Hipparchus's Understanding Of The Precession This is the socalled trepidation of the equinoxes described by theon of alexandria(late 4th cent.) in his shorter commentary on Ptolemy s Handy Tables http://www.well.com/user/davidu/appendix4.html
Extractions: An objection to my theory has been raised having to do with the question of exactly how Hipparchus understood the nature of his discovery of the precession of the equinoxes. In a review of my book published in Classical Philology , Noel Swerdlow argues that Hipparchus was extremely uncertain about the nature of the precession so much so that nobody would have been inspired enough by Hipparchus's presentation of his discovery to do anything like found a new religion.[1] Swerdlow, a historian of astronomy, bases his criticism on his own research into the details of Hipparchus's discovery of the precession, published in his article "Hipparchus's Determination of the Length of the Tropical Year and the Rate of Precession."[2] In his review of my book, Swerdlow puts his case thus: "...Hipparchus's treatment of the precession was not at all straightforward and was hardly such as would have suggested the need for a new cosmic deity.... All that is known of Hipparchus's study of what we now call the precession is contained in [Ptolemy's] Almagest 3.1 and 7.1-3, and it is evident from Ptolemy's account that it was highly technical, highly tentative, and did not necessarily indicate anything like a motion of the entire sphere of the fixed stars with respect to the equinoxes."[3]
Religion Detoxification Web Guide Some notable Egyptians in the field were Paul of Alexandria; Hephaestionof Thebes; Palchus; Pappus of Alexandria; theon of alexandria; http://www.artdsm.com/religiondetoxification/the_jesus_story9.html
Extractions: "Hathor," Goddess of Love, Music, and Beauty She was the celestial cow or sky goddess; patron of sky, sun, music, dance, art, and the mother-goddess of the whole world. She was worshipped throughout all of Egypt. Her philosophical teaching center was at Dendera in Upper Egypt. Her name means "House of Horus." When you read about Origen of Alexandria later on, you should also be aware that his name, Origen, means "born of Horus." In Hathor's temple, a large hypostyle hall was added in the 1st century CE by the Roman Emperor Tiberius. The ceiling of the hall, which retains much of its original color, is decorated as a complex and carefully aligned symbolic chart divided into seven bands of the heavens including "Signs" of the Zodiac; which were introduced by the Romans. The walls of this hall are adorned with scenes of Roman emperors (as pharaohs) making offerings to Hathor.
Hypatia She was the daughter of the mathematician and philosopher theon of alexandria, who as only a Greek father would ever think of doing at that time saw to http://www.grecoreport.com/hypatia.htm
Extractions: Hypatia A great scientist, learned in mathematics, astronomy, and philosophy. A woman who should be the role model of modern "feminists," or anyone male or female who admires those qualities which separate humanity from the brute beasts and give meaning and dignity to our lives. Instead, we see so many of America's young women playing the role of hem kissers to the likes of such culture-annihilating trash as Betty Friedan, Bela Abzug, Gloria Steinhan, and Hillary Clinton. What a shame! An exceptional Ellinitha When women in the rest of the world were thought to be of lesser value than the family cow, Greece was producing prominent women in fields of endeavor strictly monopolized by men in other lands a situation that is an almost international phenomenon even today One of these exceptional women was a scholar and scientist who excelled as a mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher. Her name was Hypatia, and she was born circa 355 A.D. in the Greek city of Alexandria, in today's Egypt. She was the daughter of the mathematician and philosopher Theon of Alexandria, who as
Essays Page Her father, theon of alexandria, was a wellknown mathematics scholarand philosopher who most likely acted as her educator. Theon http://www.fofweb.com/Subscription/Science/Helicon.asp?SID=2&iPin=womensci0214
Lunar Republic : Craters 0.8S. 15.4E. 18. ~ Of Smyrna (c. 70?c. 135?), Greek mathematician, philosopherand astronomer; father of theon of alexandria (qv). Theophilus. 11.4S. 26.4E. 110. http://www.lunarrepublic.com/gazetteer/crater_t.shtml
Extractions: Craters (T) Craters A B C D ... Return To Gazetteer Index Common Name Lat Long Diam Origin T. Mayer Johann Tobias ~ (1723-1762), German astronomer, cartographer and mathematician; first to determine the libration of the Moon. Tacchini Pietro ~ (1838-1905), Italian astronomer; director of the observatories at Modena, Palermo and the Collegio Romano. Tacitus Cornelius ~ (c. 55-120?), Roman politician, philosopher and historian. Tacquet André ~, S.J. (1612-1660), Belgian Jesuit and mathematician; his work helped pave that way for the discovery of the calculus. Taizo Japanese male name.
Extractions: Posted by Just a visitor on January 16, 2003 at 10:21:21: In Reply to: Re: Isidoros and Anthemios - Great Buildings Online posted by Kevin Matthews on November 23, 1999 at 00:22:59: Dear Mr. Matthews, I would like to support what Mrs. Grigoris said about the unfortunate way in which Anthemios And Isidoros are presented. One gets a very strong impression, that those architects were of Turkish origin, after reading the biography of them presented in http://www.greatbuildings.com/architects/Isidoros_and_Anthemios.html I would like to provide you with a few references that should help you correct this:
Egypt Math Web Sites 4 theon of alexandria Born about 335 in (possibly) Alexandria, Egypt.Died about 395. Theon was the father of Hypatia and worked http://showcase.netins.net/web/rmozzer/Egypt.html
Extractions: Born: 835 in Baghdad (now in Iraq) Died: 912 in Cairo, Egypt. Ahmed ibn Yusuf wrote on ratio and proportion and it was translated into Latin by Gherard of Cremona. The book is largely a commentary on, and expansion of, Book 5 of Euclid's Elements . Ahmed ibn Yusuf also gave methods to solve tax problems which appear in Fibonacci's Liber Abaci . He was also quoted by Bradwardine, Jordanus and Pacioli. Abu Kamil Shuja ibn Aslam ibn Muhammad ibn Shuja Born: about 850 in (possibly) Egypt. Died: about 930. Abu Kamil Shuja is sometimes known as al'Hasib and he worked on integer solutions of equations. He also gave the solution of a fourth degree equation and of a quadratic equation with irrational coefficients. Abu Kamil's work was the basis of Fibonacci's books. He lived later than al'Khwarizmi and his biggest advance was in the use of irrational coefficients. Theon of Alexandria Born: about 335 in (possibly) Alexandria, Egypt. Died: about 395. Theon was the father of Hypatia and worked in Alexandria as a professor of mathematics and astronomy. He produced commentaries on many works such as Ptolemy's Almagest and works of Euclid. Theon was a competent but unoriginal mathematician. Theon's version of Euclid's Elements (with textual changes and some additions) was the only Greek text of the Elements known, until an earlier one was discovered in the Vatican in the late 19
1 Timothy 6:6-19 The Love of Money, theon of alexandria, Progymnasmata Chreia 125126(etc). At Rutgers University, Mahlon H. Smith s Into His http://www.textweek.com/pauline/1tim6.htm
Euclid The father of Hypatia, theon of alexandria (c. AD 335405), edited the Elementswith textual changes and some additions; his version quickly drove other http://www.kat.gr/kat/history/Greek/Tc/Euclid.htm
Extractions: flourished c. 300 BC , Alexandria, Egypt Greek Eukleides the most prominent mathematician of Greco-Roman antiquity, best known for his treatise on geometry, the Elements Life Of Euclid's life nothing is known except what the Greek philosopher Proclus (c. AD BC Elements BC Sources and contents of the Elements Euclid compiled his Elements from a number of works of earlier men. Among these are Hippocrates of Chios (fl. c. 460 BC BC BC ). The older elements were at once superseded by Euclid's and then forgotten. For his subject matter Euclid doubtless drew upon all his predecessors, but it is clear that the whole design of his work was his own, culminating in the construction of the five regular solids, now known as the Platonic solids. A brief survey of the Elements BC ). While Book V can be read independently of the rest of the Elements arithmos antanaresis (now known as the Euclidean algorithm), for finding the greatest common divisor of two or more numbers; Book VIII examines numbers in continued proportions, now known as geometric sequences (such as a x a x a x a x ); and Book IX proves that there are an infinite number of primes.
Extractions: History and Philosophy of Science READING LISTS HOME SEARCH CONTACT Centres of Excellence: Patronage and the Exact Sciences in the Pre-Modern Middle East, 800 BCE-1500 CE Map of the Ptolemaic empire, from Baines and Malek, Cultural atlas of ancient Egypt Map of the Roman Mediterranean, from The Times Concise Atlas of the Bible Map of Roman Egypt, from Baines and Malek
SJSU Virtual Museum Hypatia , the daughter of theon of alexandria, was born in about 370 AD.she is the earliest woman scientist whose works have been documented. http://www2.sjsu.edu/depts/Museum/hyp.html
Extractions: Hypatia , the daughter of Theon of Alexandria, was born in about 370 AD. she is the earliest woman scientist whose works have been documented. As a young woman, she traveled to Athens and Italy. Upon her return to Alexandria, she became a philosopher and mathematician. She was appointed to expound the doctrines of Plato and Aristotle and was a noted lecturer on the subjects of mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, and mechanics. Most of her writings dealt with mathematics, especially algebra. Her most noted work, called Arithmetica, was a commentary on the writings of Diophantus. Hypatia also wrote an explanation of the geometry works of Apollonius of Perga, which was titled, On the Conics of Apollonius. Later in her career she worked with Theon and coauthored a work on Euclid's geometry which is titled Elements. In addition to her mathematical works, Hypatia also developed an apparatus for distilling water, an instrument for measuring the level of water, a plane astrolabe (for measuring the positions of the stars, planets, and sun) and a graduated brass hydrometer for determining the specific gravity of a liquid. Hypatia's philosophical beliefs were in conflict with the views of the Christian rulers of the city of Alexandria. When Cyril, a fanatical Christian, became Partiarch of Alexadria in 412 AD he began a persecution of scholars in the city. In 415 AD Hypatia was arrested, tortured and killed in the church called Caesarium. References Alic, M. (1986).
Skyscript: The Life And Work Of Hypatia By Sue Toohey 2 , theon of alexandria was a mathematician and philosopher andthe last librarian of the fabled Library of Alexandria. One text http://www.skyscript.co.uk/hypatia.html
Extractions: In the four hundred and fifteenth year of the Common Era, in the city of Alexandria, a tragedy occurred that, according to those who write history, was so insignificant it has barely rated a mention in even the most extensive of historical records. However, this event was not only tragic for the individuals involved, but has had far-reaching consequences for anyone who has ever valued the importance of intellectual freedom and scientific enquiry. Hypatia of Alexandria, a mathematician, was dragged from her carriage and savagely murdered by a Christian mob in 415CE. She is perhaps better remembered for how she died rather than the way in which she lived. However, Hypatia lived an extraordinary life as the pre-eminent mathematician, philosopher, astronomer and astrologer of her time. It is not surprising that we have very little knowledge of Hypatia's life. Even in the early fifth century, Christian historians had achieved predominance and it is unlikely that they would have wanted to consign knowledge of this tragedy to history. She was a strong supporter of free enquiry and her murder is believed by many to symbolise the end of an era of intellectual freedom. Margaret Wertheim, in her excellent book '
Math History - Pre-historic And Ancient Times 390, theon of alexandria produces a version of Euclid s Elements (with textual changesand some additions) on which almost all subsequent editions are based. http://lahabra.seniorhigh.net/pages/teachers/pages/math/timeline/MpreAndAncient.
Extractions: Prehistory and Ancient Times Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation ... External Resources About 30000BC Palaeolithic peoples in central Europe and France record numbers on bones. About 25000BC Early geometric designs used. About 4000BC Babylonian and Egyptian calendars in use. About 3400BC The first symbols for numbers, simple straight lines, are used in Egypt. About 3000BC Babylonians begin to use a sexagesimal number system for recording financial transactions. It is a place-value system without a zero place value. About 3000BC Hieroglyphic numerals in use in Egypt. About 3000BC The abacus is developed in the Middle East and in areas around the Mediterranean. A somewhat different type of abacus is used in China. About 1950BC Babylonians solve quadratic equations.
Riverworld PBEM: Hypatia She learned Mathematics from her father, theon of alexandria, thelast president (possibly) of the famous Alexandrian Musuem. http://www.pennmush.org/~alansz/rw-pbem/bg/chars/hypatia.html
Extractions: She is a short (5'), slender woman of unaffected beauty. Her eyes are a warm brown, her skin is clear and sun-darkened a rich bronze. She is typically serious of mien but occassionally a lovely smile will part her full lips. ? Hypatia, was born ca. 370 AD in Alexandria, Egypt. She was killed at the hands of a Christian mob in 413 AD, having spent her life in Alexandria as a teacher of mathematics and philosophy. In addition, she was a knowledgable and prominent member of her religious community. She learned Mathematics from her father, Theon of Alexandria, the last "president" (possibly) of the famous Alexandrian Musuem. She soon surpassed him and went on to pen at least 3 texts which are known today within the fields of geometry, (?), and astronomy. She speaks Greek, Latin, Arabic (she is a mathematician, so I assume), and (possibly the language indigenous to the region, however she is of a 'privileged' and learned class so perhaps not). I also assume she can write in all of these languages. There is actually very little historical information about this amazing woman. (Not that books do not exist, but that in depth info about her life appears, from the reviews on the Web I read and the published bibliographies) and especially her mathematics is lacking.
History Of Astronomy: Persons (T) Math.). theon of alexandria (c. 335 c. 395) Short biography andreferences (MacTutor Hist. Math.). Theon of Smyrna (c. 100 - c. 160 http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~pbrosche/persons/pers_t.html
Adventures In CyberSound: Euclid theon of alexandria (4th century AD) brought out a new revision of the work withtextual changes and some additions; his version was the basis of all published http://www.acmi.net.au/AIC/EUCLID_BIO.html
Extractions: Euclid (alt: Euklid, Eucleides) : 365 - 300 BC Euclid's The Optics is the earliest surviving work on geometrical optics, and is generally found in Greek manuscripts along with elementary works on spherical astronomy. There were a number of medieval Latin translations, which became of new importance in the fifteenth century for the theory of linear perspective. This technique is beautifully illustrated in the miniature of a street scene in this elegant manuscript from the library of the Duke of Urbino. It may once have been in the possession of Piero della Francesca, who wrote one of the principal treatises on perspective in painting.
Imago Mundi Vol.52 (2000) - Abstracts Other examples of this map have been found in a second context, among anonymousscholia to theon of alexandria s commentary on Ptolemy s Handy Tables http://www.maphistory.info/52abstracts.html
Extractions: English-language Abstracts of Main Articles 'An Astrologer's Map: A Relic of Late Antiquity' by Evelyn Edson and Emilie Savage-Smith A Greek map of the world, which includes a windrose, zones, places in and around Egypt, and hell, is studied in reference to its context: an anonymous astrological miscellany. Other examples of this map have been found in a second context, among anonymous scholia to Theon of Alexandria's commentary on Ptolemy's Handy Tables (Procheiroi kanones) , which were also of use to astrologers. The selection of Egyptian place-names found on the map provides some clue to its possible origin, while the omission of the Mediterranean as well as the port of Alexandria is significant. Evidence suggests that the original map (known today only through later copies) is of an earlier date than the texts surrounding it, and that it may be one of the earliest world maps preserved from Late Antiquity. 'Jesuit Cartographers in China: Francesco Brancati, S.J., and the Map (1661?) of Sungchiang Prefecture (Shanghai)' by Noël Golvers
Ptolemy We only know details of the Handy Tables through the commentary by theon of alexandriabut in 76 the author shows that care is required since Theon was not http://zyx.org/Ptolemy.html
Extractions: Died: about 165 in Alexandria, Egypt One of the most influential Greek astronomers and geographers of his time, Ptolemy propounded the geocentric theory in a form that prevailed for 1400 years. However, of all the ancient Greek mathematicians, it is fair to say that his work has generated more discussion and argument than any other. We shall discuss the arguments below for, depending on which are correct, they portray Ptolemy in very different lights. The arguments of some historians show that Ptolemy was a mathematician of the very top rank, arguments of others show that he was no more than a superb expositor, but far worse, some even claim that he committed a crime against his fellow scientists by betraying the ethics and integrity of his profession. We know very little of Ptolemy's life. He made astronomical observations from Alexandria in Egypt during the years AD 127-41. In fact the first observation which we can date exactly was made by Ptolemy on 26 March 127 while the last was made on 2 February 141. It was claimed by Theodore Meliteniotes in around 1360 that Ptolemy was born in Hermiou (which is in Upper Egypt rather than Lower Egypt where Alexandria is situated) but since this claim first appears more than one thousand years after Ptolemy lived, it must be treated as relatively unlikely to be true. In fact there is no evidence that Ptolemy was ever anywhere other than Alexandria. His name, Claudius Ptolemy, is of course a mixture of the Greek Egyptian 'Ptolemy' and the Roman 'Claudius'. This would indicate that he was descended from a Greek family living in Egypt and that he was a citizen of Rome, which would be as a result of a Roman emperor giving that 'reward' to one of Ptolemy's ancestors.
Ptolemy's Other Astronomical Works These were mostly limited to explanations of how to use the tables, but an exceptionis the socalled Great Commentary by theon of alexandria (late fourth http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~ajones/ptolgeog/astroworks.html
Extractions: The text known as the Canobic Inscription is a transcription made in late antiquity of a lost public inscription that Ptolemy erected in A.D. 149/150 at Canopus in Egypt. The inscription records the numerical parameters of Ptolemy's models for the motions of the sun, moon, and planets. Most of the data in the Canobic Inscription agree with the Almagest , but there are a few significant differences which are now recognized as proving that the Almagest was completed later than the inscription. (see also here Edition of the text: Claudii Ptolemaei opera quae exstant omnia. II. Opera astronomica minora , ed. J. L. Heiberg. Leipzig, 1907. N. T. Hamilton, N. M. Swerdlow, and G. J. Toomer, "The Canobic Inscription: Ptolemy's Earliest Work." In From Ancient Omens to Statistical Mechanics: Essays on the Exact Sciences Presented to Asger Aaboe , ed. J. L. Berggren and B. R. Goldstein. Copenhagen, 1987. 55-73. Ptolemy's Phaseis (in full: Phaseis aplanon asteron kai synagoge episemasion = "phases of fixed stars and collection of weather-changes") was originally a larger work than what has come down to us under this title. The Byzantine encyclopedia known as the
