1. DBMD - Anthrax - General Information General and technical information about anthrax from the Centers for Disease Control. Also includes section with links to other sites and articles. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/anthrax_g.htm

Anthrax For comprehensive CDC information about bioterrorism and related issues, please visit http://www.bt.cdc.gov Frequently Asked Questions What is anthrax? How common is anthrax and who can get it? How is anthrax transmitted? What are the symptoms of anthrax? ... Where can I get more information about a recent Department of Defense decision to require men and women in the Armed Services to be vaccinated against anthrax? What is anthrax? Anthrax is an acute infectious disease caused by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis . Anthrax most commonly occurs in wild and domestic lower vertebrates (cattle, sheep, goats, camels, antelopes, and other herbivores), but it can also occur in humans when they are exposed to infected animals or tissue from infected animals. How common is anthrax and who can get it?

2. ANTHRAX: Music Of Mass Destruction ENTER anthrax.COM. http://www.anthrax.com/

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3. Anthrax Bacillus anthracis and anthrax. Introduction. The anthrax bacillus, Bacillus anthracis, was the first bacterium shown to be the cause of a disease. http://www.bact.wisc.edu/Bact330/lectureanthrax

Bacteriology at UW-Madison Bacteriology 330 Home Page Bacillus anthracis and anthrax Introduction The anthrax bacillus, Bacillus anthracis, was the first bacterium shown to be the cause of a disease. In 1877, Robert Koch grew the organism in pure culture, demonstrated its ability to form endospores, and produced experimental anthrax by injecting it into animals. Robert Koch's original micrographs of the anthrax bacillus Bacillus anthracis Bacillus cereus, which is found in soil habitats around the world, and to Bacillus thuringiensis, the pathogen for larvae of Lepidoptera. The three species have the same cellular size and morphology and form oval spores located centrally in a nonswollen sporangium. Bacillus anthracis. Gram stain. The cells have characteristic squared ends. The endospores are ellipsoidal shaped and located centrally in the sporangium. The spores are highly refractile to light and resistant to staining. Bacillus thuringiensis is distinguished from B. cereus or B. anthracis by its pathogenicity for Lepidopteran insects (moths and caterpillars) and by production of an intracellular parasporal crystal in association with spore formation. The bacteria and protein crystals are sold as "Bt" insecticide, which is used for the biological control of certain garden and crop pests.

4. ANTHRAX VACCINE IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM - The Official DoD Anthrax Information Web The Official DoD anthrax Vaccine Immunization Program (AVIP) Web Site. Your definitive source for information about anthrax the disease, the threat, the safety and effectiveness of the vaccine http://www.anthrax.osd.mil/

5. MedlinePlus: Anthrax Other health topics A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W XYZ List of All Topics. anthrax. Search MEDLINE for recent research articles on . anthrax Calif. Company Unveils anthrax Detection Device ( 05/07/2004, Reuters Health) Impact of anthrax Lingers Year After Attack http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/anthrax.html

@import url(http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/images/advanced.css); Skip navigation Other health topics: A B C D ... List of All Topics Anthrax Contents of this page: News From the NIH General/Overviews Diagnosis/Symptoms ... Women Search MEDLINE for recent research articles on Anthrax You may also be interested in these MedlinePlus related pages: Biodefense and Bioterrorism Infections Poisoning, Toxicology, Environmental Health Latest News Anthrax Treatment Being Developed (05/17/2004, United Press International) Calif. Company Unveils Anthrax Detection Device (05/07/2004, Reuters Health) HHS Moves to Acquire New Anthrax Vaccine for Stockpile (03/12/2004, Dept. of Health and Human Services) From the National Institutes of Health Anthrax (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases) General/Overviews Anthrax (Patient Education Institute) - requires Flash plug-in Also available in: Spanish Anthrax: What You Need to Know (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) Also available in: Spanish FAQs about Anthrax (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) What Is Anthrax?

6. Nature: Focus On Anthrax Focus on anthrax. Recent events have confirmed that bioterrorism is no longer a threat but a reality. access to the latest scientific information about anthrax and other potential bioweapons, Nature has put together of two research papers on anthrax toxin, as well as a collection http://www.nature.com/nature/anthrax

Focus on anthrax Recent events have confirmed that bioterrorism is no longer a threat but a reality. To provide wide-ranging access to the latest scientific information about anthrax and other potential bioweapons, Nature has put together a special online focus on this issue. This focus is made up of two research papers on anthrax toxin, as well as a collection of research, news and feature articles from our electronic archive. The causative agent of the anthrax disease, the bacterium Bacillus anthracis , secretes a toxin made up of three proteins: protective antigen (PA), oedema factor (OF) and lethal factor (LF). PA binds to cell-surface receptors on the host's cell membranes. After being cleaved by a protease, PA binds to the two toxic enzymes, OF and LA, and mediates their transportation into the cytosol where they exert their pathogenic effects. In addition to these Nature papers, this special focus also includes research from October's issue of Nature Biotechnology . Mourez et al . describe the isolation of a synthetic peptide that blocks the action of anthrax toxin in an animal model. These research papers are complimented by a news feature which looks at the threat of bioterrorism and researchers' attempts to counter it, and a collection of research, news and opinion articles from our archive.

7. CDC Emergency Preparedness & Response Site Information on terrorism and public health. Provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Bioterrorism Agents. anthrax, plague, smallpox Radiation Emergencies http://www.bt.cdc.gov/

Bioterrorism Agents Chemical Agents Natural Disasters Radiation Emergencies ... Emergency Preparedness for Business CDC HOTLINES Public: E-mail: cdcresponse@ashastd.org Who to Contact in an Emergency Bromine Case Definition NEW! May 26 MMWR: Responding to Detection of Aerosolized Bacillus anthracis by Autonomous Detection Systems in the Workplace NEW! Apr 30 NEW! May 3 Early Aberration Reporting System (EARS) Video: The History of Bioterrorism MMWR: Recognition of Illness Associated With Exposure to Chemical Agents Improving Surveillance Infrastructure for Terrorism Detection: 8-Cities Project Resource Materials ... Contact Us Page last modified May 17, 2004 Home Policies and Regulations Contact Us Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, U.S.A Department of Health and Human Services

8. Anthrax anthrax, a disease of mammals and humans, is caused by a sporeforming bacterium called Bacillus anthracis. anthrax has an almost worldwide distribution and is http://www.aphis.usda.gov/oa/pubs/anthrax.html

Anthrax Veterinary Services November 2001 Anthrax, a disease of mammals and humans, is caused by a spore-forming bacterium called Bacillus anthracis. Anthrax has an almost worldwide distribution and is a zoonotic disease, meaning it may spread from animals to humans. All mammals appear to be susceptible to anthrax to some degree, but ruminants such as cattle, sheep, and goats are the most susceptible and commonly affected, followed by horses, and then swine. The U.S. Department of Agricultures (USDA) main diagnostics laboratory in Ames, Iowa, the National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL), maintains small quantities of anthrax to use as reference material in making confirmatory anthrax diagnoses in animals. USDAs Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) maintains that laboratory as part of fulfilling its mission to protect American agriculture. Disease Epidemiology Anthrax is endemic to the United States, occurring sporadically throughout the country as environmental conditions allow. The Del Rio, Texas, region has reported ongoing outbreaks of anthrax in deer and livestock this summer. The most recent outbreak there occurred on Sept. 21, 2001. Other recent outbreaks include an outbreak in cattle and horses in Minnesota in June-July 2000; in cattle, horses, and bison in North Dakota in August 2000; and in cattle in Nebraska in January 2001. During their vegetative stage, cells of the anthrax agent multiply in the lymph nodes of susceptible animals, including humans. When cells of B. anthracis escape from the animals body and are exposed to oxygen, they form spores. These spores are highly resistant to heat, cold, chemical disinfectants, and long dry periods. B. anthracis spores are reported to survive for years in the environment. Environmental persistence may be related to a number of factors, including high levels of soil nitrogen and organic

9. Researchers Make Headway In Solving Anthrax Riddle CNN http://cnn.com/2001/HEALTH/10/01/health.anthrax.reut/index.html

10. MMWR Weekly Current Volume September 17, 1982 / Vol. 31 / No. 36 Vaccinia Necrosum after Smallpox Vaccination Michigan. Back to top. anthrax. November 15, 2002 / Vol. 51 / No. 45. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/indexbt.html

Publications MMWR Weekly Current Volume Past Volumes MMWR Recommendations and Reports Current Volume ... MMWR Terrorism Preparedness Compendium Smallpox Anthrax Other Terrorism related Report s and Recommendations Smallpox March 21, 2003 / Vol. 51 / No. 11 Notice to Readers: Smallpox Vaccine Adverse Events Among Civilians - United States, 2003 Download .pdf document of this issue March 14, 2003 / Vol. 51 / No. 10 Smallpox Vaccine Adverse Events Among Civilians - United States, March 410, 2003 Download .pdf document of this issue March 7, 2003 / Vol. 51 / No. 9 Smallpox Vaccine Adverse Events Among Civilians - United States, February 25March 3, 2003 Download .pdf document of this issue February 28, 2003 / Vol. 51 / No. 8 Smallpox Vaccine Adverse Events Among Civilians - United States, February 1824, 2003 Notice to Readers: Availability of Maxi-Vac Smallpox Vaccination Software Download .pdf document of this issue February 21 , 2003 / Vol. 51 / No. 7

11. Anthrax Victim Left Legacy Of Kindness CNN http://cnn.com/2001/HEALTH/conditions/11/01/hospital.worker.anthrax.ap/index.htm

12. CDC Anthrax Home Home page for all CDC anthrax information. Includes basic information as well as information for health and lab professionals. Part of the CDC Public Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Bioterrorism Agents. anthrax anthrax Basics http://www.bt.cdc.gov/Agent/Anthrax/Anthrax.asp

CDC: Anthrax Anthrax is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis . Although this rare disease is typically caused by contact with infected animals or animal products, B. anthracis has also been used as a bioterrorist weapon. Anthrax is not spread from person to person and can usually be treated with antibiotics if diagnosed early. This page is located at http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/anthrax

13. BrainPOP - Health, Science, Technology Animation And Educational Site For Kids. Animated movies tells what this disease is and where it comes from. Also includes answers to kids' questions. http://www.brainpop.com/health/diseases/anthrax/index.weml

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14. Anthrax ( anthrax (Bacillus anthracis). ©2004 Timothy Paustian, University of WisconsinMadison. Common sense points about anthrax and bioterrorism. http://www.bact.wisc.edu/microtextbook/disease/anthrax.html

Bacillus anthracis document.write("Included JS file not found"); [Previous] [Next] No longer available. Sorry. Search Send us your comments "); document.writeln(""); document.writeln("","Chapters->"); for (var i=0;i",lNames[i]); // end hiding from non compliant browsers> Anthrax ( Bacillus anthracis By Timothy Paustian, Ph. D. with risk communication input from Jody Lanard, M.D. and The Peter Sandman Risk Communication Web Site Robert Koch's original micrographs of the anthrax bacillus We also have a information on anthrax that is part of one of the bacteriology courses we teach. Common sense points about anthrax and bioterrorism Anthrax is not contagious. The only way to get the disease is to be exposed to large numbers of spores of the microbe. It is possible to kill the spores, but most of the treatments will also damage any container they are in. See the fact sheet for more details. If you burn your mail, that will also work, but then you can't read that letter from Aunt Marge. As far as getting dangerous mail, Use your head! You say to yourself, "I'm not that important. Terrorists wouldn't send me a package, so why am I so anxious?" Partly because terrorism is so outrageous; because the threat is invisible; because we all feel pretty united and connected to each other right now; and because it's so random. We all feel more threatened by a sniper on the loose than by predictable numbers of car crashes. We feel there is a new kind of sniper on the loose. It's not irrational to be more anxious than the actual numbers suggest, so don't let anyone call you hysterical. So how to manage your worry?

15. Test Reveals Second Anthrax Case CNN http://cnn.com/2001/US/10/08/anthrax.ap/index.html

16. CNN.com - Searching For The Deadly Bacteria Trail To Find Terrorists - November CNN http://cnn.com/2001/US/11/01/anx.anthrax.facts/index.html

MAIN PAGE WORLD U.S. WEATHER ... ABOUT US/HELP CNN TV what's on show transcripts CNN Headline News CNN International ... askCNN EDITIONS CNN.com Asia CNN.com Europe CNNenEspanol.com CNNArabic.com ... set your edition Languages Spanish Portuguese German Italian Korean Arabic Japanese Time, Inc. Time.com People Fortune EW InStyle Business 2.0 Searching for the deadly bacteria trail to find terrorists SUMMARY: Anthrax or anthrax traces have been detected in the District of Columbia and seven states: New York, New Jersey, Florida, Virginia, Maryland, Missouri and Indiana. Most of the 16 anthrax victims have been postal employees who are believed to have handled three contaminated letters postmarked in Trenton, New Jersey, and sent to government offices in Washington or media outlets in New York. Anthrax cases in Florida are believed to be from a contaminated letter or letters, but no letter has been found. Health authorities Thursday reported "no clues" that might link the anthrax death of the latest victim, a 61-year-old Bronx, New York, woman, to tainted mail. Dr. Julie Gerberding of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention did say, however, that "we haven't identified anything about this strain that's different from strains in the other areas."

17. ANTHRAX N.F.W.S. - Official Web Site HOME ARCHIVE LINKS SCOTT'S ALPHA MAIL CONTACT ©BUY WE'VE COME FOR YOU ALL BUY MUSIC OF MASS DESTRUCTION. anthrax What Doesn't Die Video Ban Lifted!!! Zombie Group Plans Protest. NEW BLASTBEAT!!!!! NEW PICS FROM JAPAN. NEW ALPHAMAIL Sweden's Metal Shrine. anthrax feature in Allentown's Pulse Weekly. anthrax feature in http://www.anthrax.com/nfws.htm

18. The Disease Anthrax adverse event info. search/sitemap. contact us. home. The Threat, The Disease, The Vaccine, Education Toolkit, Resource Center. Library, Policies, http://www.anthrax.osd.mil/disease/default.asp

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19. The Original Article Appearing In This Space Has Been Removed At The Request Of The original article appearing in this space has been removed at the request of the author . Additional official reference is http://www.emergency.com/anthrax.htm

The original article appearing in this space has been removed at the request of the author.... Additional official reference is available at: http://www.bt.cdc.gov/ Additional ERRI References are available on our Infectious Disease page Click here to visit our Current EmergencyNet News page... Return the Haz-Mat Operations Page

20. Man Hospitalized In Florida With Anthrax CNN http://cnn.com/2001/HEALTH/conditions/10/04/us.anthraxcase.ap/index.html

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