1. July 1996 - SMJ: Antiphospholipid Syndrome... Case study of a 32 year old woman who came to a hospital at 36 weeks pregnancy. http://www.sma.org/smj/96jul20.htm

Antiphospholipid Syndrome Associated With Seizures Aaron Milstone, MD, Alexander Fan, and Howard Fuchs, MD, Nashville, Tenn ABSTRACT: Antiphospholipid antibodies have been associated with thrombosis, fetal wasting, and thrombocytopenia. We discuss a case of antiphospholipid syndrome with the rarely recognized presentation of generalized tonic-clonic seizure during pregnancy. This case emphasizes the need for evaluation of possible hypercoagulable states in young adults with cerebrovascular events or newly diagnosed seizures. Autoantibodies found in the antiphospholipid syndrome may have specificity for cardiolipin or interfere with in vitro coagulation. Anticardiolipin antibodies (aCLs) can be measured directly by quantitative assay; lupus anticoagulant (LA) must be detected indirectly by prolonged partial thromboplastin time (PTT), kaolin clotting time, or Russell's viper venom test (RVVT). Lupus anticoagulant and aCLs bind negatively charged or neutral phospholipids1; they have been found in patients with and without associated autoimmune disease, most notably with systemic lupus erythematosus.2 These polyclonal antibodies have become a subject of interest in the medical literature because their presence has been associated with increased risk of vascular occlusion. Antiphospholipid syndrome is commonly associated with arterial or venous thrombosis, cardiac valvular abnormalities, fetal wasting, thrombocytopenia, or cerebrovascular events.3 One report also proposed an association between the presence of LA and late-onset seizures.4 Our case shows a link between seizures, cerebral infarction, and LA.

2. Antiphospholipid Syndrome antiphospholipid syndrome. What is it? antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is the name given to a disease which involves the immune system. http://www.womens-health.co.uk/antiphos.htm

Antiphospholipid syndrome What is it? Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is the name given to a disease which involves the immune system. Normally antibodies are good and they help fight germs or viral infections from outside, however, occasionally the immune system makes the wrong kind - a type that acts against the body itself. These unusual auto-antibodies in APS are detected by a blood test and when they are present make a person more likely to get specific problems. APS doesn't make you feel unwell or stop your immune system from working to fight disease. You can't catch it or give it to someone else and it certainly isn't a terminal disease or anything like that. Many people go throughout life without even knowing their body makes these antibodies. Its just that there's more chance of certain problems. Sometimes APS is associated with a disease called systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE). Your doctor will have tested for this. It is only recently that these antibodies were discovered and their significance understood, so the information available is somewhat limited, but more research is being carried out on this all the time. We still don't know exactly how the antibodies bring about the effects described below, although we have some good ideas.

3. Mycoplasma Penetrans Bacteremia And Primary Antiphospholipid Syndrome Scientific case report of a patient with clinical features of PAPS infected with mycoplasma penetrans. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol5no1/yanez.htm

Suggested Citation Dispatches Mycoplasma penetrans Bacteremia and Primary Antiphospholipid Syndrome Mycoplasma penetrans , a rare bacterium so far only found in HIV-infected persons, was isolated in the blood and throat of a non-HIV-infected patient with primary antiphospholipid syndrome (whose etiology and pathogenesis are unknown). Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), first described in 1983 to 1986, is characterized by a wide variety of hemocytopenic and vaso-occlusive manifestations and is associated with antibodies directed against negatively charged phospholipids. Features of APS include hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, venous and arterial occlusions, livedo reticularis, pulmonary manifestations, recurrent fetal loss, neurologic manifestations (stroke, transverse myelitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome); and a positive Coombs test, anticardiolipin antibodies, or lupus anticoagulant activity ( ). The factor(s) causing production of the antiphospholipid antibodies in primary antiphospholipid syndrome (PAPS) remain unidentified ( A substantial number of patients with Mycoplasma pneumoniae ). Furthermore, many clinical criteria for APS have also been well documented in patients with

4. Antiphospholipid Syndrome MEDSTUDENTS-RHEUMATOLOGY antiphospholipid syndrome A review giving most importance on its clinical features, diagnosis and management. RHEUMATOLOGY. antiphospholipid syndrome. http://www.medstudents.com.br/reumat/reumat2.htm

RHEUMATOLOGY Luiz Eduardo da Costa Oliveira Rheumatology Resident Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital / The Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Medstudents' Homepage Antiphospholipid Syndrome Definition The antiphospholipid syndrome is defined as a clinical disorder with recurrent arterial and venous thrombotic events, pregnancy wastage and/or thrombocytopenia in the presence of the lupus anticoagulant and/or moderate to high positive anticardiolipin test. Both a primary form, in patients without clinically or serologically evident autoimune disorders, and a secondary form, usually in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, are recognized. This separation is solely for academical purposes. Clinical Features: A)Thrombosis Thrombosis may be present in small, medium, or large venous or arterial sites. The presentation is episodic and unpredictable. Venous thrombosis of a leg or arm, renal vein thrombosis, the Budd-Chiari syndrome, pulmonary embolism, Addison’s disease, retinal , sagital, pelvic, mesenteric, portal and axillary vein thrombosis have all been described. When an arterial site is involved, the manifestations may vary between the clinical features of a stroke or transient ischemic attack. When other arterial vascular beds are affected, such as the retinal, coronary, brachial, mesenteric, renal (interlobular arteries, arterioles and glomerular capillaries) and dermal arterioles, the clinical presentations are directly related to involved site. B)Pregnancy Loss

5. Antiphospholipid Syndrome antiphospholipid syndrome is characterized by the clots in the blood vessels, recurrent miscarriages, and a low number of blood platelets. http://healthlink.mcw.edu/article/921732376.html

Search Articles: search tips Please Take the HealthLink Survey Email this article Print this article Find related articles: By topic: By keywords: Receive Health Link via email! Subscribe now >> Antiphospholipid Syndrome Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is characterized by the following: venous or arterial thrombosisa condition where clots, called thrombi, form in the blood vessels; recurrent miscarriagesthe repeated loss of the fetus in pregnancies; and thrombocytopeniaa low number of blood platelets that can lead to bleeding, seen as bruising and tiny red dots on the skin. Patients with APS also may experience symptoms of stroke such as transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). APS is diagnosed based on the above clinical manifestations and on laboratory test results. A blood sample is analyzed for the presence of antibodies that react with naturally occurring proteins complexed (bound together) with phospholipids. These are called antiphospholipid antibodies or anticardiolipin antibodies (cardiolipin is one type of phospholipid used in lab tests). Sometimes these antibodies are called lupus anticoagulants when clotting assays (a testing method) are used for their detection. The way in which these antibodies cause clinical problems is not well understood. Patients with APS may develop systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disorder (where antibodies fight against the body's own tissue); these patients should be followed periodically by a doctor who specializes in rheumatology. However, not all APS patients develop lupus. The tendency to have autoimmune disorders is inherited, but APS is not necessarily inherited. It is anticipated that continuing research will reveal more about the disease and lead to a greater understanding of all aspects of APS.

6. NORD - National Organization For Rare Disorders, Inc. Offers a brief discussion with a list of resources for more information. http://www.rarediseases.org/search/rdbdetail_abstract.html?disname=Antiphospholi

7. Welcome To The Official Home Page Of The Hughes Syndrome Foundation Information about antiphospholipid syndrome, the symptoms, diagnosing and treatment. Also information about the foundation itself. http://www.hughes-syndrome.org/

Welcome to the official home page of the Hughes Syndrome Foundation. HUGHES SYNDROME (The Antiphospholipid Syndrome: APS A common disease Many clinical features Often undiagnosed Potentially treatable Dr Hughes receives top honour from Barcelona University. For further details click here HUGHES SYNDROME or by doctors as: The Antiphospholipid Syndrome Young Stroke... Miscarriage... Thrombosis e.g. DVT... Infertility... To learn more, please read our website. Thank you for visiting. stats top Designed by Cascade Creative

8. Antiphospholipid Syndrome Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome (APS). Morbidity and mortality rates associated with the catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome are high. http://neuroland.com/cvd/aps.htm

Neuroland Neurology information Click on the brain to index page Search NeuroLand Neuro disease Notes ... Neuro Med Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome (APS) Primary APS: no underlying systemic disorder Secondary APS: presence of an underlying disease, most commonly SLE. Antiphospholipid antibody: two main groups. Lupus anticoagulants (LA): dRVVT used as both a screening and confirmatory test. It is a sensitive assay, provides accurate results during pregnancy. A prolonged dRVVT may be better than other tests for predicting arterial thrombosis. Anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA): Predictive value probably rises with the titer. Both IgG and IgM ACA may carry a risk, the correlation seems to be stronger with IgG antibodies. A mild increase involve very little risk. No direct correlation between the concentration of antibodies and extent of thrombosis. Whether elevated cardiolipin, phosphatidylserine, or phosphatidylethanolamine antibodies are a cause of stroke or are only a marker of the presence of other precursors of stroke remains unknown. Associated laboratory abnormalities: may include a prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time, false-positive VDRL, elevated ANA, ESR, thrombocytopenia.

9. Antiphospholipid Syndrome A case study as well as indepth look at this disease discussing treatment, diagnosis, ocular and systemic manifestations. Written by Erik Letko, M.D. http://www.uveitis.org/Enhanced/MD_info/antiphospholipid_syndrome.htm

10. EMedicine - Antiphospholipid Syndrome : Article By Amiel Tokayer, MD antiphospholipid syndrome antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a disorder characterized by recurrent venous or arterial thrombosis and/or fetal losses http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic2923.htm

(advertisement) Home Specialties CME PDA ... Patient Education Articles Images CME Patient Education Advanced Search Link to this site Back to: eMedicine Specialties Medicine, Ob/Gyn, Psychiatry, and Surgery Rheumatology Antiphospholipid Syndrome Last Updated: September 30, 2002 Rate this Article Email to a Colleague Synonyms and related keywords: APS, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, aPL syndrome, anticardiolipin antibody syndrome, aCL syndrome, lupus anticoagulant syndrome, LA syndrome, Hughes syndrome, Sneddon syndrome, SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatic disease, arterial thrombosis AUTHOR INFORMATION Section 1 of 11 Author Information Introduction Clinical Differentials ... Bibliography Author: Amiel Tokayer, MD , Fellow, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Winthrop University Hospital and Nassau County Medical Center Coauthor(s): Steven Carsons, MD , Chief, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Associate Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Winthrop University Hospital, State University of New York at Stony Brook; Elise Belilos, MD

11. Antiphosphlolipid Disorders The antiphospholipid syndrome Vol.1 No.4 testing. What is the treatment for the antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy? The drug http://www.hygeia.org/poems4.htm

The Antiphospholipid Syndrome Vol.1 No.4 back home register by Sara Marder, M.D. Instructor and Fellow in Maternal and Fetal Medicine Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Yale University School of Medicine Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome There are many causes that have been linked to recurrent pregnancy loss. One of the less frequently seen associations is known as the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. What are antiphospholipid antibodies? Under normal circumstances, antibodies are proteins made by your immune system to fight substances recognized as foreign by your body. Some examples of foreign substances are bacteria and viruses. Sometimes the body's own cells are recognized as foreign. In the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome the body recognizes phospholipids (part of a cell's membrane) as foreign and produces antibodies against them. Antibodies to phospholipids (antiphospholipid antibodies) can be found in the blood of some people with lupus, but they are also seen in people without any known illness. Lupus anticoagulant (LAC) and anticardiolipin antibody (ACA) are the two known antiphospholipid antibodies that are associated with recurrent pregnancy loss. What is the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome?

12. Antiphospholipid Syndrome Among the topics discussed are primary and secondary APS, clinical manifestations, treatment and further reading. http://www.neuroland.com/cvd/aps.htm

Neuroland Neurology information Click on the brain to index page Search NeuroLand Neuro disease Notes ... Neuro Med Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome (APS) Primary APS: no underlying systemic disorder Secondary APS: presence of an underlying disease, most commonly SLE. Antiphospholipid antibody: two main groups. Lupus anticoagulants (LA): dRVVT used as both a screening and confirmatory test. It is a sensitive assay, provides accurate results during pregnancy. A prolonged dRVVT may be better than other tests for predicting arterial thrombosis. Anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA): Predictive value probably rises with the titer. Both IgG and IgM ACA may carry a risk, the correlation seems to be stronger with IgG antibodies. A mild increase involve very little risk. No direct correlation between the concentration of antibodies and extent of thrombosis. Whether elevated cardiolipin, phosphatidylserine, or phosphatidylethanolamine antibodies are a cause of stroke or are only a marker of the presence of other precursors of stroke remains unknown. Associated laboratory abnormalities: may include a prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time, false-positive VDRL, elevated ANA, ESR, thrombocytopenia.

13. Antiphospholipid Syndrome Hematology Resource Page. Patient Resources Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome. There are two main classifications of the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. http://www-admin.med.uiuc.edu/hematology/PtAPS.htm

University of Illinois - Urbana/Champaign Carle Cancer Center Hematology Resource Page Patient Resources Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome Home Factor V Leiden Antiphospholipid Syndrome General Clotting Information ... Protein S deficiency The antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, also known as Hughes Syndrome, is a disorder characterized by multiple different antibodies that are associated with both arterial and venous thrombosis (clots). There are three primary classes of antibodies associated with the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: 1) anticardiolipin antibodies, 2) the lupus anticoagulant and 3) antibodies directed against specific molecules including a molecule known as beta-2-glycoprotein 1. Historically, antiphospholipid antibodies were first noted in patients who had positive tests for syphilis without signs of infection. Subsequently, a clotting disorder was associated with two patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in 1952. In 1957 a link between recurrent pregnancy loss and what is now called the lupus anticoagulant was established. Ultimately, the lupus anticoagulant was further described in 1963 and in 1972 the term lupus anticoagulant was given. In 1983, Dr. Graham Hughes described the association between antiphospholipid antibodies and arterial as well as venous thrombosis. There are two main classifications of the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. If the patient has an underlying autoimmune disorder, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, the patient is said to have secondary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. If the patient has no known underlying autoimmune disorder, it is termed primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome.

14. Antiphosphlolipid Disorders By Sara Marder, M.D. An explanation of this order and its association with pregnancy loss, who should be tested and its treatment. http://hygeia.org/poems4.htm

The Antiphospholipid Syndrome Vol.1 No.4 back home register by Sara Marder, M.D. Instructor and Fellow in Maternal and Fetal Medicine Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Yale University School of Medicine Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome There are many causes that have been linked to recurrent pregnancy loss. One of the less frequently seen associations is known as the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. What are antiphospholipid antibodies? Under normal circumstances, antibodies are proteins made by your immune system to fight substances recognized as foreign by your body. Some examples of foreign substances are bacteria and viruses. Sometimes the body's own cells are recognized as foreign. In the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome the body recognizes phospholipids (part of a cell's membrane) as foreign and produces antibodies against them. Antibodies to phospholipids (antiphospholipid antibodies) can be found in the blood of some people with lupus, but they are also seen in people without any known illness. Lupus anticoagulant (LAC) and anticardiolipin antibody (ACA) are the two known antiphospholipid antibodies that are associated with recurrent pregnancy loss. What is the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome?

15. Antiphospholipid Syndrome - Arthritis: Health And Medical Information About Arth What is the antiphospholipid syndrome? The antiphospholipid the blood. antiphospholipid syndrome is also called the phospholipid antibody syndrome. http://www.medicinenet.com/Antiphospholipid_Syndrome/article.htm

MedicineNet Home Arthritis Home > Antiphospholipid Syndrome Advanced Search Printer-Friendly Format Add to Favorites Email to a Friend ... Next page Antiphospholipid Syndrome What is the antiphospholipid syndrome? What laboratory tests can support the diagnosis of the antiphospholipid syndrome? What causes the antiphospholipid syndrome? How is the antiphospholipid syndrome treated? ... Antiphospholipid Syndrome At A Glance What is the antiphospholipid syndrome? The antiphospholipid syndrome is a disorder of the immune system that is characterized by excessive clotting of blood and/or certain complications of pregnancy (premature miscarriages, unexplained fetal death, or premature birth) and antiphospholipid antibodies (cardiolipin or lupus anticoagulant antibodies). Patients with antiphospholipid syndrome have developed abnormal symptoms while having antiphospholipid antibodies detectable in the blood. Antiphospholipid syndrome is also called the phospholipid antibody syndrome. Antiphospholipid syndrome has been referred to as Hughes syndrome in honor of the doctor who first described it. It is important to note that antiphospholipid antibodies can also be found in the blood of individuals without any disease process. In fact, antiphospholipid antibodies have been reported in approximately 2 percent of the normal population. Harmless antiphospholipid antibodies can be detected in the blood for a brief period occasionally in association with a wide variety of conditions, including bacterial, viral (hepatitis, HIV), and parasite (malaria) infections. Certain drugs can cause antiphospholipid antibodies to be produced in the blood, including antibiotics, cocaine, hydralazine

16. What The Heck Is Antiphospholipid Syndrome ? http//www.hughessyndrome.org/. Last time it took me several months to put the page up, hope we do better this time ) Hey, life sucks http://hometown.aol.com/amamail/anti.html

Main htmlAdWH('7002568', '234', '60'); Any of you who have been touched bt APLS in the form of brain injury should be able to relate, I have Anoxia. This means Poor memory Poor concentration Lots of Mistakes Tough time figuring things out OOPs becomes a common part of your conversation. I was finaly going to fix some of the many dead links on the page. Bad Idea ...... A few simple key strokes and everything was gone .... Pooffffffff. But I am use to that, everyday occurance. Its just I cant remember how to get everything back where it was or where it came from or how it works. Ad to that that my "build a web page in an hour" Software that took me several months to learn is no longer supported. I dont know HTML! I only do point and click :) So, this could take some time To help out, these sites have some good links http://www.healthcyclopedia.com/antiphospholipid_syndrome.html http://www.silcom.com/~sblc/antibodies.html http://www.hughes-syndrome.org/ Last time it took me several months to put the page up, hope we do better this time :) Hey, life sucks ... you just smile and ignore it or it drives you nuts. If it drives you Nuts, APLS wins

17. The Antiphospholipid Syndrome (Hughes' Syndrome) The antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is sometimes called sticky blood syndrome . The antiphospholipid syndrome (Hughes syndrome). http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/diseases/facts/antiphospholipid.htm

NetDoctor.co.uk Home News and features News Newsletter Features Encyclopaedia Diseases Examinations Medicines Premium services SMS services StayQuit thediet Health centres Allergy and asthma Children's health Depression Eczema ... All health centres Discussion and support Discussion forums Support groups Services Ask the doctor Find a hospital Search Medline Test yourself Information About NetDoctor Commercial opportunities NetDoctor.com The antiphospholipid syndrome (Hughes' syndrome) Dr MY Karim , lecturer in immunology, St Thomas' Hospital Dr GRV Hughes , consultant physician and rheumatologist, St Thomas' Hospital What is the antiphospholipid syndrome (Hughes' syndrome)? The antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is sometimes called 'sticky blood syndrome'. This is because people with it have an increased tendency to form clots in blood vessels (also known as thromboses). Any blood vessel can be affected including the veins, which are thin walled and take blood towards the heart, and the arteries, which have thick muscular walls, and take blood away from the heart. As a result of this clotting tendency these patients may develop repeated clots, eg in the veins of the leg (deep vein thrombosis), or in the arteries supplying the brain, causing a stroke. In pregnancy, the placenta can be affected by small clots, and there is an increased risk of miscarriage, particularly in mid-pregnancy.

18. Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APLS) The antiphospholipid syndrome (APLS) is defined by antiphospholipid antibodies and blood clots forming in blood vessels recurrent pregnancy loss, or a decrease http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4459

19. Antiphospholipid Syndrome - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia antiphospholipid syndrome. antiphospholipid syndrome is a disorder of coagulation, and causes thrombosis in both arteries and veins. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiphospholipid_syndrome

Antiphospholipid syndrome From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Antiphospholipid syndrome is a disorder of coagulation , and causes thrombosis in both arteries and veins . It is occasionally referred to as Hughes' syndrome after the Rheumatologist Dr Graham R.V. Hughes ( St Thomas' Hospital London , UK). Table of contents 1 Signs and symptoms 2 Laboratory 3 Pathogenesis 4 Treatment ... edit Signs and symptoms The presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (APLAs) is suggested by thrombosis (arterial or venous) and recurrent miscarriage (especially in the second trimester, but often earlier). Other common findings, although not part of the classification, are thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) and livedo reticularis (a skin condition). APLAs occur in the context of a number of diseases, most notably Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). One can only speak of Antiphospolipid Syndrome when there are no other symptoms of one of these diseases (e.g. arthritis suggestive of SLE). A significant number of patients with the syndrome will eventually develop SLE, but most never get signs of this disease. edit Laboratory Antiphospholipid syndrome is tested for in the laboratory by two tests of coagulation . The person will have a prolonged APTT , that will not be corrected with a 50:50 mixture with normal plasma. This result is known as

20. University Of Michigan Health System A look at antiphospholipid syndrome and the symptoms, cause of the blood clotting, diagnosis and treatment. http://www.med.umich.edu/1libr/topics/hemo02.htm

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