61. The Dopamine Hypothesis Of Schizophrenia One page article that addresses the theory of increased levels of dopamine in patients who have symptoms of schizophrenia. Bibliography included. http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/neuro/neuro98/202s98-paper2/Frederickson2.html

This paper was written by a student in a course at Bryn Mawr College, and reflects that student's research and thoughts at the time the paper was written. Like other things on Serendip , the paper is not intended to be "authoritative" but is instead provided to encourage others to themselves learn about and think through subjects of interest, and, by providing relevant web links, to serve as a "window" to help them do so. Web links were active as of the time the paper was posted but are not updated. Biology 202 1998 Second Web Reports On Serendip The Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia Anne Frederickson Schizophrenia is a disease that has plagued societies around the world for centuries, although it was not given its formal name until 1911. It is characterized by the presence of positive and negative symptoms. Positive symptoms are so named because of the presence of altered behaviors, such as delusions, hallucinations (usually auditory), extreme emotions, excited motor activity, and incoherent thoughts and speech. In contrast, negative symptoms are described as a lack of behaviors, such as emotion, speech, social interaction, and action.

62. Riemann Hypothesis In A Nutshell The Riemann hypothesis in a Nutshell. The Riemann Zeta Function. image source. (in Unix/Linux anyway). Verifying the Riemann hypothesis. Basic Strategy. http://www.math.ubc.ca/~pugh/RiemannZeta/RiemannZetaLong.html

Home Z(t) Plotter Verifying RH ... More Applets The Riemann Hypothesis in a Nutshell The Riemann Zeta Function image source In his 1859 paper On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude , Bernhard Riemann (1826-1866) examined the properties of the function for s a complex number. This function is analytic for real part of s greater than and is related to the prime numbers by the Euler Product Formula again defined for real part of s greater than one. This function extends to points with real part s less than or equal to one by the formula (among others) The contour here is meant to indicate a path which begins at positive infinity, descends parallel to and just above the real axis, circles the origin once in the counterclockwise direction, and then returns to positive infinity parallel to and just below the real axis. This function is analytic at all points of the complex plane except the point s = 1 where it has a simple pole. This last function is the Riemann Zeta Function ( the zeta function The Riemann Hypothesis The zeta function has no zeros in the region where the real part of s is greater than or equal to one. In the region with real part of

63. Algebraic Curves, Riemann Hypothesis And Coding Marios Magioladitis, University of Crete, 2001. Introduction and text (DOC, PS). http://www.math.uoc.gr/~marios/essay.htm

Algebraic Curves, Riemann hypothesis and coding This essay is my diploma thesis and was presented on Thursday November 29th 2001. The supervisor was professor J.A. Antoniadis . The evaluation commitee consisted also of Alexis Kouvidakis and Aristides Kontogeorgis The purpose of this essay is to show the usefulness of studying algebraic curves over finite fields, as far as Number Theory problems and Coding Theory are concerned. It contains a thorough treatment of Manin's proof of Hasse's theorem, which is a special case of Riemann Hypothesis for finite fields, and also examples of constructing algebraic geometry codes. In the first chapter we discuss basic properties of the theory of algebraic curves. In the second chapter we study elliptic curves over finite fields. In the third chapter we state basic notions of coding theory, some additional elements of algebraic curves theory and the essay ends with the detailed presentation of two algebraic geometry codes. See full introduction and contents in English: [html] [doc] [ps] In Word documents: Full/ZIP Greek English [90 pages / 344 Kb] Introduction/Contents/Chapter 1 Greek English [26 pages / 284 Kb] Chapters 2-3/Bibliography/Index Greek English [64 pages / 1,272 Kb]

64. Somewhat-Hypothesis more or less, an explanation for certain observations. May 21, 2004.Ok, I have something . .to get off my chest. One of my hugest http://www.somewhat-hypothesis.com/

more or less, an explanation for certain observations June 02, 2004 I'm away.... I'm finally in Portland OR, where I've been saying I've wanted to go to for quite some time. I've only looked upon bits and pieces today, but I'm quickly growing fond of it. I've never seen anything like it. It's simply beautiful here. It's so laid back and there is so much to do. I almost do not know where to begin. We went to the Rose Garden in Portland this evening and I have some beautifult photographs to share with you. Putting them here simply will not do them justice. So, alas, I must dig into putting my photogallery back in place so you may see everything as my camera lens has shown it. There's much more to blog about, but I'm very very tired. I'll post more, with some pics for your viewing pleasure tomorrow when I get time. Posted by colson at 11:19 PM May 31, 2004 This is kinda cool..... I moved my monitor to sit on my desk chair next to my bed. With my wireless keyboard and mouse, this means I can be completely lazy and blog right from my bed. Unfortunately, I can not get too terribly far away from the rf box damnit. Oh well.... Ok, aside from the new URL and new blog site being worked on, I have other big news.... I leave for Portland on Wednesday morning. I can not relate how happy this makes me. I need a vacation. I need to get away, see something different, meet new cultures and destroy them.... Watch out Oregon - this bitter little pill is coming to unleash some of my pent up anger under the guise of it being a vacation.

65. School Of Molecular Biosciences - Faculty: Pall This paper is an overview of the work published by Prof. Martin Pall that CFS may be due a selfsustaining vicious cycle of overproduction of nitric oxide. http://molecular.biosciences.wsu.edu/Faculty/pall.html

Washington State University Home Pall, Martin L. Mail Research Interests Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Fibromyalgia, Excessive Nitric Oxide/Peroxynitrite and Excessive NMDA Activity Multiple Chemical Sensitivity Publications Pall ML. Elevated, sustained peroxynitrite levels as the cause of chronic fatigue syndrome. Medical Hypotheses 2000;54:115-125. Pall ML. Elevated peroxynitrite as the cause of chronic fatigue syndrome: Other inducers and mechanisms of symptom generation. Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 2000;7(4):45-58. Pall ML. Cobalamin used in chronic fatigue syndrome therapy is a nitric oxide scavenger. Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, 2001;8(2):39-44. Pall ML, Satterlee JD. Elevated nitric oxide/peroxynitrite mechanism for the common etiology of multiple chemical sensitivity, chronic fatigue syndrome and posttraumatic stress disorder. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 2001;933:323-329. Pall ML. Common etiology of posttraumatic stress disorder, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome and multiple chemical sensitivity via elevated nitric oxide/peroxynitrite, Medical Hypotheses, 2001;57:139-145.

66. Domain Name Registration And Transfers For $8.88 And Less At Namecheap.com hypothesis.info This domain was registered recently at namecheap.com, Registeryour domain names at namecheap for $8.88 and less. /hypothesis.info. http://hypothesis.info/

hypothesis.info This domain was registered recently at namecheap.com Register your domain names at namecheap for $8.88 and less. Transfer your domains to namecheap for $8.88 also. Domain Name Registration at Namecheap includes the following features. FREE DOMAIN NAME SEARCH www. .com .net .org .us .biz .info .cc .ws .tv .bz .nu .com.cn .net.cn .org.cn There is no obligation to buy. Just enter the domain you want and click the search button to find the availability. Free URL Forwarding/ Framing With No Ads Free Email Forwarding Parking Page Transfer of Ownership Dynamic DNS Security Features Full Control of Your Domain Advanced Control Panel Manage all your domains in one place Your information is visible in WHOIS There are no hidden charges and you own the domain in your name. Domains transferred from

67. Mathematical Constants Notes by Steven Finch. http://pauillac.inria.fr/algo/bsolve/constant/apery/riemhyp.html

Mathematical Constants by Steven R. Finch Clay Mathematics Institute Book Fellow My website is smaller than it once was. Please visit again, however, since new materials will continue to appear occasionally. It's best to look ahead to the future and not to dwell on the past. * My book Mathematical Constants is now available for online purchase from Cambridge University Press (in the United Kingdom and in North America ). It is far more encompassing and detailed than my website ever was. It is also lovingly edited and beautifully produced - many thanks to Cambridge! - please support us in our publishing venture. Thank you. (If you wish, see the front cover and some reviews Here are errata and addenda to the book (last updated 5/25/2004), as well sample essays from the book about integer compositions optimal stopping and Reuleaux triangles . Here also are recent supplementary materials, organized by topic: Number Theory and Combinatorics Bipartite, k-colorable and k-colored graphs Transitive relations, topologies and partial orders Series-parallel networks Multiples and divisors ... Two asymptotic series (in progress) Shapes of binary trees Tauberian constants Integer partitions Planar graph growth constants Class number theory Inequalities and Approximation Hardy-Littlewood maximal inequalities Bessel function zeroes Nash's inequality Uncertainty inequalities Constant of interpolation Real and Complex Analysis Radii in geometric function theory Numerical radii of linear operators Probability and Stochastic Processes

68. Statistical Hypothesis Testing Significance level, null hypothesis, alternate hypothesis in statistical testing. Nullmeans nothing, and the null hypothesis is that nothing is present. http://www.ganesha.org/spc/hyptest.html

Ganesha.org Book promotion Levinson Productivity Systems, P.C. Henry Ford's Lean Vision Home Null and Alternate Hypothesis ... Power Related pages Gage capability Manufacturing worker's role in quality Concept of variation in quality and SPC ISO 9000 Statistical Hypothesis Testing Information to accompany SPC Essentials and Productivity Improvement: A Manufacturing Approach Hypothesis testing often confuses people but it is the keystone of most statistical applications. Every acceptance sampling test, designed experiment, and control chart* is a statistical hypothesis test. Statistical tests separate significant effects from mere luck or random chance. All hypothesis tests have unavoidable, but quantifiable, risks of making the wrong conclusion. Statistical tests always involve Type I (producer's or alpha) and Type II (consumer's or beta) risks. The Type I risk is the chance of deciding that a significant effect is present when it isn't. The Type II risk is the chance of not detecting a significant effect when one exists. Null and Alternate Hypothesis Every statistical test tests the null hypothesis H against the alternate hypothesis H . Null means "nothing," and the null hypothesis is that nothing is present. The process change or treatment makes no difference, or the process is operating properly. The null hypothesis is like presumption of innocence.

69. 5(d). The Gaia Hypothesis (d). The Gaia hypothesis. In 1965, JE Lovelock published the first scientificpaper suggesting the Gaia hypothesis. The Gaia hypothesis http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/5d.html

FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY HOME FUNDAMENTALS ONLINE TEXTBOOK GLOSSARY ... ABOUT CHAPTER 5: The Universe, Earth, Natural Spheres, and Gaia (d). The Gaia Hypothesis In 1965, J.E. Lovelock published the first scientific paper suggesting the Gaia hypothesis . The Gaia hypothesis states that the temperature and composition of the Earth's surface are actively controlled by life on the planet. It suggests that if changes in the gas composition, temperature or oxidation state of the Earth are caused by extraterrestial, biological, geological, or other disturbances, life responds to these changes by modifying the abiotic environment through growth and metabolism. In simplier terms, biological responses tend to regulate the state of the Earth's environment in their favor.

70. New Scientist Dawn Of Human Race Uncovered The discovery of three Ethiopian skulls from 160,000 years ago, showing almost completely modern features, lends new support to the Outof-Africa hypothesis. Includes information about handling of skulls after death and dating techniques used. http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99993814

71. The Exploded Planet Hypothesis - 2000 Review of successful predictions supporting the Exploded Planet hypothesis include(1) satellites of asteroids; (2) satellites of comets; (3) salt water in http://www.metaresearch.org/solar system/eph/eph2000.asp

Tell a friend Join our email list Advanced Home ... Other The Exploded Planet Hypothesis – 2000 Tom Van Flandern, Meta Research Abstract. Titius-Bode Law of Planetary Spacing Planet Distance Formula Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Formula: distance in au =0.4+0.3*2(n-2) Where It Began – the Titius-Bode Law of Planetary Spacing In the latter half of the 18 th century, when only six major planets were known, interest was attracted to the regularity of the spacing of their orbits from the Sun. The table shows the Titius-Bode law of planetary spacing, comparing actual and formula values. This in turn drew attention to the large gap between Mars and Jupiter, apparently just large enough for one additional planet. Today we know of tens of thousands of “minor planets” or asteroids with planet-like orbits at that average mean distance from the Sun. With the discovery of the second asteroid in 1802, Olbers proposed that many more asteroids would be found because the planet that belonged at that distance must have exploded. This marked the birth of the exploded planet hypothesis. It seemed the most reasonable explanation until 1814, when Lagrange found that the highly elongated orbits of comets could also be readily explained by such a planetary explosion. That, unfortunately, challenged the prevailing theory of cometary origins of the times, the Laplacian primeval solar nebula hypothesis. Comets were supposed to be primitive bodies left over from the solar nebula in the outer solar system. This challenge incited Laplace supporters to attack the exploded planet hypothesis. Lagrange died in the same year, and support for his viewpoint died with him when no one else was willing to step into the line of fire.

72. Smarandache Notions Journal Smarandache hypothesis that there is no speed barrier in the universe, and the quantum Smarandache paradoxes about certainty/uncertainty, visible/invisible, stable/unstable. http://www.gallup.unm.edu/~smarandache/physics.htm

Linguistics Mathematics Philosophy Physics ... E-Library of Science Physics There is no Speed Barrier in the Universe Smarandache Hypothesis: Evidences, Implications and Applications, by L. Motta [in English](HTML) [in English](PDF) [em Portugues](PDF) Superluminal and the Speed of Light, by J. Wright ... Quantum Smarandache Paradoxes Overview of Recent Researches on the Meaning of Relativity, by L. Motta [ in English em Portugues G-Dimensional Theory, e-book by L. Stephen Young Download free e-books from our E-Library of Science WebCounter

73. Continuum Hypothesis - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Continuum hypothesis. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Investigatingthe continuum hypothesis. Consider the set of all rational numbers. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuum_hypothesis

Continuum hypothesis From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. In mathematics , the continuum hypothesis is a hypothesis about the possible sizes of infinite sets Georg Cantor introduced the concept of cardinality to compare the sizes of infinite sets, and he showed that the set of integers is strictly smaller than the set of real numbers . The continuum hypothesis states the following: There is no set whose size is strictly between that of the integers and that of the real numbers. Or mathematically speaking, noting that the cardinality for the integers is aleph-null ") and the cardinality for the real numbers is , the continuum hypothesis says: The real numbers have also been called the continuum , hence the name. There is also a generalization of the continuum hypothesis called the generalized continuum hypothesis , which is described at the end of this article. Table of contents 1 Investigating the continuum hypothesis 2 Impossibility of proof and disproof 3 The generalized continuum hypothesis 4 See also ... edit Investigating the continuum hypothesis Consider the set of all rational numbers . One might naively suppose that there are more rational numbers than integers, and fewer rational numbers than real numbers, thus disproving the continuum hypothesis. However, it turns out that the rational numbers can be placed in one-to-one correspondence with the integers, and therefore the set of rational numbers is the same size as the set of integers: they are both

74. An Evolutionary Hypothesis For Eating Disorders Riadh T. Abed argues that the roots of some eating disorders may be sexual competition. Published in the British Journal of Medical Psychology 71(4)525547. http://cogprints.soton.ac.uk/documents/disk0/00/00/08/00/cog00000800-00/eatdis~1

The Sexual Competition Hypothesis For Eating Disorders Riadh T. Abed, MBChB, DPM, MRCPsych. Psychiatrist, Department of Psychiatry, Rotherham District General Hospital, Moorgate Road, Rotherham S60 2UD, United Kingdom, and Honorary Clinical Lecturer, University of Sheffield. Fax: 114 2507651; E-mail: abed@globalnet.co.uk Acknowledgements: I am grateful to Dr. R.L. Palmer and Dr. K. de Pauw for reading and commenting on earlier versions of this paper. I also wish to thank Professor P. Gilbert Associate Editor and the two anonymous referees for their critical review of the paper and for offering valuable advice. The Sexual Competition Hypothesis For Eating Disorders Evolutionary science has made few inroads into psychiatry despite the fact that over 130 years have passed since Darwin’s Origin The hypothesis on eating disorders presented here is derived from the evolutionary theory of human sexuality. The present hypothesis is based upon the assumption that, besides shaping anatomical systems, selection also designs psychological and behavioural adaptations that are just as important for the organisms survival and reproductive success (Lorenz, 1937; Dawkins,1982). Hypothesis: The present hypothesis is based upon the following assumptions: 1. In the ancestral environment, the female shape was a generally reliable indicator of the female’s reproductive history and hence her future reproductive potential.

75. Riemann Hypothesis - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Riemann hypothesis. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The Riemann hypothesis TheRiemann hypothesis and primes. The traditional formulation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_hypothesis

Riemann hypothesis From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The Riemann hypothesis , first formulated by Bernhard Riemann in , is a conjecture about the distribution of the zeros of s . It is one of the most important open problems of contemporary mathematics ; a $1,000,000 prize has been offered by the Clay Mathematics Institute for a proof. Most mathematicians believe the Riemann hypothesis to be true. ( J. E. Littlewood and Atle Selberg have been reported as skeptical.) s ) is defined for all complex numbers s s s s = -6, ... The Riemann hypothesis is concerned with the non-trivial zeros, and states that: The real part of any non-trivial zero of the Riemann zeta function is 1/2. Thus the non-trivial zeros should lie on the so-called critical line it with t a real number and i the imaginary unit Table of contents 1 History 2 The Riemann hypothesis and primes 3 Possible connection with operator theory 4 External links ... edit History Riemann mentioned the conjecture that became known as the Riemann hypothesis in his 1859 paper On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude , but as it was not essential to his central purpose in that paper, he did not attempt a proof. Riemann knew that the non-trival zeros of the zeta function were symmetrically distributed about the line

76. Allen's L-p Distance Code Subroutines by David Allen to calculate the L1 and L-2 distances between two density estimates. The L-1 statistic has been used successfully to testing the hypothesis that two samples come from the same distribution. http://www.eou.edu/~dallen/lp_dist_code.html

Fortran Code for L-p Distance Statistic The following two subroutines may be used to calculate the L-1 and L-2 distances between two density estimates. The L-1 statistic has been used very successfully in testing the hypothesis of equality of distributions from two samples. The reader is refered to the manuscript, "Hypothesis Testing Using an L-1 Distance Bootstrap" by David Allen, Eastern Oregon State College, appearing in the May, 1997 issue of The American Statistician. The source code (FORTRAN language) for each of the two subroutines may be copied by clicking on the file name below, then choosing File...Save As... from your browser menu. The code may also be viewed below. LPDIST.FOR Code for calculating the L1 and L2 distances between two density estimates BUILDENS.FOR Code for building a density estimate from an ordered list of a sample General Introduction to the Routines For a given sample, the data must first be ordered. There are numerous sorting procedures available and one is not provided below. From the ordered sample, the subroutine BUILDENS will build the density estimate as described in the article "Hypothesis Testing Using an L-1 Distance Bootstrap" by David Allen, Eastern Oregon State College, appearing in the May, 1997 issue of The American Statistician. The density estimate is a step function, specified by a sequence of pairs (S(i),F(i)) stored in the arrays S and F. These pairs identify the left endpoints of each "step", that is, f(x)=F(i) for x in [S(i),S(i+1)). The subroutine LPDIST calculates the L-1, L-2, and L-1/2 distances between two density estimates created by BUILDENS. The code may be copied from this web site and may easily be modified to adapt to other problems of interest. While the code has been carefully tested, we cannot guarantee against unforeseen problems.

77. The Riemann Hypothesis A collection of links relating to the Riemann hypothesis, the proof ofwhich has been described as the holy grail of modern mathematics. http://www.maths.ex.ac.uk/~mwatkins/zeta/riemannhyp.htm

The Riemann Hypothesis Hilbert included the problem of proving the Riemann hypothesis in his list of the most important unsolved problems which confronted mathematics in 1900, and the attempt to solve this problem has occupied the best efforts of many of the best mathematicians of the twentieth century. It is now unquestionably the most celebrated problem in mathematics and it continues to attract the attention of the best mathematicians, not only because it has gone unsolved for so long but also because it appears tantalizingly vulnerable and because its solution would probably bring to light new techniques of far reaching importance. H.M. Edwards - Riemann's Zeta Function "Right now, when we tackle problems without knowing the truth of the Riemann hypothesis, it's as if we have a screwdriver. But when we have it, it'll be more like a bulldozer." P. Sarnak , from "Prime Time" by E. Klarreich ( New Scientist "The consequences [of the Riemann Hypothesis] are fantastic: the distribution of primes, these elementary objects of arithmetic. And to have tools to study the distribution of these of objects." H. Iwaniec, quoted in K. Sabbagh's

78. The Case Against Q Web Site (Automatic Forward) Mark Goodacre argues against the Two Source hypothesis in favor the Farrer hypothesis, according to which Luke obtained the Q material from the Gospel of Matthew. http://www.bham.ac.uk/theology/q/

The Case Against Q The Case Against Q

79. Writing Hypotheses What Is a Real hypothesis? A hypothesis is a tentative statement thatproposes a possible explanation to some phenomenon or event. http://www.accessexcellence.org/21st/TL/filson/writhypo.html

Writing Hypotheses: a student lesson Purpose : to learn when and how to write hypotheses. Most students believe that they are going to be experimenting anytime they are given a laboratory assignment in science. However, more often than not, students are doing something other than experiments. This is not necessarily bad. A good deal of science is observational and descriptive. For example, the study of bio-diversity usually involves looking at wide variety of specimens and maybe sketching and recording their unique characteristics. However, there are other times when we science teachers are trying to teach students how scientists work and how we can verify things which others may say or believe is so without any proof. To learn about what is not known or to verify a notion, the so-called "scientific method" might be carried out and an actual experiment may be conducted. It does not matter that your experiment has been done a thousand times before or that your teacher already knows the results. What matters is that you don't know the results and that you can independently find a verifiable answer. In real experiments, real hypotheses should be written before the actual experiment. What Is a Real Hypothesis?

80. Conference In Honor Of D. A. Martin's 60th Birthday Held in coordination with the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute workshop on The Continuum hypothesis. University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; 2728 May 2001. http://www.math.berkeley.edu/~steel/martin.html

Conference in Honor of D. A. Martin's 60th Birthday May 27 - 28, 2001 The University of California, Berkeley Organizers: Stephen Jackson , University of North Texas, Denton, jackson@jove.acs.unt.edu John R. Steel , University of California, Berkeley, steel@math.berkeley.edu W. Hugh Woodin , University of California, Berkeley, woodin@math.berkeley.edu Presented under the auspices of the The University of California and in coordination with the Mathematical Sciences Research Institure workshop The Continuum Hypothesis The conference focused on topics close to Martin's work. Here is the meeting schedule, with copies of the speakers' presentations, as available. May 27, morning 8:45-9:30 : Coffee, etc. in 1015 Evans 9:30-10:30 : Theodore Slaman, University of California, Berkeley, ``High'' is definable in the partial order of the Turing degrees of the recursively enumerable sets, abstract and slides of talk 10:30-11:00 : Coffee, etc. in 1015 11:00-12:00 : Stephen Jackson, University of North Texas, A survey of the inductive analysis of L(R) assuming determinacy slides of talk 12:00-2:00 : Lunch May 27, afternoon

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