of the mechanisms regulating the vascular system and blood flow has been reshaped by several seminal discoveries. These have demonstrated that the perivascular autonomic nerves and vascular endothelium release a variety of agents vital for vascular physiology and the blood supply to tissues. Endothelium Among agents of endothelial origin are an endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF)/ nitric oxide (NO), endothelin-1 (ET-1), an endothelium-derived hyperpolarising factor (EDHF), ATP, prostacyclin, endoperoxidases, superoxide anions or thromboxane A2. Some of these have a potent vasoactive role, for example, NO mediates vasorelaxation, whilst ET-1 is a vasoconstrictor. Perivascular nerves Among novel agents identified in perivascular nerves are neuropeptides, purines, monoamines and NO which can act as neurotransmitters, co-transmitters, or neuromodulators. These findings support an earlier hipotheses by Burnstock, 1976 (

11. ScienceDirect - Journal Of The Autonomic Nervous System - List Of Issues The autonomic nervous system (page 1) Issue 5 (1995) Article 6 Page 1 of 2, Go to page 1 2. The AutonomicNervous System Dr S Bakewell, Addenbrooke s Hospital, Cambridge. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01651838

This Feature requires JavaScript Register or Login: Password: Athens Login Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System Bookmark this page as: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01651838 Continued as Autonomic Neuroscience Volume 81 Volume 81, Issues 1-3 , Pages 3-298 (3 July 2000) Volumes 71 - 80 Volumes 61 - 70 Volumes 51 - 60 Volumes 41 - 50 ... Volumes 1 - 10 Alert me when new Journal Issues are available Add this journal to My Favorite Journals More Publication Info Feedback Elsevier B.V.

12. Centre For Neuroscience Research center for cognitive neuroscience, sensory systems, autonomic nervous system (links between body and brain), addiction, circadian rhythms, epilepsy. Flinders University, Adelaide Australia. http://adminwww.flinders.edu.au/prio/Research/Instit/CNS.htm

13. The Autonomic Nervous System (page 2) Article Issue 5 (1995) Article 6 Page 2 of 2, Go to page 1 2. Theautonomic nervous system (Continued) Sympathetic Nervous System. The http://www.nda.ox.ac.uk/wfsa/html/u05/u05_011.htm

Issue 5 (1995) Article 6: Page 2 of 2 Go to page: The autonomic nervous system (Continued) Sympathetic Nervous System The cell bodies of the sympathetic preganglionic fibres are in the lateral horns of the spinal segments T1-L2, the so called thoraco-lumbar outflow. The preganglionic fibres travel a short distance in the mixed spinal nerve, and then branch off as white rami (myelinated) to enter the sympathetic ganglia. These are mainly arranged in two paravertebral chains which lie anterolateral to the vertebral bodies and extend from the cervical to the sacral region. They are called the sympathetic ganglionic chains. The short preganglionic fibres which enter the chain make a synapse with a postsynaptic fibre either at the same dermatomal level, or at a higher or lower level, and then the longer postganglionic fibres usually return to the adjacent spinal nerve via grey rami (unmyelinated) and are conveyed to the effector organ. Some preganglianic fibres do not synapse in the sympathetic chains but terminate in separate cervical or abdominal ganglia, or travel in the greater splanchnic nerve and directly synapse with chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla. As discussed above, Ach is the neurotransmitter via a nicotinic receptor at the preganglionic synapse. The adrenal medulla is innervated by preganglionic fibres and therefore adrenaline is released from the gland by stimulation of nicotinic Ach receptors. At most postganglionic sympathetic endings, the chemical transmitter is noradrenaline, which is present in the presynaptic terminal as well as in the adrenal medulla. In sweat glands, however, postganglionic sympathetic fibres release Ach and this transmission is nicotinic.

14. Welcome Information and support concerning autonomic nervous system disorders. http://www.ndrf.org

NDRF National Dysautonomia Research Foundation 1407 W Fourth Street, Suite 160, Red Wing, MN 55066-2108 Phone: (651) 267-0525 Fax: (651) 267-0524 Be sure to visit the NDRF Reference Page where you can learn more about the NDRF Patient Handbook, Videos and other reference materials. What is Dysautonomia? Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) , Neurocardiogenic Syncope, Mitral Valve Prolapse Dysautonomia, Pure Autonomic Failure, Multiple System Atrophy (Shy-Drager Syndrome) are some of the many disorders that involve a dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system, or Dysautonomia. Our bodies have a complex task of maintaining a stable internal environment and respond appropriately to changes that take place in the external surroundings. This complex task is directed by the Autonomic Nervous System The autonomic nervous system manages most of our bodily systems, including the cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal, urinary and bowel functions, temperature regulation, reproduction and our metabolic and endocrine systems. Additionally, this system is responsible for our reaction to stress - the flight or fight response. When our autonomic nervous system malfunctions, it is known as

15. Autonomic Nervous System autonomic nervous system. Copyright © 1996 by A.L. Clatworthy, Ph.D. Department of Integrative Biology. University of Texas Houston Medical School. I. Function. II. General organization. III. Central control. IV. Anatomy of A. Essential Medical Physiology, Raven Press New York, 1992. Chapter 8 autonomic nervous system, pp. 113-121 http://www.uth.tmc.edu/schools/med/i_bio_org/general/ans.html

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Department of Integrative Biology University of Texas - Houston Medical School I. Function II. General organization III. Central control IV. Anatomy of: A. Sympathetic nervous system B. Parasympathetic nervous system C. Enteric nervous system V. Patterns of autonomic innervation VI. Responses of effector organs to autonomic input A. Sympathetic B. Parasympathetic VII. Autonomic pharmacology A. Norepinephrine B. Epinephrine C. Acetylcholine VIII. Autonomic receptors A. Adrenergic B. Cholinergic REQUIRED READING Johnson, L.R., Essential Medical Physiology , Raven Press: New York, 1992. Chapter 8: Autonomic Nervous system, pp. 113-121. SUPPLEMENTAL READING Berne, R.M. and Levy, M.N. Physiology, 2nd ed., C.V. Mosby: 1998. Chapter 15.

16. Heart Rate Variability NerveExpress provides a quantitative assessment of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) based on Heart Rate Variability (HRV). http://www.nervexpress.com

www.nervexpress.com Select section Main page Products Medical Fitness About Us Theoretical Review History of product Columbia University Reports Technical Support Installation Troubleshooting Contact Us Home Products About Us Theoretical Review History of product Columbia University Reports Technical Support Installation Troubleshooting Contact Us Nerve-Express is a fully automatic, non-invasive computer-based system designed for quantitative assessment of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) based on Heart Rate Variability (HRV) analysis. Autonomic assessment during orthostatic test Nerve-Express is the first and only system to solve the problem of SNS-PSNS quantification. This technological breakthrough is achieved by using proprietary algorithms and a new approach based on one of the leading theories of Artificial Intelligence - Marvin Minsky's Frame Theory. Nerve-Express objectively and reliably evaluates the state of ANS in "real-time" (up to 24 hours) as well as during Orthostatic test and Valsalva maneuver combined with Deep Breathing. Due to its highly sophisticated HRV analysis, Nerve-Express is the only system that enables precise recognition and classification of 74 ANS states with a corresponding qualitative description for each one. Spectrum during orthostatic test Autonomic assessment during Valsalva Maneuver combined with Deep breathing Assessment of the Physical Fitness Level during Orthostatic test The algorithms used by Nerve-Express have been developed and tested for over twenty years in studies involving more than twenty thousand patients .

17. Autonomic Nervous System Dept of Medicine. Cardiology. New England Cardiac Arrhythmia Center. Commotio Cordis. autonomic nervous system. Heart Center at TuftsNEMC Lack of Correlation Between the autonomic nervous system http://www.nemc.org/medicine/card/autonomicnervoussystem.htm

Tufts-NEMC Dept of Medicine Cardiology New England Cardiac Arrhythmia Center ... Commotio Cordis Autonomic Nervous System Heart Center at Tufts-NEMC Lack of Correlation Between the Autonomic Nervous System and Cardiac Arrhythmias in an Experimental Model of Sudden Death From Low Energy Chest Wall Impact (Commotio Cordis) Background: Young athletes may die suddenly when they are struck in the chest by projectiles such as baseballs and hockey pucks (commotio cordis). A proposed mechanism of this syndrome includes hypervagatonia or activation of the sympathetic nervous system. In an experimental model of commotio cordis we have shown that ventricular fibrillation (VF) could result from baseball impacts timed to the upslope of the T-wave. In this study, we evaluated whether activation of the autonomic nervous system plays a role in commotio cordis. Methods: Juvenile swine weighing between 8 and 12 kg were anesthetized with ketamine and isoflurane, and placed prone in a sling. Twenty animals were randomized to pre-impact administration of control agent or complete sympathetic and parasympathetic blockade (0.4 mg IV atropine and 2 mg IV propanolol). Animals received up to 3 strikes with a regulation baseball thrown at 30 mph and timed to strike at the upslope of the T-wave, on the chest wall directly overlying the left ventricle. Results: With 15 impacts in 10 control animals, VF was produced 6 times (40%). In 10 animals pretreated with complete sympathetic and parasympathetic blockade, 6 episodes of VF were observed with 17 strikes (35%)(p=ns). There were also no significant differences in the occurrence of nonsustained polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (2 of 15; 13% in controls vs. 4 of 17; 23% with autonomic blockade), ST segment elevation or bundle branch block.

18. Hypothalamus And ANS HYPOTHALAMUS AND autonomic nervous system. A. Hypothalamus = Homeostasis.The main C. The autonomic nervous system The autonomic http://thalamus.wustl.edu/course/hypoANS.html

HYPOTHALAMUS AND AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM A. Hypothalamus = Homeostasis The main function of the hypothalamus is homeostasis , or maintaining the body's status quo. Factors such as blood pressure, body temperature, fluid and electrolyte balance, and body weight are held to a precise value called the set-point. Although this set-point can migrate over time, from day to day it is remarkably fixed. To achieve this task, the hypothalamus must receive inputs about the state of the body, and must be able to initiate compensatory changes if anything drifts out of whack. The inputs include: nucleus of the solitary tract - this nucleus collects all of the visceral sensory information from the vagus and relays it to the hypothalamus and other targets. Information includes blood pressure and gut distension. reticular formation - this catchall nucleus in the brainstem receives a variety of inputs from the spinal cord. Among them is information about skin temperature, which is relayed to the hypothalamus. retina - some fibers from the optic nerve go directly to a small nucleus within the hypothalamus called the suprachiasmatic nucleus . This nucleus regulates circadian rhythms, and couples the rhythms to the light/dark cycles.

19. Elsevier Journal published by International Society for Autonomic Neuroscience (ISAN) for publication and dissemination of original investigations on the autonomic nervous system. Published by Elsevier since 2000. http://journals.elsevierhealth.com/periodicals/AUTNEU

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20. Autonomic Nervous System autonomic nervous system. I.Introduction. II.Overview of the autonomic nervous system. A.Somatic vs autonomic nervous system http://chem.csustan.edu/flora/zool4280/outline/autonomic nervous system.htm

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM I. Introduction II. Overview of the autonomic nervous system A. Somatic vs autonomic nervous system Effectors Efferent pathways and ganglia a. Preganglionic neuron b. Ganglion c. Postganglionic neuron Neurotransmitter effects Overlap of somatic and autonomic functions B. Divisions of autonomic nervous system Role of the parasympathetic (craniosacral) division Role of the sympathetic (thoracolumbar) division a. Pathways with synapses in the adrenal medulla III. Physiology of the autonomic nervous system A. Neurotransmitters and receptors Cholinergic receptors a. Nicotinic receptors b. Muscarinic receptors Adrenergic receptors a. Alpha receptors b. Beta receptors B. The effects of drugs C. Interactions of the autonomic nervous system Basic features Antagonistic interactions Sympathetic and parasympathetic tone Cooperative effects Unique roles of the sympathetic division a. Thermoregulatory responses to heat b. Release of renin from the kidneys c. Metabolic effects-I MR, IBS, I RAS of brain stem d. Adrenal medulla e.

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