Webvision: Ganglion Cell Physiology In 1967 Ragnar Granit and H. keffer hartline shared the Nobel prize in physiologyand medicine for the first electrical recordings of light responses from http://webvision.med.utah.edu/GCPHYS1.HTM
Extractions: Visual Responses of Ganglion Cells Ralph Nelson [Overview] [History of Electrical Recordings] [ON and OFF Responses] [Receptive field] ... [References] 1. Overview. Ganglion cells are the final output neurons of the vertebrate retina. Ganglion cells collect information about the visual world from bipolar cells and amacrine cells (retinal interneurons). This information is in the form of chemical messages sensed by receptors on the ganglion cell membrane. Transmembrane receptors, in turn, transform the chemical messages into intracellular electrical signals. These are integrated within ganglion-cell dendrites and cell body, and 'digitized', probably in the initial segment of the ganglion-cell axon, into nerve spikes. Nerve spikes are a time-coded digital form of electrical signalling used to transmit nervous system information over long distances, in this case through the optic nerve and into brain visual centers. Ganglion cells are also the most complex information processing systems in the vertebrate retina. It is a general experimental truth that an organism as a whole cannot behaviorally respond to visual stimuli that are not also detectable by individual ganglion cells. Different cells become selectively tuned to detect surprisingly subtle 'features' of the visual scene, including color, size, and direction and speed of motion. These are called 'trigger features'. Even so signals detected by ganglion cells may not have a unique interpretation. Equivalent signals might result from an object changing brightness, changing shape, or moving. It is up to the brain to determine the most likely interpretation of detected events and, in the context of events detected by other ganglion cells, take appropriate action.
Ragnar Granit - By Yrsa Neuman/Gunnar Damström equipment. At the same time British physiologist haldan keffer Hartlineconducted research at the University of Philadelphia. In http://sfhs.eget.net/P_articles/Q_artiklar/Q_Granit.html
Extractions: At the University of Philadelphia Ragnar Granit had large research facilities at his disposal and received generous grants for acquisition of research equipment. At the same time British physiologist Haldan Keffer Hartline conducted research at the University of Philadelphia. In Pennsylvania Granit had the opportunity to experimantally test his theory on the nervous layer of the retina and its importance for seeing. Granit wished to research whether the retina had separate receptors for the different components of solar light, in other words about the way the eye sees color. Granit reached conclusions similar to those of the classics of color vision theory the early English physicist Thomas Young and the German physicist and physiologist Hermann von Helmholz : that the retina has three color sensitive layers. It turned out that the eye entails a kind of nerve center that prepares the information for the brain and for the actual way there. At the Carolinian Institute Granit focused his research on how the spinal marrow and the brain exert muscular control. He retired in 1967, the same year he shared the Nobel Price with Hartline and George Wald for his discoveries concerning the physiological and chemical foundations of vision. He passed away in 1991.
The Alfred B. Nobel Prize Winners: Physiology Or Medicine United States United States. 1967, Ragnar Granit haldan keffer HartlineGeorge Wald, Sweden United States United States. 1968, Robert W http://history1900s.about.com/library/misc/blnobelmed.htm
Extractions: zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About History 20th Century History Home ... Free, Email Newsletter zau(256,152,145,'gob','http://z.about.com/5/ad/go.htm?gs='+gs,''); Decade By Decade Great Events of the Century Horrible Disasters Quiz Yourself ... Help zau(256,138,125,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/0.htm','');w(xb+xb); Subscribe to the About 20th Century History newsletter. Search 20th Century History Chemistry Physics Literature Peace ... Economics Emil A. von Behring Germany Sir Ronald Ross Great Britain Niels R. Finsen Denmark Ivan P. Pavlov Russia Robert Koch Germany Camillo Golgi
Hartlines hartline.com (Technology search firm); Town of hartline, WA. haldan Kefferhartline. Nobel biography www.nobel.se/laureates/medicine1967-2-bio.html. http://www.pbrc.hawaii.edu/~danh/hartlines.html
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HighBeam Research: ELibrary Search: Results Karl von Frisch, Ger.; Konrad Lorenz, Ger.Aus.; Nikolaas haldan KefferHartline, George Wald, both US 1966 Jacques Monod, all Fr. http://www.highbeam.com/library/search.asp?FN=AO&refid=ency_refd&search_almanacs
The 125th Anniversary Of The Johns Hopkins University Francis Peyton Rous, AB 1900; MD 1905, Medicine, 1966. haldan KefferHartline, MD 1927; Professor of Biophysics, 194954, Medicine, 1967. http://www.jhu.edu/125th/links/nobel.html
Extractions: Johns Hopkins Affiliations Name Affiliation Category Year Woodrow Wilson Ph.D. 1886 (History) Peace James Franck Professor of Physics, 1935-38 Physics Nicholas Murray Butler Lecturer, 1890-91 Peace Thomas Hunt Morgan Ph.D. 1890 (Zoology); LL.D. 1915 Medicine George Richards Minot Assistant in Medicine, 1914-15 Medicine George Hoyt Whipple M.D. 1905; Associate Professor in Pathology, 1910-14 Medicine Harold Clayton Urey Associate in Chemistry, 1924-28 Chemistry Joseph Erlanger M.D. 1899; Assistant in Physiology, 1900-01; Instructor, 1901-03; Associate, 1903-04; Associate Professor, 1904-06; LL.D. 1947 Medicine Herbert Spencer Gasser M.D. 1915 Physiology Vincent du Vigneaud National Research Fellow, Pharmacology 1927-28 Chemistry Maria Goeppert-Mayer Assistant in Physics, 1930-32; Associate, 1932-36 Physics Francis Peyton Rous A.B. 1900; M.D. 1905 Medicine Haldan Keffer Hartline M.D. 1927; Professor of Biophysics, 1949-54 Medicine Lars Onsager Associate in Chemistry, 1927-28 Chemistry Simon Kuznets Professor of Political Economy, 1954-60 Economics Christian B. Anfinsen
Results Of Your Directory Search Of Brain Injury Agency Libraries 182. Visual Receptors and Retinal Interaction (alt1) Author(s) hartline, HaldanKeffer Located at ARBI Search Google for Visual Receptors and Retinal Intera http://www.brainresource.ca/search_Directory.asp?q=psychology&p=19
Dorlands Medical Dictionary American biologist, born 1906; cowinner, with Ragnar Arthur Granit and HaldanKeffer hartline, of the Nobel prize for medicine or physiology in 1967 for http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszS
Nobel Laureates At Penn 1956 LL.D. 1976; Nobel Foundation information on this award. HaldanKeffer hartline, 1903 1983 Medicine, 1967. with George Wald and http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/notables/awards/nobel.html
Warren Medal No Award. 1945. Clark L. Hull. 1946. No Award. 1947. Wolfgang Kohler. 1948. HaldanKeffer hartline. 1949. Walter R. Miles. 1950. Curt P. Richter. 1951. Frank A. Beach.1952. http://www.sepsych.org/warren_medal.htm
Extractions: The Society of Experimental Psychologists awards the Howard Crosby Warren Medal annually for outstanding achievement in Experimental Psychology in the United States and Canada. Warren Medal Awardees, 1936 - present: Karl Spencer Lashley Elmer A. Culler Carlyle Jacobsen Ernest R. Hilgard Clarence H. Graham B. F. Skinner Stanley Smith Stevens No Award Clark L. Hull No Award Wolfgang Kohler Haldan Keffer Hartline Walter R. Miles Curt P. Richter Frank A. Beach James J. Gibson Kenneth W. Spence Neal E. Miller Georg von Bekesy Harry F. Harlow Lorrin A. Riggs Donald O. Hebb Harry Helson Carl Pfaffmann Carl I. Hovland James Olds William K. Estes Benton J. Underwood William C. Young Floyd Ratliff Eliot Stellar Richard L. Solomon Roger W. Sperry Daniel S. Lehrman George A. Miller Delos D. Wickens Leo J. Postman Wendell R. Garner Eleanor J. Gibson John Garcia Russell L. DeValois Abram Amsel Roger N. Shepard Endel Tulving Richard M. Held Eric R. Kandel Gordon H. Bower Hans Wallach Michael I. Posner Richard F. Thompson Anne M. Treisman
ÇÏƲ¶óÀÎ The summary for this Korean page contains characters that cannot be correctly displayed in this language/character set. http://preview.britannica.co.kr/spotlights/nobel/list/B24h2424a.html
Extractions: Von BEKESY, Georg (1899-1972). Estados Unidos CRICK, Francis Harry Compton WATSON, James Dewey (n.1928). Estados Unidos, WILKINS, Maurice Hugh por sus descubrimientos sobre la estructura del DNA ECCLES Sir John Carew (1903-1997) Australia, HODGKIN Alan Lloyd HUXLEY Andrew Fielding BLOCH Konrad (1912-2000) Estados Unidos; LYNEN, Feodor (1911-1979) Alemania JACOB François (n. 1920) Francia, LWOFF, André (1902-1944) Francia, MONOD, Jacques (1910-1976) Francia ROUS, Peyton (1879-1970) Estados Unidos, HUGGINS Charles Brenton (1901-1998) Estados Unidos GRANIT, Ragnar (1900-1991) Suecia, HARTLINE Haldan Keffer (1903-1983) Estados Unidos; WALD George HOLLEY Robert W. (1922-1993), Estados Unidos, KHORANA, Har Gobind (n 1922) Estados Unidos, NIRENBERG Marshall W. (n. 1927) Estados Unidos DELBRUCK, Max (1906-1981), Alemania; HERSEY, Alfred
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Extractions: Fibiger, Johannes Andreas Grib Wagner-Jauregg, Julius Nicolle, Charles Jules Henri Eijkman, Christiaan Hopkins, Sir Frederick Gowland Landsteiner, Karl Warburg, Otto Heinrich Sherrington, Sir Charles Scott Adrian, Lord-Edgar Douglas Morgan, Thomas Hunt Whipple, George Hoyt Minot, George Richards Murphy, William Parry Spemann, Hans Dale, Sir Henry Hallett Domagk, Gerhard Dam, Henrik Carl Peter Doisy, Edward Adelbert ºñŸ¹Î K ¹ß°ß ºñŸ¹Î KÀÇ ÈÇÐÀû º»¼º ¹ß°ß Erlanger, Joseph Gasser, Herbert Spencer Fleming, Sir Alexander Chain, Sir Ernst Boris Florey, Lord(Howard Walter) Muller, Hermann Joseph X¼±¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Àΰø µ¹¿¬º¯ÀÌ ¿¬±¸ Houssay, Bernardo Alberto
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