Indian National Science Academy Publication Rs.45/= US $.15/= Part ii English translation of the astronomical works of Lalla(1981) 340 pp. Rs.45/= US $.15/=; * Aryabhatiya of aryabhata (Critically edited http://www.insaindia.org/Publication/historypubli.htm
Extractions: P Ray, H N Gupta and M Ray (1980) 459pp. The work gives a classified account in two parts, the first dealing with theories and practices of surgical treatment, and the second a classified account on living creatures, medicinal plant and animal substances of vegetable and mineral origin, medicinal and surgical terms, appliances and intruments, weights and measures etc.
Indian National Science Academy History Of Science on the occasion of the 1500 th Birth Anniversary Celebration of aryabhata. KS Shukla,Vatesvara Siddhanta, English translation with notes (Vol.ii), 198083. http://www.insaindia.org/History/compro66.htm
Extractions: Ancient Period Caraka Samhita: A Scientific Synopsis, 1961-63. Published by INSA, 1965. Reprinted 1980. Bibliography of Sanskrit Works on Astronomy and Mathematics, 1961-64 . Published by INSA, 1966. H.D. Sankalia, Some Aspects of Prehistoric Technology in India, 1968-69 . Published by INSA, New Delhi, 1970. Susruta Samhita: A Scientific Synopsis, 1969-71. Published by INSA, 1980. Reprinted 1993. Bina Chatterjee, Sisyadhivrddhidatantra of Lalla (critical edition with Commentary of Mallikarjuna Suri), 1969-71. Published by INSA, 1981. Bina Chatterjee, Sisyadhivrddhidatantra of Lalla (English translation with mathematical notes.) 1969-71. Published by INSA, 1981. The Sulba-Sutras of Baudhayana, Apastamba, Katyayana and Manava (with English translation and commentary), 1969-71. Published by INSA, 1983.
Astronomia Vedica Astronomia Vedica Part ii. Cosmological Time Cycles in Indian Astronomy. Longbefore Copernicus, Galileo Ptolemy, aryabhata propounded the Heliocentric http://www.eastrovedica.com/html/astronomiavedica2.htm
Extractions: Astronomia Vedica - Part II Cosmological Time Cycles in Indian Astronomy In Sanskrit Astronomy is known as Khagola Sasthra and Aryabhata worked at an astronomical observatory called Khagola. He studied at the University of Nalanda which housed more than 9 million books. The Sexagesimal Division of a Day ( Sixtieth Division ) One Cosmological Cycle is 4.32 Billion years, known as a Brahma day. The Life span of Brahma is 100 sidereal years or 2*4.32*360*100 = 3.1104*10^14 years ! Indian Astronomy is graced by such gigantic calculations starting from 1/21600th of a day to 3.1104*10^14 years ! The Ursa Major Cycle The constellation of Ursa Major ( The Saptha Rishies ) move backwards along the Zodiac, staying in a constellation for 100 years. To make a circuit of the Zodiac, they take 27*100 = 2700 years. This is known as an Ursa Major Cycle. Remarks Prof Drayson in "Asiatic Researches ", " The Indians thought proper to connect their mythology with an astronomical period of a strange nature. It is that of the Seven Rishies, moving along the Zodiac in a retrograde motion of 2700 years." Ursa Major was in Regulus at the start of the Mahabharatha War. The first astronomical calender was erected by the Indian emperor Vaivaswatha Manu ( circa 8736 BC ) and it was based on the Ursa Major Cycle. D or Lunar Day ( Thidhi ) When we deduct the longitude of the Sun from the longitude of the Moon, we get the Thidhi or Lunation
The Àryabhatíya Of Àryabhata By J. Q. Jacobs AD 498. 27.3216638. 29.530591. aryabhata. 27.321668. 29.530582. Paulisa Siddhanta.27.321673. 29.530587. Chapter ii is mathematics required for computation. http://www.jqjacobs.net/astro/aryabhata.html
Orbiting Astronomical Observatories -- Launch Sequence and extragalactic regions, besides Solar and ionosphere observations aryabhata homepage(HEASARC image archive at SEDS 1990 June 1 (Delta ii) Rosat (Roentgen http://www.seds.org/~spider/oaos/oaos-l.html
Extractions: 1962 April 26 Ariel 1 (UK) investigated Solar UV and X-radiation, and obtained an energy spectrum of primary cosmic rays. 1964 March 27 Ariel 2 (UK) Radio astronomy 1966 April 8 (Atlas-Agena D) Orbiting Astronomical Observatory (OAO) 1 (Nasa). Active for 3 days. 1967 May 5 Ariel 3 (UK) Radio astronomy 1968 July 4 Explorer 38 (RAE-1) (Nasa). Radio Astronomy Explorer. Deployed four 230-m antennae, discovered Earth's radio radiation. 1968 December 7 (Atlas-Centaur) OAO 2 (Nasa). 11 UV telescopes, discovered a supernova (May 1972) 1970 November 30 (Atlas-Centaur) OAO-B (Nasa). Launch failure (fell into Atlantic). 1970 December 12 (Scout-B, from Italy's San Marco maritim platform near Kenia's coast) Explorer 42 (SAS-1, SAS-A, Uhuru) (Nasa) First X-ray satellite observatory.
Observatories aryabhata image; aryabhata homepage (HEASARC) COSB (ESA) X- and Gamma-ray satelliteobservatory, launched It was launched on June 1, 1990, by a Delta ii rocket http://business.fortunecity.com/rowling/167/SuperNovae/OrbitingObservatories.htm
Extractions: Still under development, however changes are made regularly - check back by later. Since the early years of spaceflight, the advantages of astronomical observing above the Earth's atmosphere were recognized, and led to the introduction of astronomical instruments on spacecraft, i.e., astronomical observatories in space (in most cases, in Earth's orbit). Please note that this list is not complete in specific Solar research satellites, and does not include planetary probes. Astronomical Satellites Launch Sequence Our image shows Nasa's High Energy Astronomical Observatory (HEAO) 2 satellite, which was also named Einstein The honor of the first astronomical satellite project goes to Great Britain. Ariel 1 , launched April 26, 1962, investigated Solar UV and X-radiation, and obtained an energy spectrum of primary cosmic rays. Ariel 2, 3, and 4 , launched March 27, 1964 (2), May 5, 1967 (3), and December 11, 1971, respectively, investigated astronomical objects in the radio range. Ariel 5 (launched October 15, 1974) and
History Of India 335, Accession of Samudra Gupta. 375 415, Chandra Gupta ii. 405- 11, Visit of Fa - Hsien. 476, Birth of aryabhata, the astronomer. http://www.indiansaga.info/history/chrono_ancient.html
Extractions: B.C. c. 2500 The Harappan Culture. c. 1500 The Migration of the 'Aryans' to India. c. 800 The use of iron. The spread of Aryan culture. c. 600 The rise of Magadha c. 519 Cyrus, the Achaemenid emperor of Persia Conquers parts of north-western India. Accession of Ajatashatru, king of Magadha. Death of the Buddha. c. 468 Death of Mahavira, the founder of Jainism. Shishunaga Dynasty. Nanda Dynasty. Alexander of Macedon in India. Accession of Chandragupta, the founder of the Mauryan dynasty. c. 315 Visit of Megasthenes to India. Reign of Ashoka. c. 250 Third Buddhist Council held at Pataliputra. Decline of the Mauryas. Accession of a Shunga king in Magadha. Demetrius II, Indo-Greek king of the north-west.
Indian Cosmology Reflections In Religion And Metaphysics But aryabhata, and for that reason even Bhaskaracharya ii in the twelfth centuryreplied that a super wind, Pravaha vayu drives the planets in circular orbits. http://www.ignca.nic.in/ps_04016.htm
Extractions: Previous Page Contents of the Book Next Page Indian Cosmology Reflections in Religion and Metaphysics A. K. Chakravarty The exact origin of astronomical studies in India is not known to us though it is fairly clear that it eventually formed part of ancient Vedic people. The earliest text on this subject now available, Vedanga Jyotisa , aims at determining the most suitable time for performing a yajna in consideration of the luni-solar-stellar situation at that time. The subject was based on so crude astronomical parameters that its failure could not escape the notice of any sky-watcher, till then it was never questioned by anybody perhaps because of its association with religious yajnas . This scheme of astronomy survived for some 2000 years. In later India, these parameters were scraped, scope of astronomy was extended to include natural phenomena, like, eclipses, identification of planets and formulations of their motions, etc., till then astronomers often invoked metaphysics to explain cosmological facts. It occurs to us that the general people of that period in that class-ridden society was more interested in earning punyaphala through religious functions than acquiring pure knowledge. Astronomers could not or did not ignore this sentiment and so, to honour this sentiment, they found it necessary to blend religion and metaphysics with cosmology in an astronomical background. Science in ancient times had to be supplemented by speculative materials and was thus mixed up with myths and metaphysics.
Arm Artaphernes. Artaud, Antonin. Artaxerxes I. Artaxerxes ii. Artaxerxes iiI. Artem.Artemas. Arval Brothers. Arvida. Arvika. Arya Samaj. aryabhata. Aryan. Arza. Arzamas.As. http://www.slider.com/Enc/A/Arm.htm
Saxon - New Sussex James George Frazer, The Dogon People, Lucy, Menes, Ramses ii, Sargon, Hammurabi,Cyrus the Great, Siddhartha Gautama (The Buddha), Asoke, aryabhata, Liu Bang http://teenopendiary.com/entrylist.asp?authorcode=B563998
BANGLAPEDIA: Mathematics In comparison with the classical mathematics developed in Indian subcontinent sinceantiquity through aryabhata, Brahmagupta, Bhaskara ii down to Madhava (1340 http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/M_0178.htm
Extractions: Mathematics science of spatial and numerical relationships. The main divisions of pure mathematics include geometry, arithmetic, algebra, calculus, and trigonometry. Applied mathematics include statistics , numerical analysis, computing, mathematical theories of astronomy , electricity, optics, thermodynamics, and atomic studies. Prehistoric human beings probably learned to count at least up to ten on their fingers. The Chinese, Hindus, Babylonians and Egyptians all devised methods of counting and measuring that were of practical importance in their everyday lives. The first theoretical mathematician is believed to be Thales of Miletus (580 BC) who is believed to have proposed the first theorems in plane geometry. His disciple Pythagoras established geometry as a recognised science among the Greek. The later School of Alexander Geometers (4th and 3rd centuries BC) included Euclid and Archimedes. The present decimal numbers are based on a Hindu-Arabic system that reached Europe about AD 100 from Arab mathematicians of the Middle East such as Khwarizmi. The basic development of mathematics in India (including Bengal) took place between 500 BC and 500 AD, marked as Buddhist and Jaina period. Mathematics in Buddhist and Jaina period The topics of mathematics, according to the Sthananga-sutra (sutra 747) are ten in numbers: parikarma (four fundamental operations), vyavahara (subjects of treatment), rajju (geometry), rashi (mensuration of solid bodies), kalasavarna (fractions), yavat-tavat (simple equation), varga (quadratic equation), ghana (cubic equation), varga-varga (biquadratic equation) and vikalpa (permutation and combination). However, the historians of mathematics differ in explaining some of the terms from the commentator, Abhayadeva Suri (1050 AD).
Time Scavengers Timeline- 6th Century CE (501-600 CE) Alaric ii is killed by Clovis in the Battle of the Campus Volgladenis; the religionthrough the area; India Astronomer and mathemetician aryabhata creates a http://www.incwell.com/Scavenger/6ad.html
Extractions: No biographies are currently available for this century. Back to Top Back to Top China - Wu-Ti becomes emperor Back to Top Back to Top Back to Top Back to Top Aquitaine, France - Alaric II, Visigothic king, creates his law code (Lex Romana Visigothorum) Back to Top France - Clovis leading the Franks drives most of the Visigoths from Aquitaine. Alaric II is killed by Clovis in the Battle of the Campus Volgladenis Copan, Honduras - Sculpture of death god appears on a Mayan altar Spain - Visigoth kingdom established, but it is weak Back to Top Byzantine Empire (formerly known as the East Roman Empire) - Future empress Theodora is born Back to Top Back to Top Provence, France - Ostrogoths from Italy take the area Rome - Boethius becomes a Roman consul Back to Top France - Clovis, the first recognised king of the Franks dies. His sons divide the kingdom. Theodoric I has a court at Soissons, Chlodomer has one in Paris, Childebert I has his court in Metz and Chlothar's court is in Orleans Arles, France - Founding of the convent of Saint Cesaire
Time Scavengers Timeline- 5th Century CE (401-500 CE) Visigothic king Theodoric ii is killed by his brother Euric China Buddha figuresin cave temples (c. 476); India - Astronomer and mathematician aryabhata born. http://www.incwell.com/Scavenger/5ad.html
Extractions: No biographies are currently available for this century. Back to Top Italy - The Visigothic invasion lead by king Alaric Rome - Innocent I becomes pope Back to Top Back to Top Polentia, Italy - Visigoths are defeated by Flavius Stilicho a half-Vandal soldier who was head of the Roman army Back to Top Back to Top Back to Top Worms, Germany - The Germanic tribe Burgundii establish the kingdom of Worms North Africa - Gunderic becomes king of the Teutonic tribe the Vandals Fiesole (Western Roman Empire) - Flavius Stilicho defeats the Ostrogoths, ending their invasion Back to Top Back to Top Western Roman Empire - Emperor Honorius accusses Stilicho of treason and has him executed Back to Top Back to Top Rome, Italy - King Alaric and the Visigoths invade the city and destroy it. Alaric dies while on his way south to invade Africa Britain - Roman legions leave the region to provide aid in Italy Begining of the spread of alchemy, a pseudoscience concerned with changing metals into gold, finding the key to eternal life and a single cure for all disease. The search for Philosopher's Stone and the Elixer to Life (c. 410)
Light Reading - Networking The Telecom Industry Indy_lite, 03/26/04 0432 PM. 1820, Reverse outsourcing ii, aryabhata, 03/26/040432 PM. 1819, Outsourcing From India to US !! aryabhata, 03/26/04 0427 PM. http://www.lightreading.com/boards/messages.asp?thread_id=46139&page=4
Dream 2047-Article the immortal works of this period were Aryabhatia (by aryabhata I), Brahmasphutasiddhanta(by Brahmagupta) and Siddhanta-Shiromani (by Bhaskara ii). http://www.vigyanprasar.com/dream/august99/AUGUSTArticle2.htm
Extractions: Leading astronomers of this period were Aryabhata I (born A.D. 476), Varahamihira (6th century A.D.), Bhaskara I (born c. A.D. 600), Brahmagupta (born c. A.D. 598), and Bhaskara II (born A.D. 1114). Besides the compilation work of Varahamihira, the immortal works of this period were Aryabhatia (by Aryabhata I), Brahmasphuta-siddhanta (by Brahmagupta) and Siddhanta-Shiromani (by Bhaskara II). with the help of commentaries. By the age of 15 he mastered the rules for calculating the ephemerides (tables showing the positions of heavenly bodies at regular intervals in time) of the planets. While calculating the positions of the planets he found that neither the stars appeared on the horizon at the right moment nor could the planets be seen in the right places. He began to observe and calculate the movement of heavenly bodies night after night. At the age of 23 he began to note down systematically the results of his observations. The journal Knowledge which reviewed the book in 1899 wrote: Pathani Samanta made contributions to the following four important aspects of astronomy:
Military Implications Of Indias Space Program While the aryabhata and Bhaskara were placed in orbit by Soviet boosters a failureto achieve required orbital altitude; in consequence, Rohini ii reentered the http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1983/may-jun/frederick
Historia Matematica Mailing List Archive: Re: [HM] Indian Astro part summarized the teachings of aryabhatasiddhanta without making any alteration,modification or addition (except one or two rules). Part ii set forth http://sunsite.utk.edu/math_archives/.http/hypermail/historia/feb00/0049.html
NSSDC Master Catalog: Spacecraft aryabhata. NASA Official DM Sawyer (donald.m.sawyer@nasa.gov) Last Updated 199903-05Output Generated 2004-05-15 Programming by EV Bell, ii (ed.bell@gsfc http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1975-033A
Extractions: Indijoje astrologas buvo vadinamas labai ávariai: nakðatradaða ("ðviesuliø stebëtojas"), daivajna ("likimo þinovas"), daivacintaka ("lemties skaièiuotojas"), jatakajna ("gimties þinovas"), samvatsara ("laiko skaièiuotojas"). Jis turëjo þynio autoritetà, á já kreipdavosi (ir tebesikreipia dabar) ðventikai visais religinio, ritualinio gyvenimo klausimais. Astrologijos reikðmæ liudija Paraðaros mintis Horaðastroje: "Kas, nepaþinæs astrologijos, peikia ðá mokslà, tas keliaus á pragarà ir atgims aklas" (H.S. II.13), o pasak iðminèiaus Varahamihiros parengtos astrologijos eniciklopedijos Brhat Samhita: "Lai tas, kas nori laimingai gyventi neapsistoja ðalyje, kurioje nëra gero astrologo, nes jis it visuomenës akys, apsaugo ðalá nuo nuodëmiø. Astrologijà studijavæs ir þmoniø likimus iðskaitæs þmogus niekados nepateks á pragarà, bet pasieks Brahmos pasaulá" (B.S. I.29). Apþvelkime glaustai taikomosios indø astrologijos genezæ, istorinæ raidà ir pabandykime tipologizuoti pagrindines jos mokyklas bei atðakas. Apibendrintai astrologijos istorija galima sàlygiðkai suskirstyti á penkis periodus:
