21. Alan Turing British mathematician, cryptographer, and one of the key inventors of the modern computer. After his profound contributions to helping win World War II, he was persecuted for his homosexuality by his own government, and driven to suicide. Maintained by turing biographer Andrew Hodges extensive resources and links, online versions of several long essays on turing. http://www.turing.org.uk/

A L A N T U R I N G Website maintained by Andrew Hodges The domain www.turing.org.uk is dedicated to ALAN TURING founder of computer science: The Alan Turing Home Page My book It is maintained by Andrew Hodges, author of the biography Alan Turing: the Enigma Andrew Hodges Main Page Continue to the Alan Turing Home Page Or go directly to these areas of the site: Philosophy Area Alan Turing Internet Scrapbook Short Turing biography My publications Archives, photographs Turing Bibliography Search the site: Site map A branch of the Virtual Library and Virtual Museum of Computing Doing research? Try us for books computers scanners , or monitors Or try to relax with a chart CD pop CD dvd video , or bottle of wine Escape it all with flights a hotel holidays in europe , or short breaks

22. Turing Biography of alan turing (19121954) alan Mathison turing. Born 23 June 1912 in London, England Main index. alan turing was born at Paddington, London http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Turing.html

Alan Mathison Turing Born: 23 June 1912 in London, England Died: 7 June 1954 in Wilmslow, Cheshire, England Click the picture above to see two larger pictures Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Alan Turing was born at Paddington, London. His father, Julius Mathison Turing, was a British member of the Indian Civil Service and he was often abroad. Alan's mother, Ethel Sara Stoney, was the daughter of the chief engineer of the Madras railways and Alan's parents had met and married in India. When Alan was about one year old his mother rejoined her husband in India, leaving Alan in England with friends of the family. Alan was sent to school but did not seem to be obtaining any benefit so he was removed from the school after a few months. Next he was sent to Hazlehurst Preparatory School where he seemed to be an 'average to good' pupil in most subjects but was greatly taken up with following his own ideas. He became interested in chess while at this school and he also joined the debating society. He completed his Common Entrance Examination in 1926 and then went to Sherborne School. Now 1926 was the year of the general strike and when the strike was in progress Turing cycled 60 miles to the school from his home, not too demanding a task for Turing who later was to become a fine athlete of almost Olympic standard. He found it very difficult to fit into what was expected at this public school, yet his mother had been so determined that he should have a public school education. Many of the most original thinkers have found conventional schooling an almost incomprehensible process and this seems to have been the case for Turing. His genius drove him in his own directions rather than those required by his teachers.

23. The Church-Turing Thesis alan turing s Forgotten Ideas in Computer Science’. Church, Alonzo computing modern history of mind philosophy of turing, alan turing machine. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/church-turing/

version history HOW TO CITE THIS ENTRY Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy A B C D ... Z This document uses XHTML-1/Unicode to format the display. Older browsers and/or operating systems may not display the formatting correctly. last substantive content change AUG The Church-Turing Thesis There are various equivalent formulations of the Church-Turing thesis. A common one is that every effective computation can be carried out by a Turing machine. The Church-Turing thesis is often misunderstood, particularly in recent writing in the philosophy of mind. The Thesis and its History Misunderstandings of the Thesis Some Key Remarks by Turing Bibliography ... Related Entries The Thesis and its History The Church-Turing thesis concerns the notion of an effective or mechanical M is set out in terms of a finite number of exact instructions (each instruction being expressed by means of a finite number of symbols); M will, if carried out without error, produce the desired result in a finite number of steps; M can (in practice or in principle) be carried out by a human being unaided by any machinery save paper and pencil; M demands no insight or ingenuity on the part of the human being carrying it out.

24. Alexander Jahn - Alan Turing Und Die Enigma Lebenslauf und Informationen zu den Anf¤ngen der EnigmaEntschl¼sselung. http://www-ivs.cs.uni-magdeburg.de/bs/lehre/wise0102/progb/vortraege/jahn/turing

Alan Turing und die Turing-Maschine Alan Mathison Turing "On Computable Numbers" Turing-Maschine universelle Turing-Maschine Index Bletchley Park Turing-Bombe Ergebnisse ... Alexander Jahn - Informatik 2000

25. Alan Turing - Home Page alan turing Home Page. Guide to a large website maintained by Andrew Hodges, biographer of alan turing (19121954). The alan turing Internet Scrapbook. http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/

The Alan Turing Home Page Maintained by Andrew Hodges, author of Alan Turing: the Enigma. Quick Links: This page is the guide to a large website dedicated to Alan Turing (1912-1954) Who was Alan Turing? Founder of computer science, mathematician, philosopher, codebreaker, strange visionary and a gay man before his time: 1912 (23 June): Birth, Paddington, London 1926-31: Sherborne School 1930: Death of friend Christopher Morcom 1931-34: Undergraduate at King's College, Cambridge University 1932-35: Quantum mechanics, probability, logic 1935: Elected fellow of King's College, Cambridge 1936: The Turing machine, computability, universal machine 1936-38: Princeton University. Ph.D. Logic, algebra, number theory 1938-39: Return to Cambridge. Introduced to German Enigma cipher machine 1939-40: The Bombe, machine for Enigma decryption 1939-42: Breaking of U-boat Enigma, saving battle of the Atlantic 1943-45: Chief Anglo-American crypto consultant. Electronic work. 1945: National Physical Laboratory, London 1946: Computer and software design leading the world.

26. The Alan Turing Home Page The alan turing home page The alan turing home page celebrates the life and work of the mathematician, philosopher and cryptographer, alan turing (19121954). The author of the site, Andrew Hodges http://rdre1.inktomi.com/click?u=http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/&y=0243692F

27. Alan Turing: A Short Biography alan turing a short biography by Andrew Hodges. The eight parts correspond roughly to the eight sections of my full biography alan turing the enigma. http://www.turing.org.uk/bio/

Alan Turing: a short biography by Andrew Hodges This short on-line biography of Alan Turing is based on the entry I wrote for the British Dictionary of National Biography in 1995. The eight parts correspond roughly to the eight sections of my full biography Alan Turing: the enigma. There are no hyperlinks in the text. For links and for more images, you should go to the corresponding pages of the Alan Turing Internet Scrapbook. 1. Alan Turing's family origins and childhood 2. The inspiration in his early life leading to the Turing Machine 3. The Turing Machine, foundation of modern computer science ... 8. Alan Turing's arrest, trial, punishment, Cold War situation, new ideas and sudden death. This is followed by the Oration at Alan Turing's Birthplace that I delivered on 23 June 1998. Andrew Hodges Doing research? Try us for books computers scanners , or monitors Or try to relax with a chart CD pop CD dvd video , or bottle of wine Escape it all with flights a hotel holidays in europe , or short breaks Alan Turing Home Page Scrapbook Index My Book

28. Alan M. Turing -- Part II 2, pp. 139143. turing, alan M. 1937. On Computable Numbers with an Application to the Entscheidungs-problem4 , Proc. 42, pp. 230-65. turing, alan M. 1948. http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/Turing.2.html

In a set of interviews in 1992 with I. Jack Good and Donald Michie[2], both colleagues of Turing during his Bletchley Park sojourn, I led them to discuss their knowledge of Turing's homosexuality: Good: ... when we walked down King's Parade [in 1947] that was the first time I discovered that he was homosexual. That was when he said that he was going to Paris to "see a boy". It was obvious that he was admitting or proclaiming his homosexuality. Lee: He was very open about it? Good: Yes, at that time. Michie: He certainly wasn't during the war, for some of us, including both of us, were quite unaware ... I took quite seriously his engagement to ... Good: Joan Clarke? Michie: At the same time I was thoroughly aware that the whole problem of converse with women was a great burden, and problem, for him. And I recall him explaining to me once, I didn't think he was homosexual as a result of this conversation, because I [saw him through] the eyes of a rather priggish young person (me) who had just left school and just experimenting with female company - I had grown up to look on women as undereducated relative to men, which to put it that way, which in perhaps to some extent in those days was the case. But he put it in a very grotesque way to me and said "you know, the problem is that you have to talk them", "If you take a girl out, you have to talk to her. And then so often when a woman says something, to me it is as though a frog has suddenly jumped out of her mouth." It was an extremely unpleasant metaphor.

29. Link To The Alan Turing Home Page http://www.wadham.ox.ac.uk/~ahodges/Turing.html

For the Alan Turing Home Page continue to http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/

30. TIME 100: Alan Turing alan turing While addressing a problem in the arcane field of mathematical logic, he imagined a machine that could mimic human reasoning. Sound familiar? http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/turing.html

NATION WORLD BUSINESS ARTS ... CURRENT ISSUE Alan Turing While addressing a problem in the arcane field of mathematical logic, he imagined a machine that could mimic human reasoning. Sound familiar? By PAUL GRAY 21st Century: What's Next? Test-Based Society: The IQ Meritocracy They Were Onto Something: A Century of Science Fiction Monday, March 29, 1999 Leo Baekeland Tim Berners-Lee Rachel Carson Albert Einstein ... Ludwig Wittgenstein Categories Leaders/Revol. Builders/Titans Scientiests/Thinkers Heroes/Icons The device in this inspired mind-experiment quickly acquired a name: the Turing machine. And so did another of Turing's insights. Since the instructions on the tape governed the behavior of the machine, by changing those instructions, one could induce the machine to perform the functions of all such machines. In other words, depending on the tape it scanned, the same machine could calculate numbers or play chess or do anything else of a comparable nature. Hence his device acquired a new and even grander name: the Universal Turing Machine. So many ideas and technological advances converged to create the modern computer that it is foolhardy to give one person the credit for inventing it. But the fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine.

31. ACM: A.M. Turing Award / Niklaus Wirth The Association for Computing Machinery gave Wirth the prestigious alan M. turing Award in 1984 For developing a sequence of innovative computer languages, Euler, AlgolW, Modula, Pascal. Pascal has become pedagogically significant and has provided a foundation for future computer language, systems, and architectural research. http://www.acm.org/awards/turing_citations/wirth.html

Niklaus Wirth Citation For developing a sequence of innovative computer languages, EULER, ALGOL-W, MODULA and PASCAL. PASCAL has become pedagogically significant and has provided a foundation for future computer language, systems, and architectural research. ACM/A.M. Turing Award. Last Update: February 8, 1999 HOME ABOUT ACM MEMBERSHIP PUBLICATIONS ... Association for Computing Machinery

32. Template Go Back index biographies alan Mathison turing. June 23, 1912 London, England June 7, 1954, Wilmslow, England. alan turing was born at Paddington, London. http://www.thocp.net/biographies/turing_alan.html

Alan Mathison Turing June 23, 1912 London, England June 7, 1954, Wilmslow, England principal papers hardware software keywords see also related subjects Achievement Biography Alan Turing was born at Paddington, London. His father, Julius Mathison Turing, was a British member of the Indian Civil Service and he was often abroad. Alan's mother, Ethel Sara Stoney, was the daughter of the chief engineer of the Madras railways and Alan's parents had met and married in India. When Alan was about one year old his mother rejoined her husband in India, leaving Alan in England with friends of the family. Alan was sent to school but did not seem to be obtaining any benefit so he was removed from the school after a few months. He was criticised for his handwriting, struggled at English, and even in mathematics he was too interested with his own ideas to produce solutions to problems using the methods taught by his teachers. Despite producing unconventional answers, Turing did win almost every possible mathematics prize while at Sherborne. In chemistry, a subject which had interested him from a very early age, he carried out experiments following his own agenda which did not please his teacher. Turing's headmaster wrote (see for example [5]):- If he is to stay at Public School, he must aim at becoming educated. If he is to be solely a Scientific Specialist, he is wasting his time at a Public School.

33. The Virtual Museum Of Computing (VMoC) Links to online resources concerning the history of computing around the world, including pioneers of the field such as alan turing. http://archive.comlab.ox.ac.uk/other/museums/computing.html

Virtual Library Museums Computing The Virtual Museum of Computing (VMoC) Now accessible as: vmoc.i.am This virtual museum includes an eclectic collection of World Wide Web (WWW) hyperlinks connected with the history of computing and on-line computer-based exhibits available both locally and around the world. You are visitor number since this museum opened on st June 1995 The museum currently receives about 200 visitors each day. Please mail J.P.Bowen@reading.ac.uk if you know of relevant on-line information not included here. Mirror sites are available in Sweden and USA courtesy of ICOM , and also elsewhere , including the UK , if you experience poor access speed. Automatic redirection to a mirror site is available. Selected recent additions and events EDSAC 99 , 50th Anniversary of the EDSAC 1 computer, Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, UK, 15-16 April 1999 50th Anniversary of Joe Lyons' decision to give the go ahead to the building of LEO 15 October 1999 Tommy Flowers , MBE, codebreaking engineer at Bletchley Park who worked on Colossus, died on 28 October 1998, aged 92

34. Inventor Alan Turing Fascinating facts about alan turing inventor of an early computer, the turing machine in 1940. back to HOME HISTORY INVENTOR PROFILE alan Mathison turing, http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventors/turing.htm

Alan Mathison Turing Fascinating facts about Alan Turing inventor of the Turing machine in 1940, an important development of the digital computer. TO LEARN MORE RELATED INFORMATION: History of Computing from The Great Idea Finder Invention of the Computer from The Great Idea Finder ON THE BOOKSHELF: Alan Turing: The Enigma by Andrew Hodges, Douglas Hofstadter (Preface) / A pure mathematician from a tradition that prided itself on its impracticality, Turing laid the foundations for modern computer science Turing and the Computer (The Big Idea) by Paul Strathern / Paperback - 105 pages (April 20, 1999) / Anchor Books Few people in the history of computing are as intellectually and personally complex as Alan Turing, the man whose brilliant mathematical imagination laid the foundation for computers as we know them. ON THE WEB: Turing, Alan Alan Turing: a short biography by Andrew Hodges (URL: www.turing.org.uk/bio/index.html Alan Turing (1912-1954) In 1936 Turing published a seminal paper, "On Computable Numbers" , in which he conceived a remarkably simple, but powerful abstract device for performing all possible computations. (URL: www.exploratorium.edu/complexity/CompLexicon/Turing.html)

35. Turing, Alan Mathison. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001 The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001. turing, alan Mathison. 1912–54, British mathematician and computer theorist. While studying at Cambridge Univ. http://www.bartleby.com/65/tu/Turing-A.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia Cultural Literacy World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations Respectfully Quoted English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference Columbia Encyclopedia PREVIOUS NEXT ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Turing, Alan Mathison

36. Turing, Alan Mathison. The American Heritage® Dictionary Of The English Languag turing, alan Mathison. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language Fourth Edition. 2000. 2000. turing, alan Mathison. SYLLABICATION Tur·ing. http://www.bartleby.com/61/91/T0419125.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia Cultural Literacy World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations Respectfully Quoted English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference American Heritage Dictionary Turin ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition.

37. The Turing Test Proposal due to alan turing for a criterion of the presence of mind or consciousness; by Graham Oppy and David Dowe. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing-test/

version history HOW TO CITE THIS ENTRY Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy A B C D ... Z This document uses XHTML-1/Unicode to format the display. Older browsers and/or operating systems may not display the formatting correctly. last substantive content change APR The Turing Test Discourse on the Method . (Copeland (2000:527) finds an anticipation of the test in the 1668 writings of the Cartesian de Cordemoy. Gunderson (1964) provides an early instance of those who find that Turing's work is foreshadowed in the work of Descartes.) In the Discourse , Descartes says: logically possible for an entity to pass the kinds of tests that Descartes and (at least allegedly) Turing have in mind to use words (and, perhaps, to act) in just the kind of way that human beings do and yet to be entirely lacking in intelligence, not possessed of a mind, etc. 1. Turing (1950) and the Imitation Game 2. Turing (1950) and Responses to Objections 2.1 The Theological Objection 2.3 The Mathematical Objection ... Related Entries 1. Turing (1950) and the Imitation Game X Y X X is the person and Y X is the machine and Y X please tell me whether X X must answer questions that are addressed to X . The object of the machine is to try to cause the interrogator to mistakenly conclude that the machine is the other person; the object of the other person is to try to help the interrogator to correctly identify the machine. About this game, Turing (1950) says:

38. Philosophical Dictionary: Tillich-Types circumstantial ad hominem argument. Also see FF. turing, alan Mathison (19121954). English mathematician. Extrapolating from the http://www.philosophypages.com/dy/t9.htm

Philosophy Pages F A Q Dictionary ... Locke Tillich, Paul German-American theologian. Tillich's Systematic Theology at Amazon.com at Amazon.com The Courage to Be at Amazon.com existentialism to recommend a life of personal authenticity in the face of cultural and political obstacles. Recommended Reading: Paul Tillich, Theology of Culture at Amazon.com Dynamics of Faith at Amazon.com The Essential Tillich: An Anthology of the Writings of Paul Tillich at Amazon.com Tillich at Amazon.com Symbol and Empowerment: Paul Tillich's Post-Theistic System at Amazon.com Also see Stephen Palmquist ColE ELC , and BIO time Zeit Temporal duration. Philosophers have traditionally addressed such questions as: whether time is an independent feature of reality or merely an aspect of our experience; whether or not it makes sense to think of time as having had a beginning; why time is directional and the past and future are asymmetrical; whether time flows continuously or is composed of discrete moments; whether there is absolute time in addition to relations of temporal succession; and whether it is possible to travel through time The Eleatics developed general arguments to show that time and motion are impossible , and Augustine employed the analysis of time to explain human freedom in the face of divine power.

39. Biographie De Turing alan turing, mathématicien et logicien anglais, parues dans le magazine Info Science, le Quotidien en ligne. http://www.infoscience.fr/histoire/portrait/turing.html

Accueil Actualités En bref Dossiers ... Archives Histoire des sciences Civilisations Portraits Biographies Sciences en culture Livres Cédéroms Télévision Vidéos ... Expositions Dialogues Forums 6 Chat Notre sélection web Vie des universités Petites annonces Adresses Colloques Vie pratique Pollution Météo Astronomie Unités de mesure ... autres portraits Par ses travaux théoriques dans les domaines de la logique et des probabilités, Alan Mathison Turing est considéré, sinon comme le fondateur des ordinateurs, en tout cas comme l'un des pères spirituels de l'intelligence artificielle. Né le 23 juin à Paddington (Londres), Alan est le fils de Julius Mathison, officier de l'armée des Indes et d'Ethel Sarah Turing, fille d'un ingénieur des chemins de fer à Madras. A l'âge d'un an, il est confié par sa mère, qui rejoint alors son mari aux Indes, à la garde d'amis. Le couple ne reviendra en Angleterre qu'en 1926, à la retraite de Julius. Benjamin de la famille, Alan connaît une scolarité sans éclat malgré un esprit brillant et de nettes dispositions pour les sciences. En 1928, à Sherborne School où il est entré deux ans plus tôt, il fait la connaissance de Christopher Marcom. Cette rencontre provoque en lui un déclic et l'amène à s'intéresser réellement à la science et plus exactement aux mathématiques. La relation des deux adolescents s'achève tragiquement en février 1930 avec la mort de Christopher.

40. Alan Mathison Turing Translate this page alan Mathison turing Seite aus einem deutschsprachigen Online-Philosophenlexikon. philosophenlexikon.de, alan Mathison turing (1912 - 1954). http://www.philosophenlexikon.de/turing.htm

Begriffe Abaelard - Ayer Baader - Byron Cabanis - Czezowski Ebbinghaus - Ewald ... Frauen in der Philosophie Diskussion PhilTalk Philosophieforen Andere Lexika PhilLex -Lexikon der Philosophie Lexikon der griechischen Mythologie PhiloThek Bibliothek der Klassiker Zeitschriftenlesesaal Nachschlagewerke Allgemeine Information ... Dokumentenlieferdienste Spiele Philosophisches Galgenraten PhilSearch.de Shops PhiloShop PhiloShirt Service Kontakt Impressum eMail Alan Mathison Turing (1912 - 1954) Der englische Mathematiker und Logiker studierte 1932 - 1935 Quantenmechanik, Wahrscheinlichkeit und Logik. Turing-Maschine Turing-Test Schon ab 1950 widmete sich Turing kybernetischen Fragen der Biologie. Am 7. Juni 1954 starb Turing durch Zyanid. powered by Uwe Wiedemann

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