141. How To Plan A Grant Application: Develop A Solid Hypothesis -- NIAID Research Fu How to Plan a Grant Application Develop a Solid hypothesis. Developedand maintained by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious http://www.niaid.nih.gov/ncn/grants/plan/plan_c1.htm

Advanced Search Funding Main Newsletter Opportunities, Budget ... How to Plan a Grant Application Develop a Solid Hypothesis tutorial index Most top-notch NIH grant applications are driven by strong hypotheses rather than advances in technology. Think of your hypothesis as the foundation of your application the conceptual underpinning on which the entire structure rests. Generally applications should ask questions that prove or disprove a hypothesis rather than use a method to search for a problem or simply collect information. However, a new trend is pushing us toward more applied research. Especially in key areas, such as studies of organisms used for bioterrorism, we will be turning more to applications seeking to discover basic biology or develop or use a new technology. If your application is not hypothesis-based, state this in your cover letter and give the reasons why the work is important. Choose an important, testable, focused hypothesis that increases understanding of biologic processes, diseases, treatments, or preventions. It should be based on previous research. State your hypothesis in both the

142. The Riemann Hypothesis of the problem and the million dollar prize offered by the Clay Institute....... http://www.claymath.org/prize_problems/riemann.htm

143. The Documentary Hypothesis A guest article by Mark McNeil that offers a critical alternative to the widely helddocumentary hypothesis which calls the Mosaic authorship of the Pentateuch http://home.flash.net/~thinkman/articles/docu-hypoth.htm

The Documentary Hypothesis Mark A. McNeil T he Documentary Hypothesis is a widely-held theory about the historical origin and formation of the first and most important section of the Old Testament, the Pentateuch. It is the purpose of this brief paper to describe the basic workings of this theory along with an attempt to offer a critical alternative. It should be remembered that simply because a theory is widespread or even in the majority in a particular time-period does not mean that it will retain such a position. Simply because the majority of modern scholars accept some version of the Documentary Hypothesis does not mean that the majority will agree in the future. Regardless, the merit of any theory about biblical books or any other matter must be weighed by not taking a poll of public or scholarly opinion but by weighing the intrinsic value and persuasiveness of the arguments supporting the position. In this case, I have found many reasons that give me serious hesitation when it comes to this particular theory. The Traditional View It is clear that the traditional understanding of the authorship and dating of the Pentateuch is that Moses authored the books before his death. The obvious exception to this would be the account of Moses' death found at the end of these books. Presumably this would have been added by a respected witness like Joshua. Additionally, there is no significant problem with granting that Moses made use of source-materials available to him for events or persons that he could not have directly known. For example, the book of Genesis records events and persons that Moses did not know. At the same time, however, there is no good reason to think that Moses is simply collecting "camp-fire" stories that have no relationship to the facts of history. Clearly he has a purpose or "agenda" in selecting the materials that he does but such a purpose in no way implies the events are merely "fiction," myth, or legend.

144. Evaluating Descartes' Dreaming Hypothesis -- Essay At PhilosophyClassics.com An assessment Descartes' skeptical arguments in the first Meditation, especially his argument on dreams. http://www.philosophyclassics.com/essays/941/

Start your day with a thought-provoking quote from the world's greatest thinkers and writers. Sign up to The Daily Muse for free. Evaluating Descartes' Dreaming Hypothesis By Andrew Nicol , Student A critical evaluation of a slightly modified version of Descartes' argument. An essay hosted at PhilosophyClassics.com Descartes’ dreaming hypothesis appears, at first glance, to be a very compelling argument. The argument in question, which is a modification of Descartes’ hypothesis, initially appears to be almost irrefutable. However, I will argue that although it is deductively valid, the argument is not cogent. The first premiss is not acceptable, and equivocation makes the conclusion of the argument ambiguous in its meaning and deceptive in its implications. The claim that the argument is deductively valid requires some justification. It can be argued that, assuming the premisses are true, there are circumstances in which the conclusion would be false. For example, it may be suggested that the statement ‘I know that I am thinking’ could be true regardless of whether I am awake or asleep. However, relies on the assumption that thought in dreams is essentially the same as thought in everyday life. I will argue later that this is not true, and that it is impossible for someone who is dreaming to be conscious of the fact that she is thinking. Other claims like ‘I know that I exist’, are similarly problematic. Given that there are no other imaginable circumstances in which the conclusion would not follow from the premisses, the main argument must be valid.

145. Problem And Hypothesis - Janice VanCleave's Science Fair Handbook - Science Fair Problem and hypothesis After collecting and With your problem stated,it s time to develop the hypothesis. The hypothesis might http://school.discovery.com/sciencefaircentral/scifairstudio/handbook/hypothesis

For our newsletter and special teacher promotions. Sections of the handbook: Go to... Handbook Home Page Scientific Method Topic Research Project Research A Sample Project Project Report The Display Presentation and Evaluation Problem and Hypothesis After collecting and analyzing your project research, it's time to zero in on the problem. Let's say you've decided to investigate the relationship between the angle of the sun's noon rays and air temperature. The question doesn't have to be complex and wordy to be good. Make it as simple and to the point as possible. Look at these two examples: How does the angle of the sun's rays at noon affect seasonal temperatures? Does the difference in the angle of the sun's rays at noon affect the amount of energy received by Earth's surface? If so, how does that difference affect temperature during different seasons? Both of the examples have the same goal of discovering how the angle of the sun's rays affects air temperature, but the first example is short and quickly read. Keep in mind that your project will be judged at the science fair, and you want each judge to know immediately the single purpose for your project. With your problem stated, it's time to develop the hypothesis. The hypothesis might be "I believe that the size of sun ray angles at noon causes seasonal temperatures, small angles causing warm temperatures and large angles causing cold temperatures." This hypothesis is based on these facts:

146. The Riemann Hypothesis Article by Enrico Bombieri (PDF) and video by Jeff Vaaler (.ram) from the Clay Mathematics Institute. http://www.claymath.org/Millennium_Prize_Problems/Riemann_Hypothesis/

147. Noah's Flood Hypothesis May Not Hold Water Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute professor part of international research group refuting popular theory. http://www.rpi.edu/web/News/press_releases/2002/noahsark.html

FOR RELEASE: IMMEDIATE June 14, 2002 CONTACT: Jodi Ackerman Phone: (518) 276-2146 ackerj2@rpi.edu Noah's Flood Hypothesis May Not Hold Water Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Professor Part of International Research Group Refuting Popular Theory TROY, N.Y - In 1996, marine geologists William Ryan and Walter Pitman published a scientifically popular hypothesis, titled Noah's Flood Hypothesis. The researchers presented evidence of a bursting flood about 7,500 years ago in what is now the Black Sea. This, some say, supports the biblical story of Noah and the flood. But, such a forceful flood could not have taken place, says Jun Abrajano, professor of earth and environmental sciences at Rensselaer. He is part of an international team of scientists who refute the so-called Noah's Flood Hypothesis. Abrajano cites evidence of a much more gradual rising of the Black Sea that began to occur 10,000 years ago and continued for 2,000 years. Click here for full size map of the area.

148. The Riemann Hypothesis Some of the conjectures and open problems concerning RH, compiled by the AIM. http://aimath.org/WWN/rh/

The Riemann Hypothesis This web page highlights some of the conjectures and open problems concerning The Riemann Hypothesis. Click on the subject to see a short article on that topic. If you would like to print a hard copy of the entire web page, you can download a dvi postscript or pdf version. What is an $L$-function? Terminology and basic properties Functional equation Euler product ... Anecdotes about the Riemann Hypothesis

149. Introductory Routes Of Rice To Japan An Examination Of The Southern Route Hypoth Asian Perspectives 40(2). The beginning of rice agriculture in Japan impacted every aspect of life in most parts of the archipelago. It was the Japanese version of the Neolithic Revolution. (PDF) http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/asian_perspectives/v040/40.2takamiya.pdf

150. THE RIEMANN HYPOTHESIS Web article by Aldo Peretti. http://www.peretti.da.ru

THE RIEMANN HYPOTHESIS By Aldo Peretti Download all the text 1– Introduction In 1859, G.F.B.Riemann published a most famous paper concerning the distribution of prime numbers, with the title: “On the quantity of prime numbers below a given quantity”, where, for the first time were used the methods of complex variable functions in order to determine (x) x. His starting formula was the product decomposition that Euler had found for the zeta function i.e. the formula where p stands for the prime numbers. (Riemann used the letter s to denote the variable, s + it ; and this way of notation was unanimously used after him) In the first part of the memoir, he proves the functional equation of the zeta function, and after this he deduces the formula valid for f(x) This formula had been obtained formerly in 1848 by Tchebychev (whose work on the subject very likely was known to Riemann). But he was unable to make the inversion of this formula, that Riemann succeeded to do, obtaining thus: f(x) = The remaining part of Riemann’s paper is very obscure and confusing because of its excessive brevity. Fortunately

151. Hypothesis hypothesis (1971). hypothesis Part 1 1221; hypothesis Part 2 1615. Vangelisplays Keyboards. Michael Ripoche, Violin. Brian Ogder, Bass guitar. http://bau2.uibk.ac.at/perki/records/hypothes/hypothes.html

Hypothesis (1971) Hypothesis Part 1 12:21 Hypothesis Part 2 16:15 Vangelis plays Keyboards. Michael Ripoche, Violin. Brian Ogder, Bass guitar. Tony Oxley, Drums. Produced by Giorgio Gomelsky. Recorded at Marquee Studios, London May 1971. Also released as "Visions of the Future" with 4 minutes less music. This record appeared in the following ways: CA 19 US LP 1971 FR BYG LP 1978 UK Affinity AFF11 (deleted in 1980) LP 1984 IT Oxford OX3162

152. The Music Of The Primes A popular article by Marcus du Sautoy on the Riemann hypothesis; Science Spectra, Issue 11. http://www.dpmms.cam.ac.uk/~dusautoy/2soft/music.htm

1.-When the British mathematician Andrew Wiles told the world about his proof of the Last Theorem of the seventeenth century French lawyer, Pierre de Fermat, it looked as if the Holy Grail had been grasped. Fermat's Last Theorem has often been called the greatest unsolved riddle of mathematics. But many mathematicians would argue that this name belongs rather to an idea first put forward in the middle of the nineteenth century by the German mathematician Bernhard Riemann: The Riemann Hypothesis. 2.-PRIME NUMBERS It remains unresolved but, if true, the Riemann Hypothesis will go to the heart of what makes so much of mathematics tick: the prime numbers. These indivisible numbers are the atoms of arithmetic. Every number can be built by multiplying prime numbers together. The primes have fascinated generations of mathematicians and non-mathematicians alike, yet their properties remain deeply mysterious. Whoever proves or disproves the Riemann Hypothesis will discover the key to many of their secrets and this is why it ranks above Fermat as the theorem for whose proof mathematicians would trade their soul with Mephistopheles. 3.-Although the Riemann Hypothesis has never quite caught on in the public imagination as Mathematics' Holy Grail, prime numbers themselves do periodically make headline news. The media love to report on the latest record for the biggest prime number so far discovered. In November 1996 the Great Internet Prime Search announced their discovery of the current record, a prime number with 378,632 digits. But for mathematicians, such news is of only passing interest. Over two thousand years ago Euclid proved that there will be infinitely many such news stories, for the primes never run dry.

153. Naval History Magazine: The Earhart Tragedy: Old Mystery, New Hypothesis, By Joh John P. Riley considers the role of military officials in the mystery of the disappearance of Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan. http://www.usni.org/NavalHistory/articles00/nhriley.htm

Sign In Register Join Shop ... Help Products Site Content Welcome Guest. Please sign in or register Home Naval History Magazine August Issue COURTESY OF JOHN HANCOCK FINANCIAL SERVICES The Earhart Tragedy Old Mystery, New Hypothesis By John P. Riley, Jr. Naval History, August 2000 Over the decades since Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan disappeared in the Pacific Ocean on 2 July 1937 while attempting to fly around the world, many authors have focused on the fliers' alleged incompetence as the reason they did not find Howland Island. Earhart, despite having achieved numerous aviation firsts, often is portrayed as unqualified, even though she was the first woman to fly the Atlantic Ocean and the first person of either sex to fly from Hawaii to the mainland of North America. In contrast with the sniping at the Earhart-Noonan team, Commander Warner K. Thompson, U.S. Coast Guard, commanding the USCGC

154. ZetaGrid Homepage Numerical verification of the Riemann hypothesis by a collaborative computing effort, with downloadable software. http://www.zetagrid.net/

ZetaGrid ZetaGrid Acknowledgement Performance characteristics Riemann Hypothesis Prizes ... Links This site is owned by Sebastian Wedeniwski Sponsors IBM Deutschland Entwicklung GmbH Webhosting powered by EDIS.at Do you need help? Try the ZetaGrid forum What is ZetaGrid? ZetaGrid is an open source and platform independent grid system that uses idle CPU cycles from participating computers. Grid computing can be used for any CPU intensive application which can be split into many separate steps and which would require very long computation times on a single computer. ZetaGrid can be run as a low-priority background process on various platforms like Windows, Linux, AIX, Solaris, and Mac OSX. On Windows systems it may also be run in screen saver mode. ZetaGrid in practice: Riemann's Hypothesis is considered to be one of modern mathematics most important problems. This implementation involves more than 10,000 workstations and has a peak performance rate of about 5649 GFLOPS. More than 1 billion zeros for the zeta function are calculated every day. To learn more about ZetaGrid, you have two options:

155. Who Wrote The 5 Books Of Moses? (a.k.a. The Pentateuch, The Books Of The Law, Th WHO WROTE THE PENTATEUCH? THE DOCUMENTARY hypothesis. Click Here toVisit our Sponsors. History of the Documentary hypothesis Both http://www.religioustolerance.org/chr_tora1.htm

WHO WROTE THE PENTATEUCH? THE DOCUMENTARY HYPOTHESIS Click Here to Visit our Sponsors. History of the Documentary Hypothesis: Both Judaism and Christianity assumed that the Pentateuch the first five books of the Hebrew Scriptures (Old Testament) were written by Moses , as the Bible itself states. However, in recent centuries, alternate authorship has been proposed. The documentary hypothesis is now accepted by essentially all mainline and liberal theologians. 11th Century CE : Isaac ibn Yashush suggested that the list of the Edomite kings in Genesis 36 was added by an unknown person after Moses died. For this assertion, he became known as " Isaac the Blunderer ." 15th Century : Bishop Tostatus suggested that certain passages were written by one of the prophets, not by Moses. 16th Century : Andreas van Maes suggested that an editor added additional material to some of Moses' writings. 17th Century : Thomas Hobbes prepared a collection of passages that seemed to negate Moses' authorship. 18th Century : Three investigators (Witter, Astruc and Eichhorn) independently concluded that doublets in the Torah were written by two different authors. A doublet is a story that is described twice, as in:

156. Self-Renewal Potential Of Human Organism Information on new results of lifeextension research, anti-aging hypothesis, and life-extension program. http://www.nikita-tirjatkin.de/life.html

Investigation of Scientific Information Nikita Tirjatkin RESEARCH PROJECT: Self-Renewal Potential of Human Organism SCIENTIFIC EXPERIENCE: Investigation of Scientific Information Actually used for investigation of self-renewal potential of human organism my proprietary knowledge processing technology is built on the basis of a strong experience in various scientific fields. This experience of many years allowed me to discover and develop an in-depth understanding how to transform raw scientific information into the more practicable research and development platforms. More Contact Homepage This research project is focused on investigation of causal relationship between features of internal environment and self-renewal potential of human organism on purpose to discover general condition to restore self-renewal potential. The most important property of living creatures is the ability to renew themselves. Every organism is a resourceful self-renewing system and is able to survive for a very long time. In principle, for ever. It applies equally to higher animals and among them to human as well. The self-renewal of these multicellular organisms is based on an ingenious organization of cell lines. Simplified the organization of a cell line can be as follow described.

157. The Gaia Hypothesis Our Planet The Gaia hypothesis Mother Earth is a Living Being andall life forms are her offspring; we humans could be said to be. http://www.ozi.com/ourplanet/gaia.html

From Myth to 21st Century science . . Today there is a growing hypothesis circling the globe: "Our Planet - Mother Earth - is a Living Being and all life forms are her offspring." Therefore we humans could be said to be "Her" children, with the inherent ability to become super-conscious adults. This is the Gaia Hypothesis (pronounced Gay-a) named after the Greek word for the 'Earth Mother' - Gaea In 1979 James Lovelock, a British Scientist who worked for the NASA (USA) space program, reminded us of the idea that Planet Earth, like the Sun, is a conscious living being. For just as our human body is composed of billions of cells working together as a single living being, so are the billions of life forms on Earth working together as a living super organism. Looking at our Living Planet: We can visualise the Equatorial rainforests functioning as the planet's lungs, exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide in concert with the oceans. Observe the atmosphere functioning as a global respiratory system. Imagine that our rivers and streams are like a circulatory system for the planetary body, bringing clean water and flushing the system.

158. Bill Parry's Stuttering Links Stuttering theory and treatment, by William Parry. http://members.aol.com/wdparry/index.htm

Main Men's Mental Health htmlAdWH('7002568', '234', '60'); The Valsalva Stuttering Network Home Introduction Articles Links ... Forum Bill Parry's Stuttering Links Stuttering (sometimes called "stammering") is a specific kind of disfluency, in which the flow of speech tends to be involuntarily disrupted by forceful closures of the mouth or larynx, by repetitions or prolongations of sounds and syllables, or by hesitations or delays in making voiced sounds. Stuttering generally involves an excessive amount of effort, force, and struggle in the attempt to speak. It also may be accompanied by a variety of behaviors intended to avoid, postpone, or hide the blocks. Stuttering, while not the worst of handicaps, certainly can be one of the most frustrating. Unlike other disabilities, stuttering has the mystifying and maddening habit of coming and going. Even if you stutter badly, chances are that you will be perfectly fluent when singing, talking in unison with other people, and in certain speaking situations. You may do a great job acting out a role on stage, but not be able to say your name when asked. You may begin telling a joke with perfect fluency, but not be able to deliver the punch line. You may have long stretches of fluency when it really doesn't matter. Then, just when the words are most important, stuttering jumps out of the closet and pins your speech to the ground. This website is devoted to exploring the puzzle of stuttering, the factors that may cause or perpetuate it, and what we might do to control or alleviate it through therapy or self help. We are also interested in encouraging self-esteem and acceptance for persons who stutter, fighting discrimination, and educating the public about this often misunderstood condition.

159. Continuum Hypothesis: True, False, Or Neither? Is the Continuum hypothesis True, False, or Neither? Thanks to all the peoplewho responded to my enquiry about the status of the Continuum hypothesis. http://jamaica.u.arizona.edu/~chalmers/notes/continuum.html

Is the Continuum Hypothesis True, False, or Neither? David J. Chalmers Newsgroups: sci.math From: chalmers@bronze.ucs.indiana.edu (David Chalmers) Subject: Continuum Hypothesis - Summary Date: Wed, 13 Mar 91 21:29:47 GMT Thanks to all the people who responded to my enquiry about the status of the Continuum Hypothesis. This is a really fascinating subject, which I could waste far too much time on. The following is a summary of some aspects of the feeling I got for the problems. This will be old-hat to set theorists, and no doubt there are a couple of embarrassing misunderstandings, but it might be of some interest to non-professionals. A basic reference is Gödel's "What is Cantor's Continuum Problem?", from 1947 with a 1963 supplement, reprinted in Benacerraf and Putnam's collection Philosophy of Mathematics . This outlines Gödel's generally anti-CH views, giving some "implausible" consequences of CH. "I believe that adding up all that has been said one has good reason to suspect that the role of the continuum problem in set theory will be to lead to the discovery of new axioms which will make it possible to disprove Cantor's conjecture." At one stage he believed he had a proof that C = aleph_2 from some new axioms, but this turned out to be fallacious. (See Ellentuck, "Gödel's Square Axioms for the Continuum", Mathematische Annalen 1975.)

160. Home Page hypothesis which attempts to explain the characteristics of QSOs (QuasiSteller Objects), a.k.a. quasars, as optical illusions created by gravitational lensing and other phenomena. http://www.geocities.com/isoptera.geo/index.html

CAUSE OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF QUASARS by Charles Weber For a hypothesis explaining the Cosmological Red Shift click on "RED SHIFT" ABSTRACT This is a hypothesis which attempts to explain the characteristics of QSOs (quasi stellar objects) as an optical illusion created by gravitational lensing of the photons from the opposite jet emanating from a large mass at the center of an active galaxy the axis of which is oriented toward [Berthel] the earth, by the reflection of ultraviolet and X-rays from a dense plate of ions on the surface of an accretion disk, and by infrared rays emitted from dust and gas further out, the last not magnified as greatly. BL Lac objects are perceived as QSOs from which primarily rays emitted or reflected by the ions on the accretion disk are seen. Infrared QSOs are perceived as active galaxies viewed from the side of the axis. INTRODUCTION QSOs are point sources of light with such enormous red shifts that they can’t possibly be stars (there are 12,000 known so far) . The distances are so vast that the quasars (QSOs high with radio waves) can not even be conventional galaxies similar to those nearby since they seem to radiate as much energy as hundreds or even a thousand galaxies would at their distance. Astronomers have tried to get around this paradox by proposing that they may be magnified by gravitational lensing of intervening mass. A major problem with this is that an intervening mass would not create a point source, but an Einstein ring. What has not been proposed is that maybe they are gravitationally lensed by a huge mass within their parent galaxy, a mass which both lenses and furnishes the light at the same time. Indeed, if a huge mass is furnishing the light as many now believe because of the difficulty of envisioning any other source, the mass

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