Extractions: SOUTH ASIAN HISTORY Pages from the history of the Indian sub-continent: Science and Mathematics in India History of Mathematics in India In all early civilizations, the first expression of mathematical understanding appears in the form of counting systems. Numbers in very early societies were typically represented by groups of lines, though later different numbers came to be assigned specific numeral names and symbols (as in India) or were designated by alphabetic letters (such as in Rome). Although today, we take our decimal system for granted, not all ancient civilizations based their numbers on a ten-base system. In ancient Babylon, a sexagesimal (base 60) system was in use. The Decimal System in Harappa In India a decimal system was already in place during the Harappan period, as indicated by an analysis of Harappan weights and measures. Weights corresponding to ratios of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500 have been identified, as have scales with decimal divisions. A particularly notable characteristic of Harappan weights and measures is their remarkable accuracy. A bronze rod marked in units of 0.367 inches points to the degree of precision demanded in those times. Such scales were particularly important in ensuring proper implementation of town planning rules that required roads of fixed widths to run at right angles to each other, for drains to be constructed of precise measurements, and for homes to be constructed according to specified guidelines. The existence of a gradated system of accurately marked weights points to the development of trade and commerce in Harappan society.
Famous Mathematicians With A V François Viete. vijayanandi. Gregorius SaintVincent. Leonardo da Vinci http://www.famousmathematician.com/az/mathematician_V.htm
Vijayanandi vijayanandi. Born about 940 in Benares (now Varanasi), India Died about1010 in India. vijayanandi (or vijayanandin) was the son of Jayananda. http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Vijayanandi.html
Extractions: Vijayanandi (or Vijayanandin) was the son of Jayananda. He was born into the Brahman caste which meant he was from the highest ranking caste of Hindu priests. He was an Indian mathematician and astronomer whose most famous work was the Karanatilaka. We should note that there was another astronomer named Vijayanandi who was mentioned by Varahamihira in one of his works. Since Varahamihira wrote around 550 and the Karanatilaka was written around 966, there must be two astronomers both named "Vijayanandi". The Karanatilaka has not survived in its original form but we know of the text through an Arabic translation by al-Biruni . It is a work in fourteen chapters covering the standard topics of Indian astronomy. It deals with the topics of: units of time measurement; mean and true longitudes of the sun and moon; the length of daylight; mean longitudes of the five planets; true longitudes of the five planets; the three problems of diurnal rotation; lunar eclipses, solar eclipses; the projection of eclipses; first visibility of the planets; conjunctions of the planets with each other and with fixed stars; the moon's crescent; and the patas of the moon and sun. The Indians had a cosmology which was based on long periods of time with astronomical events occurring a certain whole number of times within the cycles. This system led to much work on integer solutions of equations and their application to astronomy. In particular there was, according to
References For Vijayanandi References for vijayanandi. Biography The URL of this page is http//wwwhistory.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/References/vijayanandi.html. http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/References/Vijayanandi.html
References For Vijayanandi References for the biography of vijayanandi References for vijayanandi. Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography http//wwwhistory.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/ References/vijayanandi.html http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/References/Vijayanandi.html
Vijayanandi Full Chronological Index (940 -1000) al-Quhi (940 -1000) Al-Khujandi (940 -1010) vijayanandi (945 -1020 http://turnbull.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Vijayanandi.html
Extractions: Vijayanandi (or Vijayanandin) was the son of Jayananda. He was born into the Brahman caste which meant he was from the highest ranking caste of Hindu priests. He was an Indian mathematician and astronomer whose most famous work was the Karanatilaka. We should note that there was another astronomer named Vijayanandi who was mentioned by Varahamihira in one of his works. Since Varahamihira wrote around 550 and the Karanatilaka was written around 966, there must be two astronomers both named "Vijayanandi". The Karanatilaka has not survived in its original form but we know of the text through an Arabic translation by al-Biruni . It is a work in fourteen chapters covering the standard topics of Indian astronomy. It deals with the topics of: units of time measurement; mean and true longitudes of the sun and moon; the length of daylight; mean longitudes of the five planets; true longitudes of the five planets; the three problems of diurnal rotation; lunar eclipses, solar eclipses; the projection of eclipses; first visibility of the planets; conjunctions of the planets with each other and with fixed stars; the moon's crescent; and the patas of the moon and sun. The Indians had a cosmology which was based on long periods of time with astronomical events occurring a certain whole number of times within the cycles. This system led to much work on integer solutions of equations and their application to astronomy. In particular there was, according to
Full Alphabetical Index List of mathematical biographies indexed alphabetically Viète, François (2352*) vijayanandi ( 424) Vincent, Gregorius Saint (296 http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Indexes/Full_Alph.html
Vijayanandi The summary for this Chinese (Traditional) page contains characters that cannot be correctly displayed in this language/character set. http://www2.emath.pu.edu.tw/s8705052/Vijayanandi.htm
Indian Mathematics Index 505. Varahamihira. 940. vijayanandi. 1616. Kamalakara. 598. Brahmagupta. 1019 http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Indexes/Indians.html
Retreats Meditation Sangha Go deeper into a favourite topic or discover something completely new. Afreeflowing study day for all levels of experience with vijayanandi. http://birminghambuddhistcentre.org.uk/page_3.htm
Extractions: practice night and retreats tuesday nights - practice night Every Tuesday night there is an opportunity to join a quiet evening of meditation led by Ratnamegha. There will normally be three sessions of meditation lasting no longer than 30 minutes each, with walking meditation in-between. 7:15 - 9:30 Dana event. retreats A retreat is a chance to break out of your usual routine and taste a different way of life. On retreat there is a simple routine and less 'clutter' - more chance to go deeper in meditation, to reflect on our lives, and to just enjoy being with others. Our weekend retreats are held at two countryside locations: Big Mose Basecamp in Shropshire and Anybody's Barn near Malvern. Both are beautiful locations and each retreat has a balanced programme where there is time for walking and exploring. There are also day retreats at the Birmingham Buddhist Centre. When you book for an event we can send you a map and/or directions to the venue. To book please send a 50% non-refundable and non-transferable deposit.
8 IV. Mathematics Over The Next 400 Years (700AD-1100AD) Also of note, vijayanandi (c 9401010 AD) who made several contributionsto trigonometry in the course of his astronomical works, and Sripati. http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Projects/Pearce/Chapters/Ch8_4.h
Extractions: (8 V. Bhaskaracharya II) Mahavira (or Mahaviracharya), a Jain by religion, is the most celebrated Indian mathematician of the 9 th century. His major work Ganitasar Sangraha was written around 850 AD and is considered 'brilliant'. It was widely known in the South of India and written in Sanskrit due to his Jaina 'faith'. In the 11 th century its influence was still being felt when it was translated into Telegu (a regional language of the south). Mahavira was aware of the works of Jaina mathematicians and also the works of Aryabhata (and commentators) and Brahmagupta , and refined and improved much of their work. What makes Mahavira unique is that he was not an astronomer, his work was confined solely to mathematics and he stands almost entirely alone in the history of Indian mathematics (at least up to the 14 th century) in this respect. He was a member of the mathematical school at Mysore in the south of India and his major contributions to mathematics include: Arithmetic:
500_1499 Index Ibrahim (920 980) al-Uqlidisi, (920 -1000) Aryabhata II (940 - 998) Abu l-Wafa(940 -1000) al-Quhi (940 -1000) Al-Khujandi (940 -1010) vijayanandi (945 -1020 http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Indexes/500_1499.html
Mathematicians Born In India Sommerville. Sridhara. Sripati. Varahamihira. vijayanandi. Henry Whitehead. Yativrsabha. Yavanesvara http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/BirthplaceMaps/Countries/India.html
Indian Mathematics The main mathematicians of the tenth century in India were Aryabhata II and vijayanandi,both adding to the understanding of sine tables and trigonometry to http://202.38.126.65/mirror/www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/HistTopics/Indi
Extractions: It is without doubt that mathematics today owes a huge debt to the outstanding contributions made by Indian mathematicians over many hundreds of years. What is quite surprising is that there has been a reluctance to recognise this and one has to conclude that many famous historians of mathematics found what they expected to find, or perhaps even what they hoped to find, rather than to realise what was so clear in front of them. We shall examine the contributions of Indian mathematics in this article, but before looking at this contribution in more detail we should say clearly that the "huge debt" is the beautiful number system invented by the Indians on which much of mathematical development has rested. Laplace put this with great clarity:- The ingenious method of expressing every possible number using a set of ten symbols each symbol having a place value and an absolute value emerged in India. The idea seems so simple nowadays that its significance and profound importance is no longer appreciated. Its simplicity lies in the way it facilitated calculation and placed arithmetic foremost amongst useful inventions. the importance of this invention is more readily appreciated when one considers that it was beyond the two greatest men of Antiquity, Archimedes and Apollonius We shall look briefly at the Indian development of the place-value decimal system of numbers later in this article and in somewhat more detail in the separate article
Index Of /~history/Mathematicians 2004 1755 7.4K Viete.html 05Mar-2004 1755 25K vijayanandi.html 05-Mar-2004 1755 6.6K Vinogradov.html 30-Apr-2004 19 http://turnbull.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians
Extractions: VEDIC MATHEMATICS Home Introduction Examples Links Ancient Indian mathematics An overview of Indian mathematics Indian numerals The Indian Sulbasutras Jaina mathematics ... Chronology of Pi Ancient Indian mathematicians 800 BC Baudhayana Bhaskara I Brahmadeva 750 BC Manava Lalla Bhaskara II 600 BC Apastamba Govindasvami Mahendra Suri 520 BC Panini Mahavira Narayana 200 BC Katyayana Prthudakasvami Madhava 120 AD Yavanesvara Sankara Paramesvara Aryabhata I ... Jagannatha The URL of this page is: http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Indexes/Indians.html Thinking Pages Home Feedback Contact
