Extractions: Spring 2002; completed Spring 2003 In his 1991 book Origins of the Modern Mind: Three Stages in the Evolution of Culture and Cognition , Merlin Donald presents the evolution of human cognition as a sequence of three transitions in dominant representational systems. Humans progressed from other primates by developing gestural, linguistic, and written storage and thought structures, thereby developing what Donald calls "mimetic," "mythic," and "theoretic" cultures. His approach is interdisciplinary and somewhat speculative he combines data from anthropology, archaeology, cognitive psychology, linguistics, and neurobiology to reconstruct the stages of evolutionary human cognitive development. After a decade replete with evolutionary accounts of human cognitive capacity, Donald wrote A Mind So Rare: The Evolution of Human Consciousness , arguing for the presence of a strong consciousness as one of the most important attributes of the human mind. Noting that a full account of human consciousness stands many years in the future, Donald sets out to describe what he can of the architecture, capabilities, and evolution of human consciousness. The result is a picture of a highly plastic domain-general capacity that can coordinate action, focus attention, and regulate activity, all typically in intermediate-term time frames. After ten years, Donald still holds the views expressed in
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The University Of Chicago Press - Doi:10.1086/320485 by other animals will note parallels here with the way linguists shifted the criteriafor what counts as language precisely as enculturated apes were shown http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/resolve?id=doi:10.1086/320485
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THEORY OF MIND IN NONHUMAN PRIMATES is observational and experimental evidence that apes have mental state concepts, such as in chimpanzees, but they reported positive findings for "enculturated" chimpanzees (i.e http://www.bbsonline.org/documents/a/00/00/05/46/bbs00000546-00/bbs.heyes.html
Extractions: c.heyes@ucl.ac.uk apes; associative learning; concepts; convergence; deception; evolution of intelligence; folk psychology; imitation; mental state attribution; monkeys; parsimony; perspective-taking; primates; role-taking; self-recognition; social cognition; social intelligence; theory of mind. Premack & Woodruff (1978) asked "Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?". Since it was posed, nearly 20 years ago, Premack & Woodruff's question has dominated the study of both social behavior in nonhuman primates (henceforward simply "primates") and cognitive development in children, but progress in the two fields has been markedly different. Developmentalists have established empirical methods to investigate children's understanding of mentality, and, forging links with philosophy of mind and philosophy of science, they have mustered the conceptual resources for disciplined dispute about the origins (innate module, convention or testing), on-line control (simulation or inference), and epistemic status (stance, theory or direct knowledge) of human folk psychology (e.g. Goldman 1993; Gopnik 1993; Gopnik & Wellman 1994). In contrast, those working with primates have continued to struggle with the basic question of whether
Human Quest Video The "social Brain" on their own but apes don t. Some report that enculturated apes those raisedin human environments do act more like human children in these situations. http://pubpages.unh.edu/~jel/video/social_brain.html
Extractions: Human Quest video the "social brain" universals: language, tastes for fats/sweets..., social behavior the idea of specific human adaptations evolved brain small hunter-gatherer groups cultural evolution A means of rapid change and collective wisdom Social "tools" of the brain faces the importance of faces: Loss of faces "prosopagnosia" infant perception of faces But don't overlook the role of speech as cue for identity; what about blind individuals? social communication faces, words, and especially melodies joint attention (Tomasello) Children seem to get this idea on their own but apes don't. Some report that "enculturated" apes those raised in human environments do act more like human children in these situations. (As of 4/01) the final story remains unknown,) assumptions about other minds :"False-belief" task This is a kind of projective task, used by Piaget and expanded on by many investigators. Tests the capacity to "read" minds of others and attribute other mind-like properties consciousness, and beliefs. Children develop the idea they are persons in a social group, with ethics and morals guiding behavior
ApeNet by British musician Peter Gabriel and American philanthropist Steven Woodruff toprovide new living and communication solutions for enculturated great apes. http://www.apenet.org/
Extractions: ApeNet is a consortium of foundations and individuals who support interconnecting great apes with each other, as well as with humans, through enculturation and technology. ApeNet was founded by British musician Peter Gabriel and American philanthropist Steven Woodruff to provide new living and communication solutions for enculturated great apes. Mission: To link enculturated great apes with each other through the internet, establish culture-based great ape preserves, establish an internet-based Journal, and to encourage and support great ape welfare and conservation. Language-Using Great Ape Ambassadors: (right to left in top photo) Chantek (Orangutan) at the Chantek Foundation
Extractions: Dictionaries: General Computing Medical Legal Encyclopedia Word: Word Starts with Ends with Definition This is a list of historical apes Ape is a common, yet rather imprecise, name for some animals of the order Primates. Its earliest meaning was a tailless (and therefore exceptionally human-like) non-human primate, but as zoological knowledge developed it became clear that taillessness occurred in a number of different and otherwise unrelated species. Modern scientific usage includes as apes:
