121. Introduction To The Earth System A class on the Gaia hypothesis taught at Penn State University. http://www.essc.psu.edu/~crane/earth_002/contents/announcements/outline.htm

122. Riemann Hypothesis A short article by Krzysztof Maslanka with numerical examples and graphics. http://www.oa.uj.edu.pl/~maslanka/zeros.html

Nontrivial zeros of the zeta-function of Riemann Real and imaginary part of Zeta[1/2+I*y]. Both curves intersect precisely at the y-axis The same zeros as a "spectrum". Numerical values of the zeros computed using Mathematica Imaginary values of the first hundred of nontrivial zeros of the zeta-function of Riemann. Their number and accuracies are rather modest, especially when compared to the recent spectacular computational achievement of Andrew M. Odlyzko from Bell Labs. Nevertheless, in the literature I have never seen any tables of these larger some twenty zeros. All real parts of the non-trivial zeros of zeta are supposed to be exactly 1/2. This simple statement is the famous Riemann hypothesis. Nobody knows for certain if this is true. Many suspect that it is. However, everybody would like to know. Everybody would also agree that this is the most important unsolved mathematical problem today. There exists simple numerical fit to these points (red line; s0[i] - denotes i -th zero, hence Zeta[s0[i]]=0). Im[s0[i]] = 6,5662*(i-1)^0,76511 + 14,720

123. A Summary Of The Documentary Hypothesis A Summary of the Documentary hypothesis. Introduction to BiblicalLiterature. 5. Recent criticisms of the hypothesis have included http://imp.lss.wisc.edu/~rltroxel/Intro/hypoth.html

A Summary of the Documentary Hypothesis Introduction to Biblical Literature 1. The Documentary Hypothesis claims that the Pentateuch is a composite of four separate, complete, and coherent documents. 2. Those documents are: J ahwe in German) before Israel exists (see Genesis 4:26; cf. E and P, below). J appears to have been composed in Judah, perhaps during Solomon's day, around 950 B.C.E. E lohist. The name is derived from E's use of Elohim (Hebrew for "God") rather than YHWH in the early period. E reserves the name Yahweh for the time from Moses on (see Exodus 3:13-15). E appears to have been written in the north, around 850 B.C.E. P riestly source. P is especially concerned with stories and laws relevant for priests. Like E, it reserves the name YHWH for for the period from Moses on (see Exodus 6:3). Many scholars date P either during the exile (6th century B.C.E.) or shortly after (5th century B.C.E.). Others date it as early as the beginning of the 7th century B.C.E. D is essentially the book of D euteronomy. It is not mingled with J, E and P.

124. Linguistic Relativity Resource Center Collected quotes from critics of the SapirWhorf hypothesis. Includes an outline of the argument for students and offers full citations. http://www.baylor.edu/~Erin_Greenawalt/relativity.html

125. Photoelectric Effect The Planck hypothesis. In order to explain the frequency distributionof radiation from a hot cavity (blackbody radiation) Planck http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mod2.html

Early Photoelectric Effect Data Electrons ejected from a sodium metal surface were measured as an electric current . Finding the opposing voltage it took to stop all the electrons gave a measure of the maximum kinetic energy of the electrons in electron volts The minimum energy required to eject an electron from the surface is called the photoelectric work function. The threshold for this element corresponds to a wavelength of 683 nm. Using this wavelength in the Planck relationship gives a photon energy of 1.82 eV. Further analysis Table of photoelectric effect work functions Index Millikan reference ... Quantum Physics R Nave Go Back Early Photoelectric Effect Data Planck hypothesis Index Millikan reference Photoelectric effect ... Quantum Physics R Nave Go Back The Planck Hypothesis In order to explain the frequency distribution of radiation from a hot cavity ( blackbody radiation ) Planck proposed the ad hoc assumption that the radiant energy could exist only in discrete quanta which were proportional to the frequency. This would imply that higher modes would be less populated and avoid the ultraviolet catastrophe of the Rayleigh-Jeans Law The quantum idea was soon seized to explain the photoelectric effect , became part of the Bohr theory of discrete atomic spectra, and quickly became part of the foundation of modern quantum theory.

126. THE UNIVERSE Standard Model II (Field Theory) A field principally consisting of surfaces, as forms, imbedded in threedimensional space, can explain all known forces associated with mass and charge. Practical extensions of this study could yield new technologies on levitation and motors which do not require fuel. http://zyx.org

ZYX.ORG GRAND UNIFICATION HYPOTHESIS THE UNIVERSE - ETA CARINAE NEBULA

127. Christianity And Mathematics Christianity and the Mathematical Sciences the Heliocentric hypothesis. http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Heliocentric.html

Christianity and the Mathematical Sciences - the Heliocentric Hypothesis Alphabetical list of History Topics History Topics Index The mathematician Freeman Dyson writes in [16]:- ... Western science grew out of Christian theology. It is probably not an accident that modern science grew explosively in Christian Europe and left the rest of the world behind. A thousand years of theological disputes nurtured the habit of analytical thinking that could be applied to the analysis of natural phenomena. On the other hand, the close historical relations between theology and science have caused conflicts between science and Christianity that do not exist between science and other religions ... Christianity has been a major influence on the mathematical sciences, particularly in the 17 th and 18 th Centuries. There is a widespread belief that Christianity and science, particularly mathematical science, were on opposing sides through this period. However, this oversimplifies the situation to such an extent that it gives a quite false impression of the development of the mathematical sciences through this important time. For example four men who perhaps did as much as any to revolutionise the mathematical sciences in the 16 th and 17 th Centuries

128. Home A mechanical hypothesis which offers a new interpretation of motion and gravity http://home.wxs.nl/~agur0000/

This website contains three dialogues, an elucidating article, an optical article and one poem. The main body of this site - its three dialogues - presents a new mechanical theory based on the assumption that the mass as well as the center of mass of all bodies have dynamic properties. The center of mass advances in the direction of motion in direct proportion to the acceleration of bodies. Motion, thus, can be analyzed in absolute terms, and the claim of the unique principle of relative motion is rendered dubious. From this basic assumption ensue a number of highly important conclusions, chief amongst which is a new understanding of gravitation. The physical cause underlying inertial motion and gravity transpires to be the same one, which implies a much greater economy in our understanding of the concept of motion. After the first dialogue there is a description of a suggested experiment to prove the dynamic properties of centers of mass. I would advise you to read these dialogues in reverse order, starting with the third (HOW RELATIVE IS RELATIVITY?). If the third does not convince you of the possible validity of the arguments, there is no reason for you to waste your time reading the other two. The latest revisions of the website were made in August 2003.

129. The TES Hypothesis home page. The TES hypothesis. The TES hypothesis is inherently obvious, fundamental,and in harmony with a state of mind that values both science and religion. http://home.att.net/~meditation/TES.html

home page The TES Hypothesis It is a mind that is unprejudiced by religion, philosophy, and cultural conditioning. It is going naked in the stars. The TES hypothesis is inherently obvious, fundamental, and in harmony with a state of mind that values both science and religion. It declares that the universe and all of its manifestations are created by time-energy-space, the TES. Even the ethereal phenomena of compassion is a product of this singular and universal being. There are forms of energy and dimensions of space that have not yet been quantified by science (example - scientists break the light barrier ). Those mysterious realities are also within the normal workings of TES. Nothing in the universe is truly supernatural and beyond the laws of nature. Everything that exists is created through cycles of the TES, both on the large physical scale involving the formation of stars, galaxies, and planets, and on the subtler inner dimensions involving the evolution of the human brain and consciousness. The Hindu word 'Atman' means the soul of life and the essence of being. The Atman is not just the individual human mind, but is defined as the universal soul that exists everywhere. For this discussion we will use the word Atman more strictly to designate that part of the TES that becomes conscious of itself on the grand and cosmic scale.

130. Review Of "The Astonishing Hypothesis: The Scientific Search For The Soul" By Fr Review of The Astonishing hypothesis The Scientific Search For The Soul by FrancisCrick Bill Webster Department of Psychology Monash University Clayton http://psyche.cs.monash.edu.au/v2/psyche-2-18-webster.html

This book may be purchased from Amazon.Com Review of The Astonishing Hypothesis: The Scientific Search For The Soul by Francis Crick Bill Webster Department of Psychology Monash University Clayton, Victoria 3168 AUSTRALIA Received: August 3, 1995; Accepted: August 13, 1995; Published: October 25, 1995 PSYCHE, 2(18), July 1995 http://psyche.cs.monash.edu.au/v2/psyche-2-18-webster.html KEYWORDS: Francis Crick, binding problem, mind-brain problem, reductionism. REVIEW OF: Francis Crick (1994) The Astonishing Hypothesis: The Scientific Search for the Soul. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. xiv+317pp. Price: $US 12.60 pbk. ISBN:0684801582. 1.1 This book is a challenging attempt to give a reductionist model of mental processes by one of the leading biologists in the world, Francis Crick. It is not surprising that the Noble laureate who discovered the reductionist explanation of DNA should extend this method to the mind-brain problem. The Astonishing Hypothesis is that "You," your joys and your sorrows, your memories and your ambitions, your sense of personal identity and free will, are in fact no more than the behavior of a vast assembly of nerve cells and their associated molecules. As Lewis Carroll's Alice might have phrased: "You're nothing but a pack of neurons." This hypothesis is so alien to the ideas of most people today that it can truly be called astonishing. (p. 3) 1.2 Richard Gregory, a leading visual psychologist, has argued that Crick is outside of his own field here and could be regarded as a "loose cannon" in the field of visual consciousness, and yet Crick's book is both informative and well written. Crick's main goal is to find a neural mechanism that will explain consciousness, particularly in the context of visual awareness.

131. Quantum Physics (journal) Papers about the Smarandache hypothesis that there is no speed barrier in the universe, SRMTheory of constructing arbitrary speeds from zero to infinite, Smarandache Sorites Paradox. http://www.geocities.com/m_l_perez/QuantumPhysics.html

Quantum Physics Welcome to the miraculous micro-world of Quantum Physics! Read about: - Smarandache Hypothesis that there is no speed barrier in the universe: [in English], [em Português]; - Sorites Smarandache Paradox that our visible world is composed by a totality of invisible particles; ... - SRM-Theory that it is possible to construct arbitrary speeds from zero to infinite. Your feedback is important to us. My Favorite Links: Charles Ashbacher Technologies Quantum Physics Minh Perez (Rehoboth, Box 141, NM 87322, USA) Name: Email: M_L_Perez@yahoo.com

132. The Origin Of The Solar System The Nebular hypothesis in its original form was proposed by Kant andLaplace in the 18th century. Evidence for the Nebular hypothesis. http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/solarsys/nebular.html

The Origin of the Solar System The Nebular Hypothesis in its original form was proposed by Kant and Laplace in the 18th century. The initial steps are indicated in the following figures. Collapsing Clouds of Gas and Dust A great cloud of gas and dust (called a nebula ) begins to collapse because the gravitational forces that would like to collapse it overcome the forces associated with gas pressure that would like to expand it (the initial collapse might be triggered by a variety of perturbations-a supernova blast wave, density waves in spiral galaxies, etc.). In the Nebular Hypothesis, a cloud of gas and dust collapsed by gravity begins to spin faster because of angular momentum conservation It is unlikely that such a nebula would be created with no angular momentum, so it is probably initially spinning slowly. Because of conservation of angular momentum, the cloud spins faster as it contracts. The Spinning Nebula Flattens Because of the competing forces associated with gravity, gas pressure, and rotation, the contracting nebula begins to flatten into a spinning pancake shape with a bulge at the center, as illustrated in the following figure. The collapsing, spinning nebula begins to flatten into a rotating pancake

133. The Riemann Hypothesis A short article by Kimon Spiliopoulos. http://users.forthnet.gr/ath/kimon/Riemann/Riemann.htm

The Riemann Hypothesis Riemann's Hypothesis was one of the 23 problems - milestones that David Hilbert suggested in 1900, at the 2nd International Conference on Mathematics in Paris, that they should define research in mathematics for the new century (and indeed, it is not an exaggeration to say that modern mathematics largely come from the attempts to solve these 23 problems). It is the most famous open question today, especially after the proof of Fermat's Last Theorem The Riemann zeta function is of central importance in the study of prime numbers. In its first form introduced by Euler, it is a function of a real variable x: This series converges for every x > 1 (for x=1 it is the non-corvergent harmonic series). Euler showed that this function can also be expressed as an infinite product which involves all prime numbers p n , n=1, Riemann studied this function extensively and extended its definition to take complex arguments z. So the function bears his name. Of particular interest are the roots of Trivial zeros are at z= -2, -4, -6, Â

134. Herbert Spencer's 'Development Hypothesis' The Development hypothesis (1852). Herbert Spencer. This early essay ofchange. Which, then, is the most rational hypothesis? that http://www.victorianweb.org/science/science_texts/spencer_dev_hypothesis.html

The Development Hypothesis (1852) Herbert Spencer This early essay of Spencer's was originally published anonymously in The Leader for March 20 1852. It was the second contribution in a regular series entitled "The Haythorne Papers". Spencer's identity was revealed some while after. It is reproduced in Herbert Spencer, Williams and Norgate (3 vols 1891) pp.1-7]; and here in full. The Leader of 20 March 1852 in one crucial phrase: "Those who cavalierly reject the Theory of Evolution ..." originally read "Those who cavalierly reject the Theory of Lamarck ..." [emphasis added].' Text prepared by David Clifford, Ph.D., Cambridge University. In a debate upon the development hypothesis, lately narrated to me by a friend, one of the disputants was described as arguing that as, in all our experience, we know no such phenomenon as transmutation of species, it is unphilosophical to assume that transmutation of species ever takes place. Had I been present I think that passing over his assertion, which is open to criticism, I should have replied that as in all our experience we have never known a species created, it was, by his own showing, unphilosophical to assume that any species ever had been created. Should the believers in special creations consider it unfair thus to call upon them to describe how special creations take place, I reply that this is far less than they demand from the supporters of the Development Hypothesis. They are merely asked to point out a conceivable mode. On the other hand, they ask, not simply for a conceivable mode, but for the actual mode. They do not say - Show us how this may take place; but they say - Show us how this does take place. So far from its being unreasonable to put the above question, it would be reasonable to ask not only for a possible mode of special creation, but for an ascertained mode; seeing that this is no greater a demand than they make upon their opponents.

135. Communications And Signal Processing free Functions for resampling, hypothesis testing, and confidence interval estimation. http://www.atri.curtin.edu.au/csp/downloads/bootstrap_toolbox.html

Bootstrap Toolbox BOOTSTRAP MATLAB TOOLBOX Abdelhak M. Zoubir D. Robert Iskander CSP Group, Curtin University of Technology Introduction In many signal and information processing applications one is interested in forming estimates of a certain number of unknown parameters of a random process, using a set of sample values. Further, one is interested in finding the sampling distribution of the estimators, so that the respective means, variances, and cumulants can be calculated, or in making some kind of probability statements with respect to unknown true values of the parameters. For example one could be interested in assigning two limits to a certain parameter, and in asserting that, with some specified probability, the true value of the parameter will be situated between these limits, which constitute the confidence interval. The bootstrap is a powerful technique for assessing the accuracy of a parameter estimator in situations where conventional techniques are not valid. The bootstrap does with a computer what the experimenter would do in practice if it were possible: he or she would repeat the experiment. With the bootstrap, the observations are randomly reassigned, and estimates recomputed. These assignments and recomputations are done thousands of times and treated as repeated experiments. The Bootstrap Toolbox The Bootstrap Toolbox is a set of Matlab functions consisting of procedures for resampling, hypothesis testing, and confidence interval estimation. Each function of the Toolbox has a

136. Classics In The History Of Psychology -- Miller Et Al. (1941) (Return to Classics index). Symposium on the FrustrationAggression hypothesis. I. The Frustration-Aggression hypothesis by Neal E. Miller. II. http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/FrustAgg/

Classics in the History of Psychology An internet resource developed by Christopher D. Green York University, Toronto, Ontario (Return to Classics index Symposium on the Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis First published in Psychological Review I. "The Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis" by Neal E. Miller II. "Non-Aggressive reactions to frustration" by Robert R. Sears III. "Need-Persistive and Ego-Defensive Reactions to Frustration as Demonstrated by an Experiment Repression" by Saul Rosenzweig IV. "The Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis and Culture" by Gregory Bateson V. "The Hostile Act" by David M. Levy VI. "Frustration Phenomena in the Social and Political Sphere" by George W. Hartmann VII. "Depreivation, Threat and Frustration" by A. H. Maslow

137. The MathWorks - Products - Statistics Toolbox The Statistics Toolbox for MATLAB includes functions for Probability distributions, Parameter estimations, Descriptive Statistics, Multivariate statistics, Linear and nonlinear modeling, Statistical plotting, Statistical Process Control, Design of Experiments, hypothesis Tests, Cluster Analysis http://www.mathworks.com/products/statistics

Worldwide home store contact us site help create account my account ... Get Pricing Recorded Webinar Data Analysis with Curve Fitting and Statistics Toolboxes Register today User Stories Banque Cantonale Vaudoise Developing this project with Fortran libraries would have taken us approximately ten times as long. Pierre-Yves Boillat, Banque Cantonale Vaudoise Learn more Featured Demo Introduction to the Statistics Toolbox View the demo Statistics Toolbox 5 Apply statistical algorithms and probability models The Statistics Toolbox provides engineers, scientists, researchers, financial analysts, and statisticians with a comprehensive set of tools to assess and understand their data. It includes functions and interactive tools for analyzing historical data, modeling data, simulating systems, developing statistical algorithms, and learning and teaching statistics. Full Product Description Download Datasheet Seminar: Data Analysis and Development with MATLAB Products for Aerospace and Defense Applications Tradeshow: ASEE 2004 Annual Conference New MATLAB based book: Computational Statistics Handbook with MATLAB NEW product demonstration: Introduction to the Statistics Toolbox Language Options: English Deutsch Italiano Trademarks

138. THE EFFICIENT MARKET HYPOTHESIS ON TRIAL The Efficient Market hypothesis on Trial A Survey. by Philip S. Russeland Violet M. Torbey. 1. Efficient Market hypothesis. la. The Specifics. http://www.westga.edu/~bquest/2002/market.htm

The Efficient Market Hypothesis on Trial: A Survey by Philip S. Russel and Violet M. Torbey Philip S. Russel RusselP@philau.edu is an Assistant Professor of Finance at the School of Business Administration, Philadelphia University. Violet M. Torbey violet_torbey@bond.edu.au and torbeyv@sec.gov is both an Assistant Professor of Finance at the School of Business, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia and a visiting Financial Economist with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Office of Economic Analysis, Washington, D.C. Abstract: The hitherto dominant paradigm in financial market research, the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH), has been put on trial recently and subjected to critical re-examination. The preliminary evidence indicates that the initial confidence in the Efficient Market Hypothesis might have been misplaced. It is observed that financial equilibrium models based on EMH fail to depict trading operations in the real world. Various anomalies and inconsistent results call for refinement of the existing paradigm. It is proposed in this article that a more coherent theory of stock market behavior can be developed by incorporating Keynesian ideologies on the speculative behavior of investors. "I'd be a bum in the street with a tin cup if the markets were efficient."

139. Riemann Hypothesis In A Nutshell An article by Glen Pugh with a Java applet for viewing zeta on the critical line. http://www.math.ubc.ca/~pugh/RiemannZeta/

Home Z(t) Plotter Verifying RH ... More Applets The Riemann Hypothesis in a Nutshell The Riemann Zeta Function image source In his 1859 paper On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude , Bernhard Riemann (1826-1866) examined the properties of the function for s a complex number. This function is analytic for real part of s greater than and is related to the prime numbers by the Euler Product Formula again defined for real part of s greater than one. This function extends to points with real part s less than or equal to one by the formula (among others) The contour here is meant to indicate a path which begins at positive infinity, descends parallel to and just above the real axis, circles the origin once in the counterclockwise direction, and then returns to positive infinity parallel to and just below the real axis. This function is analytic at all points of the complex plane except the point s = 1 where it has a simple pole. This last function is the Riemann Zeta Function ( the zeta function The Riemann Hypothesis The zeta function has no zeros in the region where the real part of s is greater than or equal to one. In the region with real part of

140. Stress, Disempowerment, Bullying, And School Non-attendance A Hypothesis Essay presenting a hypothesis on the relationship of the social structure of school, stress, and impairment of heath by using control (or lack of it) as the key element. http://langue.hyper.chubu.ac.jp/jalt/pub/tlt/01/oct/yoneyama.html

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