Greek Philosophy - Democritus Certainly Democritus was not the first to propose an atomic theory. His teacher Leucippus had proposed an atomic system, as had anaxagoras of clazomenae. http://www.hellenism.net/eng/democritus.htm
Early Cosmology Two interesting examples were first the claim of anaxagoras of clazomenae that the Moon shines only through the light it reflects from the sun, and that that http://phyun5.ucr.edu/~wudka/Physics7/Notes_www/node31.html
Extractions: Next: The Pythagoreans Up: Early Greeks Previous: Mythology In their many travels the early Greeks came into contact with older civilizations and learned their mathematics and cosmologies. Early sailors relied heavily on the celestial bodies for guidance and the observation that the heavens presented very clear regularities gave birth to the concept that these regularities resulted, not from the whims of the gods, but from physical laws. Similar conclusions must have been drawn from the regular change of the seasons. This realization was not sudden, but required a lapse of many centuries, yet its importance cannot be underestimated for it is the birth of modern science. The earliest of the Greek cosmologies were intimately related to mythology: earth was surrounded by air above, water around and Hades below; ether surrounded the earth-water-Hades set (Fig. This system was soon replaced by more sophisticated views on the nature of the cosmos. Two interesting examples were first the claim of Anaxagoras of Clazomenae that the Moon shines only through the light it reflects from the sun, and that that lunar eclipses are a result of the earth blocking the sunlight in its path to the moon; he also believed the Sun to be a ball of molten iron larger than the Peloponesus. Another remarkable feat was the prediction of a solar eclipse by Thales in 585 B.C. (for which he used the data obtained by Babylonian astronomers). During this period other ideas were suggested, such as the possibility of an infinite, eternal universe (Democritus) and a spherical immovable Earth (Parmenides).
Untitled Document However, later than them, anaxagoras of clazomenae (500428) said that our world is cylindrical , ie, shaped like a drum or a modern coin. Democritus agreed. http://celator.com/cws/marotta.html
Extractions: Ancient coins show they knew it was round by Michael Marotta The average person in Hellenic and Roman times knew that our world is round. The philosophic inquiries that began with Thales (624-547 BCE), reached a zenith in the works of Aristotle (384-321). Later, hellenistic astronomers made measurements of the size of the Earth and the sizes of and distances to the Sun and Moon. Several schemes for explaining the motions of the planets were invented. Generally, the average person of those times did not believe Earth to be flat any more than the average person of our day believes that we are alone in the galaxy. Philosophic Developments We should not be surprised to learn that various Greek philosophers and mathematicians had clever insights. Empedocles of Akragas (490-430) proved by experiment that air has substance. Democritus of Abdera (460-370) posited the existence of atoms. Pythagoras (569-500) was probably the first to assert that Earth is a sphere. The other candidate for originating this insight is Parmenides of Elea (fl. c. 500 BCE). However, later than them, Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (500-428) said that our world is "cylindrical", i.e., shaped like a drum or a modern coin. Democritus agreed. Aristotle summarized and criticized just about every significant work up to his time. In his books, On The Heavens, he notes the reasons offered by Anaxagoras and Democritus for asserting that Earth is flat. Then he argues against them, and states: "These conditions will be provided, even though the Earth is spherical, if it is of the requisite size..."
The Pre-Socratic Philosophers: Resources anaxagoras of clazomenae (500428 BC) Anaxagoras entry (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) Anaxagoras entry (MacTutor) Anaxagoras Fragments and Commentary http://www.historyguide.org/ancient/pre-socratic.html
Extractions: The Pre-Socratic Philosophers: Resources "Pre-Socratic" is the expression commonly used to describe those Greek thinkers who lived and wrote between 600 and 400 B.C. It was the Pre-Socratics who attempted to find universal principles which would explain the natural world from its origins to man's place in it. Although Socrates died in 399 B.C., the term "Pre-Socratic" indicates not so much a chronological limit, but rather an outlook or range of interests, an outlook attacked by both Protagoras (a Sophist) and Socrates, because natural philosophy was worthless when compared with the search for the "good life." To give the Pre-Socratic thinkers their full due would require an article of encyclopedic scope. Given that, I have decided to list a number of sites on individual Pre-Socratic thinkers. Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (500-428 B.C.)
JCA: Education: Physics 316 Pythagoras of Samos, c.530BCE, spherical rotating Earth orbiting a central Fire. anaxagoras of clazomenae, c.430BCE, heaven is knowable. http://www.jca.umbc.edu/~george/html/courses/2002_phys316/lect3/lect3.html
Extractions: Lecture 3 It should be remembered that our knowledge of history is solely dependent on us having written records Few (if any) of the original works survive. Thus we must rely on later works making reference to those from earlier periods. This adds concerns as to whether these later works indeed provide a true and complete reporting/representation of the earlier ideas. Indeed, the cosmological ideas of some cultures are almost completely absent from the historical record. Who knows what other cosmological ideas might have been lost... Adapted from Silk, "The Big Bang" Table 2.1: Who... When... What... Thales of Miletus c.585BCE universe run by nature processes Pythagoras of Samos c.530BCE spherical rotating Earth orbiting a central Fire Anaxagoras of Clazomenae c.430BCE "heaven" is knowable Plato c.420BCE Geocentric planets in circular orbits , stationary Earth Democritus of Abdera c.400BCE
M. Luz Presocratics 9 return to top anaxagoras of clazomenae (c. 500428 BC) Background. Anaxagoras lived much of his life in Athens, where he was a personal http://research.haifa.ac.il/~mluz/Access/PhilLect9.html
Extractions: Even before Zeno formulated his paradoxes, some pluralists were preparing an answer for Parmenides' monism with a justification of a plurality of substances. Others were Zeno's contemporary, but took his criticism into account. The Pythagoreans envisioned a pluralistic numerical cosmos derived and generated from a geometric unit, very much like that of Parmenides. Opposed to this conceptual pluralistic account of the world, there is that of Empedocles who combined the old Ionic materialistic accounts of the world with a new conceptual account of cosmic forces. He accepted Parmenides' denial of the conversion of reality to non-reality in the sense that he denied the absolute destruction of substance or its absolute creation from nothing. Anaxagoras' account answers Parmenides' monism by eliminating the elements altogether.
Index Of Ancient Greek Philosophers - Scientists anaxagoras of clazomenae (480430 BC). Greek philosopher. Links anaxagoras of clazomenae, MIT; Empedocles (Akragas, now Cicily, 492-440 BC). http://www.ics.forth.gr/~vsiris/ancient_greeks/presocratics.html
Extractions: Period marking the begining of science, as well as the development of literature, arts, politics, and philosophy. During these years, the city-states (polis in Greek) flourish. These include the Sparta and Athens. Within this period the Ionian school of natural philosophy was founded by Thales of Miletus . This is considered the first school for speculating about nature in a scientific way, hence signifies the birth of science. All philosophers - scientists up to Democritus are considered to be PreSocratics. Thales of Miletus (624-560 B.C.). Astronomer, mathematician and philosopher. Learned astronomy from the Babylonians. Founder of the Ionian school of natural philosophy. Predicted the solar eclipse on May 28, 585. Proved general geometric propositions on angles and triangles. Considered water to be the basis of all matter. He believed that the Earth floated in water. Used the laws of prospectives to calculate the height of the pyramids.
Index Of Ancient Greek Scientists anaxagoras of clazomenae (480430 BC). Links anaxagoras of clazomenae, MIT; Anaximander (610-545 BC).Greek astronomer and philosopher, pupil of Thales. http://www.ics.forth.gr/~vsiris/ancient_greeks/whole_list.html
Extractions: not complete Agatharchos. Greek mathematician. Discovered the laws of perspectives. Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (480-430 B.C.). Greek philosopher. Believed that a large number of seeds make up the properties of materials, that heavenly bodies are made up of the same materials as Earth and that the sun is a large, hot, glowing rock. Discovered that the moon reflected light and formulated the correct theory for the eclipses. Erroneously believed that the Earth was flat. Links: Anaxagoras of Clazomenae, MIT Anaximander (610-545 B.C.). Greek astronomer and philosopher, pupil of Thales. Introduced the apeiron (infinity). Formulated a theory of origin and evolution of life, according to which life originated in the sea from the moist element which evaporated from the sun ( On Nature ). Was the first to model the Earth according to scientific principles. According to him, the Earth was a cylinder with a north-south curvature, suspended freely in space, and the stars where attached to a sphere that rotated around Earth.
Questia Online Library - New Search ..Fifthcentury Pythagoreanism 87 anaxagoras of clazomenae 116 Empedocles Empedocles of Acragas in Sicily; anaxagoras of clazomenae in Asia Minor; Democritus http://www.questia.com/SM.qst?act=search&keywordsSearchType=1000&keywords=anaxag
NON-CONTRADICTION.COM - Aristotle And Aristotelianism anaxagoras of clazomenae, when asked who is the happiest man? said None of the people you think; He would seem a strange person to you. Anaxagoras answered http://www.non-contradiction.com/ac_quotes.asp
Extractions: Quotes from Aristotle It is clear, then, that such a principle is the most certain of all and we can formulate it thus: "It is impossible for the same thing at the same time to belong and not belong to the same thing at the same time and in the same respect". -The first formulation of the Law of Non-contradiction, Met. Gamma (Nicomachean Ethics 1096a12-16): Presumably, though, we had better examine the universal good, and puzzle out what is meant in speaking of it. This sort of inquiry is, to be sure, unwelcome to us, because those who introduced the Forms are friends of ours; still, it presumably seems better, indeed only right, to destroy even what is close to us if that is the way to preserve truth. We must especially do this as philosophers; for though we love both the truth and our friends, reverence is due to the truth first.
Extractions: HIPPOLYTUS OF ROME THE REFUTATION OF ALL HERESIES BOOK X. CONTENTS THE following are the contents of the tenth book of the Refutation of all Heresies:- An Epitome of all Philosophers. An Epitome of all Heresies. And, in conclusion to all, what the Doctrine of the Truth is. CHAP. I.RECAPITULATION. CHAP. II.SUMMARY OF THE OPINIONS OF PHILOSOPHERS. Stoics, then, accounted for the generation of the universe. For, according to them, matter devoid of quality, and in all its parts susceptible of change, constitutes an originating principle of the universe. For, when an alteration of this ensues, there is generated fire, air, water, earth. The followers, however, of Hippasus, and Anaximander, and Thales the Milesian, are disposed to think that all things have been generated from one (an entity), endued with quality. Hippasus of Metapontum and Heraclitus the Ephesian declared the origin of things to be from fire, whereas Anaximander from air, but Thales from water, and Xenophanes from earth. "For from earth," says he, "are all things, and all things terminate in the earth." CHAP. III.SUMMARY OF THE OPINIONS OF PHILOSOPHERS CONTINUED.
TITLE 460 bc) anaxagoras of clazomenae (ca. 500428 bc) Gorgias of Leontini, ca. 490-ca. 390 bc Socrates (ca. 460 bc), and anaxagoras of clazomenae (ca. 500-428 bc). http://eprints.yorku.ca/archive/00000086/00/encyclopedia.htm
Extractions: [Note: The article was intended for inclusion in A. Weber, (Ed.) (in press). Psychology. Vol. 1: History of Psychology Danbury CT : Grolier International. Grollier finally decided to publish a greatly abridged version, so I have decided to post the original full-length version here. - cdg Ancient Greek Psychology Christopher D. Green Toronto Canada The idea of the mind was first systematically explored in ancient Greece The main figures in this exploration were the early Presocratic philosophers, Plato, Artistotle , and the Hippocratic physicians. The key issues for them were the basic nature of the mind (i.e., what it is made of), and the various parts or functions it has. They also made some early discoveries about the relation between the mind and the brain. Key Dates Box
Extractions: Introduction to the Presocratics Presocratic philosophy was born in the Greek cities of Ionia at the end of the 7th century BCE The foundation of the Ionian school in Miletos is the starting-point of the presocratic thought, namely the first philosophical thought in the Ancient Greek world. The Presocratics combined ancient Greek mythology with rational thinking and sought all the forces which compose nature...(There's lots more including maps) Early Greek Philosophy This text is a reprint of the 3rd edition of John Burnet's famous study of Presocratic philosophy, Early Greek Philosophy , originally published in 1920. The spelling has been modernized throughout. Site Includes: Introduction Note on the Sources The Milesian School Thales ... Internet Archive of Texts and Documents In 1995, the History Department and Hanover students initiated the Hanover Historical Texts Project. The Project's principal aim is to make primary texts readily available to students and faculty for use in history and humanities courses.
Outline Of Cosmology And Astronomy To Aristarchus anaxagoras of clazomenae (c. 499 c. 427 BC) Believed sun lights moon earth, and explained eclipses in terms of placement of sun, earth, and moon and other http://ullman.clarku.edu/~djoyce/ma105/astrocos.html
Extractions: Math 105 History of Mathematics, D Joyce. Spring, 1999 Source: Thomas Heath, Aristarchus of Samos, the Ancient Copernicus, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1913. Reprinted by Dover, New York, 1981. Thales of Miletus (c. 630? - c 550? BC) Statesman, engineer, mathematician and astronomer, one of the "seven wise men." Cosmology: earth floated on water, a disk. Sun, stars, and planets fiery. Perhaps based on Egyptian and/or Babylonian cosmology. Said to have predicted a solar eclipse, but unlikely. Eudemus referred to two written works by Thales: On the Solstice and On the Equinox, since lost. Noted length of four seasons not all the same. Diogenes Laertius says Thales declared the apparent size of the sun and the moon to be 1/720 part of the circle described by it (i.e., 1/2 degree). Recommended sailing by Little Bear (Little Dipper) as the Phoenicians did. Anaximander of Miletus (Anasimandros) (c. 611 - c. 547 BC) Considered first Greek philosopher. Student of Thales. Cosmology: earth at center, a disk with depth 1/3 of breadth floating in air. Believed the stars to be fiery wheels emitting flames through vents, and eclipses occur when the vents are stopped up. Concluded the circle of the sun is 27 or 28 times the size of the earth, and that of the moon 18 or 19 times. Probably brought the vertical sundial (gnomon) to Greeks from Babylonians. Said to be first to draw a map of the inhabited earth. Anaximenes of Miletus (c. 585 - c. 528 BC. Stars on crystal sphere, but planets have their own movements. Sun, moon, stars made of fire. Said eclipses due to obscuring dark bodies.
CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: History Of Medicine Samos, Alcmaeon of Crotona, Parmenides of Elea, Heraclitus of Ephesus (sixth century BC), Empedocles of Agrigentum, and anaxagoras of clazomenae (fifth century http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10122a.htm
Extractions: Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... M > History of Medicine A B C D ... Z The history of medical science, considered as a part of the general history of civilization, should logically begin in Mesopotamia, where tradition and philological investigation placed the cradle of the human race. But, in a condensed article such as this, there are important reasons which dictate the choice of another starting point. Modern medical science rests upon a Greek foundation, and whatever other civilized peoples may have accomplished in this field lies outside our inquiry. It is certain that the Greeks brought much with them from their original home, and also that they learned a great deal from their intercourse with other civilized countries, especially Egypt and India; but the Greek mind assimilated knowledge in such a fashion that its origin can rarely be recognized. MYTHICAL, HOMERIC, AND PRE-HIPPOCRATIC TIMES Asclepiadae HIPPOCRATES AND THE SO-CALLED CORPUS HIPPOCRATICUM THE DOGMATIC SCHOOL In their endeavour to complete the doctrine of their great master, the successors of the Hippocratics fell victims to the snares of speculation. In spite of this, we owe to this so-called "dogmatic school" some fruitful investigation. Diocles Carystius advanced the knowledge of anatomy, and tried to fathom the causal connection between symptom and disease, in which endeavours he was imitated by Praxagoras of Cos, who established the diagnostic importance of the pulse.
Extractions: What's new at this site on April 30, 1999 Some URLs have been updated. Abbot, Charles Greeley (1872-1973) Abel, Niels Henrik (1802-1829) Abetti, Antonio (1846-1928) Abu'l Fida [Abu'L-fida; Abulfeda], Ismail (1273-1331) Abul Wafa [Abu'l-Wafa] Muhammad al-Buzjani (940-997) Acosta, Cristobal (1515-c.1594) Adams, John Couch (1819-1892) Agatharchides of Cnidus (? - c. 150 BC) Agrippa (fl. AD 92)
À§´ëÇѼöÇÐÀÚ ¸ñ·Ï 3 Jan 1912 in Schaffhausen, Switzerland Anaxagoras, anaxagoras of clazomenae Born 499 BC in Clazomenae (30 km west of Izmir), Lydia (now Turkey) Died 428 BC http://www.mathnet.or.kr/API/?MIval=people_seek_great&init=A
