81. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 1999 overview of the history and development of the theories of linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity. By Rebecca Ash. http://www.angelfire.com/journal/worldtour99/sapirwhorf.html

var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "angelfire.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis From George Orwell's The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis theorizes that thoughts and behavior are determined (or are at least partially influenced) by language. If true in its strongest sense, the sinister possibility of a culture controlled by Newspeak or some other language is not just science fiction. Since its inception in the 1920s and 1930s, the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis has caused controversy and spawned research in a variety of disciplines including linguistics, psychology, philosophy, anthropology, and education. To this day it has not been completely disputed or defended, but has continued to intrigue researchers around the world. Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf brought attention to the relationship between language, thought, and culture. Neither of them formally wrote the hypothesis nor supported it with empirical evidence, but through a thorough study of their writings about linguistics, researchers have found two main ideas. First, a theory of linguistic determinism that states that the language you speak determines the way that you will interpret the world around you. Second, a weaker theory of linguistic relativism that states that language merely influences your thoughts about the real world. Edward Sapir studied the research of Wilhelm von Humboldt. About one hundred years before Sapir published his linguistic theories, Humboldt wrote in

82. The One Gene/One Enzyme Hypothesis The One Gene/One Enzyme hypothesis. Beadle and Tatum s 1941 Breakthrough. ChrisEvers Subsequent work has led to further refinement of this hypothesis. http://www.accessexcellence.org/AB/BC/One_Gene_One_Enzyme.html

The One Gene/One Enzyme Hypothesis Beadle and Tatum's 1941 Breakthrough Chris Evers Gene therapy for inherited diseases may be one of the most beneficial results of the biotechnology revolution. Many such diseases, including hemophilia and cystic fibrosis, result when a single defective gene causes the production of a non-functional protein. Gene therapy attempts to replace the defective genes with normal ones, allowing the patient to produce the necessary protein and function normally. The first human gene therapy test (still in progress) involves a girl suffering from severe immune problems due to a defective gene for the enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA). Doctors have attempted to treat her by removing some of her bone marrow cells, inserting functional ADA genes into these cells, and then putting the "corrected" cells back in place. The basis of gene therapy rests on our understanding of the relationship between genes and proteins - between genotype and phenotype. The concept that a gene is responsible for the production of a specific protein was first proposed in 1909 by Archibald Garrod, an English physician. Garrod was interested in inherited human diseases, particularly what he called "inborn errors of metabolism." He suggested (correctly) that alkaptonuria - an inherited condition in which the urine is colored dark red by the chemical alkapton - results from a single recessive gene, which causes a deficiency in the enzyme that normally breaks down alkapton. Although Garrod published a book and several papers on the subject, his work was generally ignored until the early 1940's, when it was rediscovered by the American geneticists, George Beadle and Edward Tatum.

83. Home Page Applied linguist offering various resources related to the noticing hypothesis, learner autonomy and Computer Assisted Language Learning. http://www.hayo.nl

84. Merriam-Webster Online 5 entries found for hypothesis. For More Information on hypothesis go to Britannica.comGet the Top 10 Search Results for hypothesis Pronunciation Symbols. http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=hypothesis

85. The Sweet Smell Of The Immune System Manfred Milinski and Claus Wedekind find evidence for the hypothesis that perfumes are selected for self to amplify in some way body odors that reveal a person's immunogenetics . http://www.nature.com/nsu/010308/010308-10.html

updated at midnight GMT search nature science update advanced search The sweet smell of the immune system Your taste in scent might say something about your genes. 7 March 2001 JOHN WHITFIELD Enduring scents probably chime with our basic biology If the perfume industry hopes to concoct a universal knock-'em-dead scent, it should think again. New research suggests that a person's taste in perfume is as individual as the genetics of her or his immune system. Manfred Milinski and Claus Wedekind, of Bern University, Switzerland, have found that the way a person would like to smell reflects the make-up of their 'major histocompatability complex' (MHC) a part of the genome involved in sexual attraction and in the body's defence against disease Instead of being an attempt to mask body odour, preferred perfumes might amplify certain aspects of it, alerting compatible mates and giving a general impression of health. Milinski and Wedekind measured men and women's responses to 36 different scents, including old favourites such as myrrh, jasmine and vanilla. The 137 respondents, whose MHC genes fell into nine different groups, were asked how much they would like to use a perfume or aftershave that contained each ingredient, and also whether they would find the scent attractive on a potential mate. There was a significant correlation between a person's MHC group and the things they would like to smell of. Different genotypes, for example, had very different ideas about the merits of musk.

86. AIDS/HIV: Lies, Deception, Profits And Genocide - AZT: Poison By Prescription An opinion expressing the total failure of the HIV/AIDS hypothesis and criticism of the use of AZT. http://www.shirleys-wellness-cafe.com/aids.htm

AIDS/HIV/AZT Controversy - AZT Forced Treatment of Kids - Healing AIDS: no drugs "AIDS is a cruel deception that is maintained because so many people are making money from it. Take away this money and the entire system of mythology will collapse." Charles Thomas, PhD A growing number of scientists world-wide have publicly denounced the total failure of the HIV/AIDS hypothesis, questioned the meaning of the "AIDS test", and criticized the use of AZT which has been proven to be a toxic poison that makes the patient sicker and is actually the cause of AIDS deaths. The group includes scientists such as Kary Mullis, who won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1993 for inventing the polymerase chain reaction used to test for HIV. James DeMeo, Ph.D., Director of Orgone Biophysical Research Lab, and Peter H. Duesberg, Ph.D., a professor of molecular and cell biology at the University of California, Berkeley. Welcome to... AIDS/HIV/AZT: PART 1 PART 2 PART 3 ShirleysWellnessCafe.com (aka: MyWellnessHouse.com)- -A free educational web site on the internet since 1996 This site is being continuously updated so check in often to see what's new Last update 5/10/2004 Check the list of updates Contact Shirley About Shirley Home ... search this site USE OF THIS SITE SIGNIFIES YOUR AGREEMENT TO THE Don't Forget: Bookmark This Page!

87. Www.cma.ca/cmaj/vol-152/0027.htm Documentary hypothesisA brief note about the Documentary hypothesis Title The Documentaryhypothesis and the Chronological Structure of the Old Testament. http://www.cma.ca/cmaj/vol-152/0027.htm

88. North Kyushu Creole - A Hypothesis Concerning The Multilingual Formation Of Japa Long linguistic paper by John C. Maher concerning the derivation of Japanese from a creolized koin©, with its major sources from the Altaic and Austronesian language families. The page is best read in the Japanese (ShiftJIS) character set. http://www-lib.icu.ac.jp/LibShuppan/lecture/6-2-1.html

89. Logic Of Hypothesis Testing Chapter 9 Logic of hypothesis Testing. Other Sites. Contents. Instructional DemosTests of proportions by Charles Stanton Text hypothesis testing by Gene Glass. http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~lane/hyperstat/logic_hypothesis.html

Chapter 9: Logic of Hypothesis Testing Other Sites Contents Instructional Demos Tests of proportions by Charles Stanton Text Hypothesis testing by Gene Glass Hypothesis testing: Does chance explain the results? by P. B. Stark Hypothesis testing part 1 Hypothesis testing part 2 by Keith Dear Testing statistical hypotheses by H. J. Newton, J. H. Carroll, N. Wang, and D. Whiting Hypothesis testing by David Stockburger Interpreting p values by TexaSoft Main Contents Search Glossary Ruling out chance as an explanation ... Following a nonsignificant finding

90. Null Hypothesis (1 Of 4) Null hypothesis (1 of 4). The null hypothesis is an hypothesis abouta population parameter. The purpose of hypothesis testing is http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~lane/hyperstat/A29337.html

var address = document.location.href var i = address.indexOf("hyperstat"); var newAddress = "http://davidmlane.com/" +address.substring(i,500); document.write(" You are using an old version of HyperStat. Click here for latest version.") Null hypothesis (1 of 4) The null hypothesis is an hypothesis about a population parameter. The purpose of hypothesis testing is to test the viability of the null hypothesis in the light of experimental data. Depending on the data, the null hypothesis either will or will not be rejected as a viable possibility. and the null hypothesis is that the parameter equals zero. The null hypothesis is often the reverse of what the experimenter actually believes; it is put forward to allow the data to contradict it. In the experiment on the effect of alcohol, the experimenter probably expects alcohol to have a harmful effect. If the experimental data show a sufficiently large effect of alcohol, then the null hypothesis that alcohol has no effect can be rejected. HyperStat Online

91. Clay Mathematics Institute Riemann hypothesis. The Riemann hypothesis asserts that all interestingsolutions of the equation. z(s) = 0. lie on a straight line. http://www.claymath.org/millennium/Riemann_Hypothesis/

Clay Mathematics Institute Dedicated to increasing and disseminating mathematical knowledge Home Site Map Search About CMI ... News Archive Riemann Hypothesis Some numbers have the special property that they cannot be expressed as the product of two smaller numbers, e.g., 2, 3, 5, 7, etc. Such numbers are called prime numbers, and they play an important role, both in pure mathematics and its applications. The distribution of such prime numbers among all natural numbers does not follow any regular pattern, however the German mathematician G.F.B. Riemann (1826 - 1866) observed that the frequency of prime numbers is very closely related to the behavior of an elaborate function “ z (s)” called the Riemann Zeta function . The Riemann hypothesis asserts that all interesting solutions of the equation z (s) = lie on a straight line. This has been checked for the first 1,500,000,000 solutions. A proof that it is true for every interesting solution would shed light on many of the mysteries surrounding the distribution of prime numbers. The Millennium Problems Official Problem Description Lecture by Jeff Vaaler at the University of Texas (video)

92. Aquatic Ape Theory And Speech Origins A Hypothesis Paper by Marc J. M. Verhaegen, published in Speculations in Science and Technology. http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~mvaneech/Fil/Verhaegen_Language_SpeculationsScienceTec

Aquatic ape theory and speech origins: a hypothesis Marc J. M. Verhaegen Speculations in Science and Technology 11, 165-171 (1988) Received: March 1987 Abstract - The question of speech origins is discussed in the light of the theory that humans had semi-aquatic hominid ancestors. Diving requires a special anatomy of the airway entrances and a very refined control of breathing. The brain structures that "voluntarily" controlled the airway entrances’ closure and breathing could also be used for elaborating the older (early hominid, perhaps gibbon-like) sound production. Later, the evolution of association areas in the brain greatly enhanced human ability for attaching a particular meaning to a conventional sound combination. The aquatic ape theory (AAT) of Sir Alister Hardy (1) states that a few million years ago human ancestors spent a considerable part of their day swimming and diving in a river, lake or sea, and, at least partially, consumed aquatic food. The AAT is supported by the presence of our thick subcutaneous fat layers, by our lack of body hair and by several other features that are absent in non-human primates, but widespread among aquatic mammals (1-13). The ability to speak is a uniquely human characteristic. Innumerable attempts to explain it have been made but the question of how language emerged is not yet solved. Recently, it has been suggested that the origin of speech was facilitated by our aquatic past (5,14). All aquatic mammals "voluntarily" control their breathing. When surfaced they open the airway passage whenever they want to inhale air, and they can hyperventilate and then close the airway passage when they intend to dive. The subtle "voluntary" control of breathing and airway closure in mammals in general is a pre-adaptation for speech (15,16).

93. The Iron Hypothesis Basic Research Meets Environmental Policy The iron hypothesis Basic research meets environmental policy. SallieW. Chisolm. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering http://www.agu.org/revgeophys/chisho00/chisho00.html

Next: Introduction The iron hypothesis: Basic research meets environmental policy Sallie W. Chisolm Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts Introduction Phytoplankton and the Biological Pump The Iron Hypothesis Testing The Iron Hypothesis: The First Open Ocean Fertilization Experiment ... References U.S. National Report to IUGG, 1991-1994

94. LOTH State Of The Art Article by Murat Aydede, an extended version of his Stanford Encyclopadeia entry `The Language of Thought hypothesis' (LOTH). http://humanities.uchicago.edu/faculty/aydede/LOTH.SEP.html

This is an incomplete and a very rough first draft, please read it accordingly. A shorter version of this is to be found in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Language of Thought Hypothesis: State of the Art MURAT AYDEDE The University of Chicago, Department of Philosophy 1010 East 59th Street, Chicago, IL 60637 EMAIL: m-aydede@uchicago.edu The Language of Thought Hypothesis (LOTH) is an empirical thesis about thought and thinking. For their explication, it postulates a physically realized system of representations that have a combinatorial syntax (and semantics) such that operations on representations are causally sensitive only to the syntactic properties of representations. According to LOTH, thought is, roughly, the tokening of a representation that has a syntactic (constituent) structure with an appropriate semantics. Thinking thus consists in syntactic operations defined over representations. Most of the arguments for LOTH derive their strength from their ability to explain certain empirical phenomena like productivity, systematicity of thought and thinking. CONTENTS 0 Introduction [[to be completed...]]

95. Null Hypothesis (from Internet Glossary Of Statistical Terms) Null hypothesis. The null hypothesis is a term that statisticians oftenuse to indicate the statistical hypothesis tested. The purpose http://www.animatedsoftware.com/statglos/sgnullhy.htm

Null Hypothesis See also: Statistical Hypothesis Alpha Beta Power Only $19.95! Learn the logic behind fundamental statistical concepts! 100 modules G et a solid grounding in basic statistical reasoning! Call us toll free to order a CD-ROM or use our Automated Secured Transaction System to download the complete program now. Written by: Howard S. Hoffman , Professor Emeritus of Psychology, Bryn Mawr College Programming by: Russell D. Hoffman , Owner and Chief Programmer, The Animated Software Company Click here for more information! Catalog Site Map Company Home page ... Product Home Page Last modified February, 2002 Webmaster: Russell D. Hoffman

96. Raw GLM Code And Sample Input And Output Code to accompany paper Rolling Your Own Linear Model hypothesis Testing and Power Calculations via the Singular Value Decomposition . http://www1.fpl.fs.fed.us/glm.html

FPL Statistics Group Raw General Linear Model Code and Sample Input and Output We provide here a raw implementation of the ideas discussed in the (draft) paper Rolling Your Own: Linear Model Hypothesis Testing and Power Calculations via the Singular Value Decomposition LaTeX version, postscript version). General linear model power calculations on the Web The power calculation portion of the program can be run here General linear model hypothesis testing on the Web The hypothesis testing portion of the program can be run here General linear model estimation on the Web The estimation portion of the program can be run here The source code The main routine is in the file glm.f. The necessary LINPACK routines are in a file called linpack.f. These codes and sample input and output files are available in compressed tar Windows 95 zip , and Windows 98 and later zip form. Alternatively, the codes and sample input and output files are available individually: glm.f.html linpack.f.html 91means.x.html 91means.runf.html ... 91eff.pow.res.html The "91" files are used to work through the example associated with Table 9.1 in Milliken and Johnson's Analysis of Messy Data , 1992, Chapman and Hall, London. The ".x." files contain design matrices and data values. The ".runf." files contain the input that a user needs to type in to run the glm program (the glm program can also be run directly from these files). The ".res." files contain the results produced by runs on the associated ".x." and ".runf." files. "means" indicates what Milliken and Johnson call a "means" parametrization of the model. "eff" indicates what Milliken and Johnson call an "effects" or "classical" parametrization of the model. "pow" indicates a power calculation rather than an hypothesis test.

97. Riemann The Riemann hypothesis is currently the most famous unsolved problemin mathematics. Like the Goldbach Conjecture (all positive http://www.mathpuzzle.com/riemann.html

The Riemann Hypothesis is currently the most famous unsolved problem in mathematics. Like the Goldbach Conjecture (all positive even integers greater than two can be expressed as the sum of two primes), it seems true, but is very hard to prove. I did some playing around with the Riemann Hypothesis, and I'm convinced it is true. My observations follow. The Zeta Function Euler showed that z p 6 , and solved all the even integers up to z (26). See the Riemann Zeta Function in the CRC Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics for more information on this. It is possible for the exponent s to be Complex Number ( a + b I). A root of a function is a value x such that f x The Riemann Hypothesis : all nontrivial roots of the Zeta function are of the form (1/2 + b I). Mathematica can plot the Zeta function for complex values, so I plotted the absolute value of z b I) and z b I). z b I) for b = to 85. Note how often the function dips to zero. z b I) for b = to 85. Note how the function never dips to zero. The first few zeroes of z b I) are at b = 14.1344725, 21.022040, 25.010858, 30.424876, 32.935062, and 37.586178. Next, I tried some 3D plots, looking dead on at zero. The plot of the function looked like this:

98. Www.imh.ru/atlan4_e.htm MLA Research Section Newsletter hypothesishypothesis (ISSN 1093-5665) is the official journal of the ResearchSection of MLA. It is published three times a year by the Section http://www.imh.ru/atlan4_e.htm

99. The Existence Of Q A scholarly defense of the Two Source hypothesis according to which Matthew and Luke used Mark as well as a second nonextant source termed Q. http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/q-exist.html

The Existence of Q This web page is a summary of the arguments for the existence of Q. It largely follows the essays given in The Two-Source Hypothesis: A Critical Appraisal / edited with an introduction by Arthur J. Bellinzoni, Jr., with the assistance of Joseph B. Tyson and William O. Walker, Jr , published Macon, GA by Mercer University Press 1985. Please also see my page on The Priority of Mark I also recommend Daniel Wallace's essay on The Synoptic Problem . Wallace's essay is itself a summary of the arguments given in Robert H. Stein's The Synoptic Problem: An Introduction (Grand Rapids: Baker 1987). I also recommend Stephen Carlson's summary of The Two-Source Hypothesis The Question of Q Q is the term given to the second source supposedly used by Matthew and Luke in addition to Mark. The existence of Q has been challenged by such able critics as Austin Farrer, Michael Goulder, and Mark Goodacre. The alternative model proposed to the Two-Source Hypothesis is termed the Farrer-Goulder hypothesis. In this hypothesis, both Matthew and Luke have used Mark, but Luke has also used Matthew. Although the Farrer hypothesis does have a number of points to commend it, on balance I concur with the majority of scholarship that it is more likely that Matthew and Luke used Mark and Q independently. The purpose of this essay is to set forth the reasons for this judgment, which does not attain certainty but rather a probability. The Two Source Hypothesis states that Matthew and Luke independently used Mark and a second source termed Q. Against the Farrer-Goulder hypothesis, it is maintained that it is improbable that the author of Luke consulted the Gospel of Matthew. The relative independence of Matthew and Luke is established by the convergence of several different arguments.

100. The Two Source Hypothesis The Two Source hypothesis. Abstract. Mark was a source for Matthew TheCase for the Two Source hypothesis. After a few false starts, the http://www.mindspring.com/~scarlson/synopt/2sh/

The Two Source Hypothesis Abstract Mark was a source for Matthew and Luke, both of whom also independently used a now lost sayings source called Q. Overview The Two Source Hypothesis ( ) has been the predominant source theory for the synoptic problem for almost a century and half. Originally conceived in Germany by Ch. H. Weisse in 1838, the came to dominate German protestant scholarship after the fall of the Tübingen school with H. J. Holtzmann's endorsement of a related variant in 1863. In the latter part of the 19th century, the Oxford School brought the to English scholarship, culminating in B. H. Streeter's 1924 treatment of the synoptic problem. Now, the commands the support of most biblical critics from all continents and denominations. The derives its name from its postulation of two main sources for the synoptic gospels: a narrative source for the triple tradition and a sayings source for the double tradition. The triple tradition comprises the subject matter jointly related by Matthew, Mark, and Luke. Generally, the triple tradition is characterized by substantial agreements in arrangement and wording among all three gospels with frequent agreements between Mark and Matthew against Luke and between Mark and Luke against Matthew, but a near absence of agreements of Matthew and Luke against Mark. The

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