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Kaluza Theodor:     more detail

Die Tschirnhaustransformation Algebraischer Gleichungen Mit Einer Unbekannten (1907) (German Edition) by Theodor Kaluza, 2010-09-10 Theodor Kaluza Die Tschirnhaustransformation Algebraischer Gleichungen Mit Einer Unbekannten (1907) (German Edition) by Theodor Kaluza, 2010-09-10 Las dimensiones desconocidas: nuestro concepto familiar del universo es que tiene 3 dimensiones, 4 si se añade el tiempo, pero según varias teorías ahora ... percibirlas.: An article from: Contenido by Juan José Morales, 2006-09-01

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41. Great Physicists
    1980); Joule, James Prescott (1818 1889); kaluza, theodor FranzEduard (1885 - 1945); Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert (1824 - 1887); Landau  
    http://www.hallym.ac.kr/~physics/reference/physicist/physicist.html
    
    Extractions: Most of the following materials are from History of Mathematics Archive , St Andrews Univ., UK. For links that don't work, go to the original places above. Newton, Sir Isaac (1643 - 1727) Maxwell, James Clerk (1831 - 1879) Franklin, Benjamin : to Franklin Institute Science Museum at Philadelphia Geiger, Hans Gell-Mann, Murray Goudsmit, Samuel Abraham (1902-1978) Halley, Edmond (1656 - 1742) ... Millikan, Robert : Caltech Photo Archive Minkowski, Hermann (1864 - 1909) von Neumann, John (1902 - 1957) here Ohm, Georg Simon (1789 - 1854) ... Noted Figures in Physics, Engineering and Astronomy

42. Kaluza
    Origin. theodor Franz Eduard kaluza. Born 9 Nov 1885 in Ratibor, Germany(now Raciborz, Poland) Died 19 Jan 1945 in Göttingen, Germany.  
    http://www.hallym.ac.kr/~physics/reference/physicist/Kaluza.html
    
    Extractions: Died: 19 Jan 1945 in G ttingen, Germany Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous ( Alphabetically) Next Welcome page Kaluza Einstein and told him about his ideas to unify Einstein 's theory of gravity and Maxwell 's theory of light. Einstein Sitzungsberichte Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften Kaluza's ideas involved the introduction of a 5th dimension and, although he has been criticised for introducing this as a purely mathematical idea, his work is important and was explored by others. He says in this paper that his theory possessed virtually unsurpassed formal unity ... which could not amount to the mere alluring play of a capricious accident. Kaluza is remembered for this in Kaluza-Klein field theory, which involved field equations in five-dimensional space. References (3 books/articles) Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous ( Alphabetically) Next Welcome page History Topics Index Famous curves index ... Search Suggestions JOC/EFR December 1996

43. SLIDE 109
    5. kaluza, theodor. sitz. Berlin Preuss. Adad. Wiss. 966, 1921. 6. Klein,O., Z. Phys. 37, 895, 1928. 7. Misner, Thorne and Wheeler. Gravitation.  
    http://www.cheniere.org/books/ferdelance/s109.htm

44. Superstrings
    Translate this page theodor kaluza. Em 1919, o matemático alemão-polonês theodor Franz Edward kaluza(1885-1945) propôs que o Universo poderia ter mais do que 4 dimensões  
    http://astro.if.ufrgs.br/univ/string/string.htm

45. Kaluza Theory: Part 2
    2. theodor kaluza, Zum Unitätsproblem der Physik, Sitzungsberichteder Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaft, (1921) 966972.  
    http://members.aol.com/Mysphyt1/yggdrasil-2/kal2x.htm
    
    Extractions: BEST VIEWED IN HTML 3.0 or above III: Discussion and Criticism Kaluza was able to derive both the trajectories of charged particles and uncharged particles within the framework of the coherent space-time structure of his model. This was done in a simple and straight forward manner. As has been shown, his theory resulted in parametric representations in five-dimensional space which coincide with families of geodesics, each of which depends on different values of the ratio e/m. Previously, this result could not have been obtained in the Riemannian space of General Relativity, but had to be carried out in different Finsler spaces, dependent on the different values of e/m. So, Kaluza's theory was a success in what it attempted to accomplish: the unification of the electromagnetic and gravitational fields. However, the success of Kaluza's theory has been greatly diminished by some serious criticisms of the theory. Due to these criticisms, the theory has not been generally adopted and is still looked upon by many with disfavor. All criticisms of Kaluza's theory deal either directly or indirectly with Klauza's basic assumption of a fifth dimension. Many physicists consider a formalism such as the one used in the theory as artificial since the universe as sensed is four-dimensional. The artificiality appears since Kaluza's five-dimensional assumption is presented only as a mathematical formalism and the fifth coordinate is totally devoid of any physical content. "The success of a language adopted to a five-dimensional manifold is, ..., only a way of concealing the lack of developments truly adaptable to the four-dimensional universe, which remains the true physical universe."

46. Universität Hamburg - Fachbereich 11 Mathematik: Institut Für Geschichte Der N
    Privatdozenten theodor kaluza Zum Unitaritätsproblem der Physik .  
    http://www.math.uni-hamburg.de/math/ign/kolloq/nfws0102.htm

47. Theodor Kaluza - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
    theodor kaluza Wikipedia NLtheodor kaluza. theodor kaluza (9 november 1885-19 januari 1954) was een Duitswiskundige. Hij werd geboren in Ratibor, tegenwoordig het Poolse Raciborz).  
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Kaluza
    
    Extractions: Theodor Franz Eduard Kaluza November 9 January 19 ) was a German scientist known for the Kaluza-Klein theory involving field equations in five-dimensional space. This article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it Views Personal tools Navigation Search Toolbox What links here Related changes Special pages This page was last modified 22:13, 10 Mar 2004. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License (see for details).

48. 80-year-old Theory May Explain Dark Matter
    This approach is similar to a promising 1921 theory that failed two German mathematicians theodor kaluza and Oskar Klein when they tried to use a fifth  
    http://www.weeklyscientist.com/ws/articles/fifthforce.htm
    
    Extractions: 80-year-old theory may explain dark matter by MIKE MARTIN, UPI Science Correspondent LAS CRUCES, N.M., July 5 (UPI) Physicists at New Mexico State University here are revisiting a failed 80-year-old theory to explain dark matter, the mysterious, unseen substance many cosmologists believe is causing the universe to expand and accelerate. "We show that a new force, which appeared in a five-dimensional generalization of general relativity, implies precisely the flat circular velocity curves of luminous matter observed in the outer parts of spiral galaxies," physics professor Richard Ingraham and researcher Lowell Cummings claim in a new, as-yet-unpublished paper. Spiral-shaped galaxies rotate in ways that depart from laws governing the velocities of interstellar objects, discovered by German astronomer Johannes Kepler four hundred years ago. Scientists attribute this unusual behavior to invisible dark matter distributed in a halo around the galaxies and exerting gravitational forces that distort the predicted velocity. Instead of dark matter, Ingraham and Cummings rely on a force that arises in an unseen 5th dimension. This approach is similar to a promising 1921 theory that failed two German mathematicians Theodor Kaluza and Oskar Klein when they tried to use a fifth spatial dimension length, width, height, and time are the other four to unify electromagnetism and gravity into a single force.

49. Unification In Physics
    However this was, and still is, a nontrivial paradigm shift. The man widely creditedwith making the leap was theodor kaluza. theodor kaluza (1885-1945).  
    http://www.tech.port.ac.uk/staffweb/seahras/neat_physics/extra_dimensions/gravit
    
    Extractions: and electromagnetism Gravity manifests itself as the curvature of spacetime induced by massive objects: Electromagnetism is realized by lines of force on the spacetime manifold induced by charged objects: Kaluza postulated that both effects could be understood in terms of the same 5-dimensional geometric framework. Theodor Kaluza (1885-1945) In 1919, Kaluza sent Albert Einstein a preprint - later published in 1921 - that considered the extension of general relativity to five dimensions. He assumed that the 5-dimensional field equations were simply the higher-dimensional version of the vacuum Einstein equation, and that all the metric components were independent of the fifth coordinate. The later assumption came to be known as the cylinder condition . This resulted in something remarkable: the fifteen higher-dimension field equations naturally broke into a set of ten formulae governing a tensor field representing gravity, four describing a vector field representing electromagnetism, and one wave equation for a scalar field. Furthermore, if the scalar field was constant, the vector field equations were just Maxwell's equations

50. Explanation Of Hyperspace In A Simplified Form
    In 1919, theodor kaluza, building upon relativity, made an astounding discoverylight and gravity can be unified and expressed with identical mathematics.  
    http://fimenet.8m.com/hyperspace.htm
    
    Extractions: Hyperspace Theory (also called Superstring or Supergravity Theory ) begins with Einstein's General Relativity . In 1919, Theodor Kaluza , building upon relativity, made an astounding discovery: light and gravity can be unified and expressed with identical mathematics. This was the beginning of the unification of all physical laws, which is the ultimate goal of physics. There was only one catch. He needed an extra dimension. This fifth dimension , long recognized as mathematically plausible, had never before been seriously proposed as an actual component of reality. The usefulness of his theory was hard to deny; in five dimensions, there is "enough room" to accomplish the unification of gravity and light, which simply cannot be accomplished when trapped in four dimensional spacetime. There is an obvious question to be asked at this point. "Where is the fifth dimension?" Kaluza's answer is clever, though suspiciously hard to test. He said that the fifth dimension is too small to see. The fifth dimension is contiguous with our four, but it is curled up, while the others are extended. To understand curled-up dimensions, imagine an ant living on a string (or a Linelander). For all its life, it is only aware of two directions: forward and backward. It lives in a one-dimensional universe. However, if you examine the string very closely, you find that it has a circumference; an extra dimension, curled up and wrapped back onto itself into a circle. If you could stretch this dimension, that is, make the circumference very large, the ant would be living on the two-dimensional surface of a cylinder. But when it's curled up, it effectively is undetectable by the ant, though it may serve as a medium for vibrations or other physical effects.

51. ThinkQuest : Library : CosmoNet
    In 1919, the obscure Polish mathematician theodor kaluza of the University ofKönigsberg suggested that the universe might somehow have more than three  
    http://library.thinkquest.org/27930/stringtheory4.htm
    
    Extractions: Index Astronomy Stars Visit Site 1999 ThinkQuest Internet Challenge Languages English Students Kate Dighton-Rehoboth Regional High School, North Dighton, MA, United States Daniel James Madison Memorial HS, Madison, WI, United States Patrick Yorktown High School, Arlington, VA, United States Coaches Joseph Dighton-Rehoboth Regional High School, Taunton, MA, United States Want to build a ThinkQuest site? The ThinkQuest site above is one of thousands of educational web sites built by students from around the world. Click here to learn how you can build a ThinkQuest site. Privacy Policy

52. Astronomy Interactive Network - Physics
    conbination called spacetime. In 1919 theodor Franz Eduard kaluza proposedthat a fifth dimension should be added. This would give a  
    http://library.thinkquest.org/15418/cgi-bin/pageserv/srv.cgi?Section=physics&Sub

53. Das Virtuelle Bücherregal NRW
    6.649.422 kaluza, Stephan 13.094.697 kaluza, theodor Physiker 12.916.867  
    http://kirke.hbz-nrw.de/dcb/Schlagwoerter/1047.html

54. A Timeline Of Mathematics And Theoretical Physics
    1921, theodor kaluza follows Einstein s advice and publishes his highly unorthodoxideas about unifying gravity with electromagnetism by adding an extra  
    http://superstringtheory.com/history/history3.html
    
    Extractions: The Official String Theory Web Site History before 1800 / 1900 until today) Max Planck makes his quantum hypothesis that energy is carried by indistinguishable units called quanta , rather than flowing in a pure continuum. This hypothesis leads to a successful derivation of the black body radiation law, now called Planck's Law, although in 1901 the quantum hypothesis as yet had no experimental support. The unit of quantum action is now called Planck's constant. Swiss patent clerk Albert Einstein proposes Planck's quantum hypothesis as the physics underlying the photoelectric effect. Planck wins the Nobel Prize in 1918, and Einstein in 1921, for developing quantum theory, one of the two most important developments in 20th century physics. Einstein publishes his simple, elegant Special Theory of Relativity, making mincemeat of his competition by relying on only two ideas: 1. The laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames, and 2. The speed of light is the same for all inertial observers. Minkowski publishes Raum und Zeit (Space and Time), and establishes the idea of a spacetime continuum

55. PhysicsWeb - The Search For Extra Dimensions
    In the 1920s Maxwell s unification of electricity and magnetism, together with Einstein snew general theory of relativity, inspired theodor kaluza and Oskar  
    http://physicsweb.org/article/world/13/11/9
    
    Extractions: Feature: November 2000 The idea that the universe is trapped on a membrane in some high-dimensional space-time may explain why gravity is so weak, and could be tested at high-energy particle accelerators. The possibility of extra dimensions, beyond the three dimensions of space of our everyday experience, sometimes crops up as a convenient, if rather vague, plot in science fiction. In science, however, the idea of extra dimensions has a rich history, dating back at least as far as the 1920s. Recently there has been a remarkable renaissance in this area due to the work of a number of theoretical physicists. It now seems possible that we, the Earth and, indeed, the entire visible universe are stuck on a membrane in a higher-dimensional space, like dust particles that are trapped on a soap bubble. In this article we look at the major issues behind this new development. Why, for example, don't we see these extra dimensions? If they exist, how can we detect them? And perhaps the trickiest question of all: how did this fanciful idea come to be considered in the first place?

56. NEWTONS ABSOLUTER RAUM
    Translate this page 1921 machte der polnische Mathematiker theodor kaluza einen weiteren Vorstoß,indem er eine zusätzliche vierte Raumdimension postulierte und so Einsteins  
    http://www.fh-furtwangen.de/~webers/membgerm.htm
    
    Extractions: Index Site: http://www.fh-furtwangen.de/~webers/index.htm Kosmische Membran – STEFAN VON WEBER The paper uses Gamovs model of the expanding cosmos, which seems to be well suitable to show pupils how gravitation and curvature of space act together. The proposed cosmic membrane model of gravitation is of type Kaluza-Klein with non-compactified fourth spatial dimension and delivers Newton’s law of gravitation in a direct way. From the point of view of the choosen model the General Relativity is a projection of the 4-dimensional space into the 4-dimensional spacetime. Key words: Kaluza-Klein, membrane, gravitation, relativity G g M M /r und M Abb. 1. Expandierender Kosmos . Die erste Differentiation ergibt z‘=±(r/z), die zweite Differentiation z"=±((1/z)-(r²/z R steht. Wir gewinnen R , indem wir uns einen Zylinder mit Radius R . Abbildung 4 zeigt diesen Zylinder. Abb. 3. Schmiegekreis R im Punkt P Abb. 4. Zylinder am Punkt P Wie erhalten wir den Wert von R und r(P). Die kleine Halbachse der Schnittellipse ist B=R , der Hypothenuse A und dem Winkel a =arctan (z‘). z‘ ist hier der Anstieg der Membran im Punkt P und damit gleichzeitig die Neigung der Zylinderachse. Wir formen sin(

57. Encyclopedia: Theodor Kaluza
    Table Of Contents Translate this page ARTICLE, kaluza jr., theodor Struktur- und Mächtigkeitsuntersuchungen an gewissenunendlichen Graphen mit einigen Anwendungen auf lineare Punktmengen, 235. .  
    http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Theodor-Kaluza
    
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58. Queremos Saber - Física - UFC - Perguntas Respondidas
    Translate this page theodor kaluza (1885-1954) e Oscar Klein (1894-1977) formularam uma teoria interessanteonde o acréscimo de mais uma dimensão, totalizando 5 dimenções  
    http://www.fisica.ufc.br/qsaber/respostas/qr0741.htm

59. Search For Extra Dimensions Using Missing Energy At CDF
    In the beggining of the 20th century Gunnar Nordstrom, theodor kaluza and OscarKlein independently proposed an extension of Einstein s newly invented theory  
    http://www-cdf.fnal.gov/PES/kkgrav/kkgrav.html
    
    Extractions: Figure 1 A couple of years ago Nima Arkani-Hamed, Savas Dimopoulos and Gia Dvali [2] worked through the same idea. Namely that there can be more than 3 spatial dimensions and the extra dimensions can be curled up and thus compactified around circles (Figure 1) so that we cannot feel them and the compactification radius size is small enough that we have not measured them. The authors pointed out that we had not measured the gravitational force law at distances less than a millimeter (at that time). Thus if there were extra curled up dimensions that only affected gravity, they could be as large as a millimeter! When we read their paper in Nov 98, a bunch of us experimentalists were stunned by the fact that there might be extra-dimensions-induced modifications of gravity competing with Van-der-Waals and Casimir forces at the sub-millimeter scale.

60. Dissertationen In Mathematik, 1907-1944
    Translate this page M, kaluza, theodor, Die Tschirnhaustransformation algebraischer Gleichungenmit einer Unbekannten, Königsberg, 17.08.1907, Algebra, Gleichungstheorie,  
    http://www.mathematik.uni-bielefeld.de/DMV/archiv/dissertationen/

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