61. Acad. Ch uT ungtsu, Han Social Structure, Washington, 1972. Liu, Wu-chi, and Lo, Irving,K uei-hua chi, Indiana, 1976 Liu Wei-ch ung, Ts ao chih P ing-chuan, Li-ming http://www.johnjemerson.com/acad.shihbib.htm

Bibliography of the Wei-Chin period, the Chien-An masters and the poets of the Ts'ao clan, and the origins of Chinese shih poetry John J. Emerson Allen, Joseph, "The End and the Beginning oif Narrative Poetry in China", Asia Major , Third Series, Vol. II, Part 1, pp. 1-24. Balasz, Etienne, Chinese Civilization and Bureaucracy , Yale, 1964. Bauer, Wolfgang, China and the Search for Happiness , Seabury, 1976. Bielenstein, The Bureaucracy of Han Time s, Cambridge, 1975. Birrell, Anne, Popular Songs and Ballads of Han China , Hawaii, 1988. Birrell, Anne, New Songs from a Jade Terrace , Penguin, 1982. Chang K'e-li, ed., San Ts'ao nien-p'u , Ch'i-Lu Book Co., Taiwan, 1983. Chao Yu-wen, Ts'ao Chih chi chiao-chu , Jen-min wen-hsueh publishing, Beijing, 1984. Chao Fu-tan, Ts'ao Wei fu-tzu shih hsuan , Beijing, 1988. Ch'en I-pai, Ts'ao Tzu-chien shih yen-chiu , Shang-wu Publishing, Taipei, 1981. Chiang Chien-chun, Chien-an ch'i tzu hsueh-shu , Wen-hsueh chieh-hsueh Publishing, Taipei, 1982. Ch'iang Liang-fu, ed., Ch'u Yuan fu chiao-chu , Wen-kuang publishing, Taibei, 1974.

62. IslamicFinder Finding Islamic Places And Prayer Times 19. Huch ung-p u. 20. Hu-ch ung-pu. 21. Hu-cha. 34. Hu-chia-chi. 35. Hu-chia-hsia.36. 68. Hu-chu_T u_Autonomous_Hsien. 69. Hu-chu-hsien-t u-tsu-tzu-chih-ch u. 70. http://www.islamicfinder.org/addwiz.php?country=China&city=Hu&start=0&state=3

63. Wade-Giles Romanization, A Reading Guide qiu ch’ou chou ch’u - chu ch’uang - chuang ch’ung - chong ch the i in jiand the one in chi you’ll ssu - si tso - zuo tsu - zu tzu - zi tz’u - ci. http://www.kongming.net/novel/wade-giles/

Three Kingdoms History: Wade-Giles Home Forum SimRTK Site Map ... C Navigation Menu... - Home - Forum - SimRTK - Site Map - History - Games - Email Romance of the Three Kingdoms - Three Kingdoms X - Three Kingdoms IX - Three Kingdoms VIII - Three Kingdoms VII - Three Kingdoms VI Dynasty Warriors - Dynasty Warriors 4 - Dynasty Warriors 3 Dynasty Tactics - Dynasty Tactics 2 - Dynasty Tactics Kessen - Kessen 2 - Kessen Other Games - Samurai Warriors - Fate of the Dragon - Dragon Throne - Destiny of an Emperor Wade-Giles Romanization, a Reading Guide Authored by Lady Wu If you read older translations of Chinese texts, you would find that they use a different way of representing the Chinese sounds with the Latin alphabet. Zhao Zilong becomes Chao Tzu-lung Sima Zhongda becomes Ssu-ma Chung-ta Dong Zhuo becomes Tung Cho The Consonants b - p m - m f - f d - t n - n l - l g - k h - h j - ch x - hs z - ts / tz s - ss zh - ch sh - sh r - j y - y w - w You may have noticed that j/q and zh/ch are the same. This is not a problem as you can always tell what is what. More on that later. Vowels For words that start with a consonant from the series b-p-m-f, d-t-n-l, g-k-h, and y-w, the vowels are pretty similar in pinyin as in Wade-Giles, with the following differences:

64. Acupuncture Books 1920-1969 (1959). Chung i ching yen chi chin. Chen chiu hsèueh chiao yen tsu. (1969). Ch°ungting T°ung yãen yèu hsèuch chãen chiu t°u ching. Wang, Yf (1955). http://www.medlina.com/acupuncture_books_1920-1969.htm

100 Hot Books 100 Hot CDs 100 Hot Videos 100 Hot DVDs ... Women's Health T he Web MEDLINA.com CDC WHO FDA NIH Search: All Products Books Magazines Popular Music Classical Music Video DVD Baby Electronics Software Outdoor Living Wireless Phones Keywords: CATEGORIES Home Up Acupuncture Books 2003 Acupuncture Books 2002 ... Acupuncture Books 1970s Acupuncture Books 1920-1969 Acupuncture Books 1800s Acupuncture Books 1920-1969 (1952). Chãen chiu liao fa hsèuan chi. (1952). Chãen chiu yèu k°o hsèueh. (1954). Hsien tai chãen chiu. (1958). Chien i chãen chiu hsèueh. (1959). ãErh chãen liao fa hsèuan pien. (1959). çErh chãen liao fa. (1959). Chãen chiu ju mãen. (1959). Chao, Hung-ch°i. (1959). Chien min chãen chiu hsèueh. (1959). Jing luo xue tu shuo. Shanghai, Shanghai ke xue ji shu chu ban she : Xin hua shu dian Shanghai fa xing suo fa xing. (1960). Ch°ang chien chi ping chãen chiu chih liao pien lan. (1964). Chung-kuo chãen chiu hsèueh kai yao. (1964). Zi wu liu zhu shuo nan. Taibei, Zi you chu ban she. (1969). Ch°ien nien t°ieh shu k°ai hung hua. (1969). Chãen chiu ko k°o chih liao fa.

65. Pinyin To Wade-Giles Conversion k ung nao nao ri jih tuan t uan zhen chen chi ch ih ne ne rong jung tui t ui zhengcheng chong ch ung gao kao kuo le le nü nü sen sen xia hsia zu tsu cui ts http://www.library.utoronto.ca/east/ptow.htm

University of Toronto Cheng Yu Tung East Asian Library Pinyin to Wade-Giles conversion A B C D ... ALL Pinyin Wade- Pinyin Wade- Pinyin Wade- Pinyin Wade- Pinyin Wade- Pinyin Wade- Pinyin Return to Services Page last updated on June 03, 2003. Your comments are welcomed.

66. Special Numbers Ptolemy, (ca.150 AD), 3.1416. tsu Ch ung chi, (430501 AD), 355/113. Al Khwarizmi,(c. 800 AD), 3.1416. Al Kashi, (c. 1430), 14 places. Viete, ( 1540-1603), 9places. http://www.math.wichita.edu/history/topics/snumbers.html

Topics About Special Numbers Topic Tree Home Following are some items relating to special numbers discussed in the history of mathematics. Contents of this Page Perfect Numbers Square Numbers The Nature of Prime Numbers ... The History of Zero Perfect Numbers The Pythagoreans produced a theory of numbers comprised of numerology and scientific speculation. In their numerology, even numbers were feminine and odd numbers masculine. The numbers also represented abstract concepts such as 1 stood for reason, 2 stood for opinion, 3 stood for harmony, 4 stood for justice, and so on. Their arithmetica had a theory of special classes of numbers. There were “perfect” numbers of two kinds. The first kind included only 10, which was basic to the decimal system and the sum of the first four numbers 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10. The second kind of “perfect” numbers were those equal to the sum of their proper divisors. A perfect number is a positive integer that is equal to the sum of it divisors. However, for the case of a perfect number, the number itself is not included in the sum. The Greeks called a number such as 6 or 28 a “perfect” number because the sum of the proper divisors in each case is equal to the number; the proper divisors of 6 are 1, 2, and 3, and their sum is 6. Although perfect numbers are regarded as arithmetical curiosities, their study has helped to develop the theory of numbers. Euclid proved that a number n of the form (2

67. Born 29 June 1893 In Stracov, Bohemia (now Czech Republic) Died Ch ung chi tsu. Born 430 in Fanyang (now Hopeh), china Died 501in china. Biography. Ch ung was a mathematician and astronomer. http://www.mlahanas.de/Stamps/Data/Mathematician/C.htm

C Caratheodory Constantin Caratheodory Biography ... Cauchy Augustin Louis Born: 21 Aug 1789 in Paris, France Died: 23 May 1857 in Sceaux (near Paris), France Biography Cech Eduard Born: 29 June 1893 in Stracov, Bohemia (now Czech Republic) Died: 15 March 1960 in Prague, Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic) Biography Chaplygin Sergi Biography Chebyshev Pafnuty Lvovich ... Biography C Chen Jing-Run The most convincing proof for the Goldbach conjecture so far was provided by the Chinese mathematician Chen Jing-run (1933-1996) in 1965 and is expressed by the inequality at the top of the stamp at left. This stamp was issued in 1999 by China as part of a set of four science and technology motifs and shows the late Chen in profile. Ch'ung Chi Tsu Born: 430 in Fan-yang (now Hopeh), China Died: 501 in China Biography Ch'ung was a mathematician and astronomer. His approximation of pi was 355/113, which is correct to six decimal places. In astronomy, he arrived at the precise time of the solstice by measuring the sun's shadow at noon on days around the solstice Comte Auguste Charles La Condamine (1701 - 1774 ) Biography Condorcet Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas Caritat de Biography Cusanus Nicholas or Cusa or (Nikolaus Krebs) Biography

68. Pi Is The Most Famous Number Inn The History Of Mathematics moved to the Arabian countries (About 150 AD Ptolemy of Alexandria in Egypt gavevalue as 377/120 and about 500 AD the chinese tsu Ch’ungchi gave the value http://www.mikkeli.fi/opetus/myk/pv/comenius/pi.html

History of Pi SatuTuomela Ville Pursiainen Pi is one of the most famous numbers in the history of mathematics. It is the ratio of circumference of a circle to its diameter. This ratio did not become a named number until the early 1700s when it was given the designation - the Greek letter p , spelled pi Even 4000 years ago Babylonians obtained quite good approximation for Pi 3 1/8. According to Rhind papyrus meanwhile also Egyptians knew the value (4/3)^4. The next indication of the value of Pi occurs in the Bible 1 Kings chapter 7 verse 23 [English] " and he made a molten sea, ten cubits from one birm to the other: it was round about and a line of thirty cubits did compass it round about." [Finnish] "Hiram valoi myös pyöreän altaan, jota kutsuttiin mereksi. Se oli reunasta reunaan kymmenen kyynärän levyinen, korkeutta sillä oli viisi kyynärää, ja vasta kolmenkymmenen kyynäränpituinen mittanuora ulottui sen ympäri." [Flemish] "Ook maakte hij de gegoten zee. Haar kom was tien el breed, van rand tot rand gemeten. Zij was helemaal rond en vijf el diep; men kon haar slechts met de koord van dertig el omspannen."

69. À§´ëÇѼöÇÐÀÚ ¸ñ·Ï 1651 in Kieslingswalde (near Görlitz), Germany Died 11 Oct 1708 in Dresden, Germanytsu, tsu Ch ung chi Born 430 in Fanyang (now Hopeh), china Died 501 in http://www.mathnet.or.kr/API/?MIval=people_seek_great&init=T

70. Traveljournals.net - China Location Index - T'a Ting To Ta-ch'ing-wa chi-k o-tsu Tzu-chih-hsien - T ai-an-pa-chiao-t ao. T eng-ch ung-hsien - T ieh-ch ang-chen. T ien-p eng-chi - T ien-shui-chen. http://www.traveljournals.net/explore/china/locations/t/index/1.html

Home Explore Pictures Stories ... Accommodation Search: Navigation: Home Explore China Locations / Index / T'a Ting to Ta-ch'ing-wa Index of 13057 locations in China beginning with letter T Locations: A B C D ... Search Page: 1 T'a Ting to Ta-ch'ing-wa T'a Ting - T'a-k'o-la-ma-k'an Huang-ti T'a-k'o-la-ma-kan Sha-mo - T'a-shih-k'u-erh-kan-t'a-chi-k'o Tzu-chih-hsien T'a-shih-k'u-erh-kan-t'a-chi-k'o-tsu Tzu-chih-hsien - T'ai-an-pa-chiao-t'ao T'ai-an-shih - T'ai-ho-chen ... Map of China China Links: Introduction Cities and l ocations Geography ... Travel Insurance Travel pictures and stories from your friends on the road. Hostels.se - Accomodation in hostels and hotels

71. Nazwisko Wang Fan, 250, 1, 3.155555 (142/45). Liu Hui, 263, 5, 3.14159. tsu Ch ung chi, 480,7, 3.141592920 (355/113). Aryabhata, 499, 4, 3.1416 (62832/2000). Brahmagupta, 640,1, 3.1622. http://www.u.lodz.pl/~wibig/hieronim/hie08pok.htm

dwukrotnie: i w Kronikach II, 4.2 i to Symbol k k = 0.7857 zer? W Wypisy z historii liczby nazwisko data n Vitruvius 20 p.n.e. Chang Hong 130 n.e. Ptolemy Wang Fan Liu Hui Tsu Ch'ung Chi Aryabhata Brahmagupta Al-Khwarizmi Fibonacci Madhava Al-Kashi Otho Romanus Van Ceulen Van Ceulen Newton Sharp Seki Kowa Kamata Machin De Lagny (tylko 112 poprawnych) Takebe Matsunaga von Vega (tylko 136 poprawnych) Rutherford (tylko 152 poprawne) Strassnitzky, Dase Clausen Lehmann Rutherford Shanks (tylko 527 poprawnych) Ferguson n to liczba poprawnych cyfr po przecinku. nazwisko data n nazwa maszyny Ferguson I 1947 kalkulator biurkowy Ferguson, Wrench IX 1947 kalkulator biurkowy Smith, Wrench kalkulator biurkowy Reitwiesner et al. ENIAC Nicholson, Jeenel NORAC Felton PEGASUS Genuys I 1958 IBM 704 Felton V 1958 PEGASUS Guilloud IBM 704 Shanks, Wrench IBM 7090 Guilloud, Filliatre IBM 7030 Guilloud, Dichampt CDC 6600 Guilloud, Bouyer CDC 7600 Miyoshi, Kanada FACOM M-200 Guilloud Tamura MELCOM 900II Tamura, Kanada HITACHI M-280H Tamura, Kanada HITACHI M-280H Kanada, Yoshino, Tamura

72. Page 2 Translate this page Mais c’est en chine, qu’apparut ensuite une meilleure approximationpuisque tsu Ch’ung-chi proposa 355/113 soit 3,14592 . http://www.ac-orleans-tours.fr/maths-1/rallye/dossiers99/fla/pi2.htm

3ème 1 Collège Condorcet Fleury les Aubrais (Loiret) p a) Les premières découvertes Dans l' Ancien Testament , il est affirmé que p est égal à Les Babyloniens , vers 2000 avant J.C. supposaient que p était égal à 3 , puis à soit L e scribe égyptien Ahmès p ), ce qui conduit à p , soit environ b) Les premiers " records " Archimède ,vers 250 avant J.C.,après avoir tracé un cercle de diamètre 1,calcula les aires de polygones réguliers inscrits et circonscrits ( à 4,6,8,16,24,32,48,64,et 96 côtés) , et ainsi donna des encadrements de p tels que : p soit p p Ptolémée utilise soit proposa soit Fibonnaci Al-Kashi , au quinzième siècle, calcula les 14 premières décimales - Les Européens rattrapèrent leur retard, au seizième siècle, grâce à Ludolph van Ceulen qui trouva, aux Pays-Bas, 20, puis 32 et 35 décimales . D’oû le nom de " nombre de Ludolph " employé par les Allemands pour désigner p. Viète donna en 1592, la première formule : Cette formule fut encore établie en considérant les aires de polygones à 2 n côtés .

73. Wade-Giles To Pinyin Conversion ch a, cha, ch ung, chong, juan, ruan, lü, lü, p ei, pei, tan, ch ih, chi, hsi,xi, k ua, kua, nan, nan, se, se, ts ch ua, chua, huang, huang, lan, lan, nuan, nuan,shuang, shuang, tsu, zu. http://tse.dyndns.org/~sktse/wgpinyin.htm

Wade-Giles to Pinyin Conversion Wade-Giles to Pinyin convertor: Please put separate two-syllable words with a hyphen '-'. Popular two-word place names should be joined together. Wade-Giles Pinyin Find in Page Wade-Giles Pinyin Wade-Giles Pinyin Wade-Giles Pinyin Wade-Giles Pinyin Wade-Giles Pinyin Wade-Giles Pinyin Wade-Giles Pinyin a a chui zhui je re lien lian pan ban sung song t'u tu ai ai ch'ui chui jen ren lin lin p'an pan szu, ssu si tuan duan an an chun zhun jeng reng ling ling pang bang t'uan tuan ang ang chün jun jih ri liu liu p'ang pang ta da tui dui ao ao ch'un chun jo ruo lo luo pao bao t'a ta t'ui tui ch'ün qun jou rou lou lou p'ao pao tai dai tun dun cha zha chung zhong ju ru lu lu pei bei t'ai tai t'un tun ch'a cha ch'ung chong juan ruan lü lü p'ei pei tan dan tung dong chai zhai jui rui luan luan pen ben t'an tan t'ung tong ch'ai chai e jun run lüan luan p'en pen tang dang tzu zi chan zhan eh e jung rong lüeh lüe peng beng t'ang tang tz'u ci ch'an chan en en lun lun p'eng peng tao dao chang zhang êng eng ka ga lung long pi bi t'ao tao wa wa ch'ang chang erh er k'a ka p'i pi te de wai wai chao zhao kai gai ma ma piao biao t'e te wan wan ch'ao chao fa fa k'ai kai mai mai p'iao paio teng deng wang wang che zhe fan fan kan gan man man pieh bie t'eng teng wei wei ch'e che fang fang k'an kan mang mang p'ieh pie ti di wen wen chen zhen fei fei kang gang mao mao pien bian t'i ti weng weng ch'en chen fen fen k'ang kang mei mei p'ien pian tiao diao wo wo cheng zheng feng feng kao gao men men pin bin t'iao tiao wu wu ch'eng cheng fo fo k'ao kao meng meng p'in pin tieh die chi ji fou fou kei gei mi mi ping bing t'ieh tie ya ya ch'i qi fu fu k'ei kei miao miao p'ing ping tien dian yai ya chia jia ken gen mieh mie po bo t'ien tian yang yang ch'ia qia ha ha k'en ken mien mian p'o po ting ding yao yao chiang jiang hai hai keng geng min

74. PALACE MUSEUM PHOTOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION Ch ing Shihtsu Chung K uei; Hanging scroll; CV 1 Ta Ch ung-kuang, Wang Hui, YünShou-p ing, and Yang chin Tao-chi and Wang Yüan-ch i Bamboo and Orchid; Hanging http://www.umich.edu/~hartspc/aapd/PMPDcat4.html

PALACE MUSEUM PHOTOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION Black and white photographs only from the collection of the National Palace Museum, Taiwan Artists are listed under the following historical periods: FIVE DYNASTIES 907 - 960 SUNG DYNASTY 960 - 1279 MING DYNASTY 1368 - 1644 Various Artist's Albums Artists are listed alphabetically by Wade-Giles Romanization under the periods in which they worked, and under the names by which they are most commonly known. To search for a specific artist, use the find mode (under Edit) from the pull-down menu. Consult the AAPD Pinyin/Wade-Giles Concordance for help in transliteration. See also Asian Art Photographic Distribution's INDEX OF CHINESE ARTISTS for additional lists. Information contained in this file includes the following: Artist/or period Title Date, if known Format Ku-Kung #, (PMPD [University of Michigan Archive] #) CHING DYNASTY 1644 - 1911 White Eagle Hanging scroll CV 138, (5715) Manjusri Hanging scroll CV 140, (1199) Landscape (after Chang Seng-yu) Hanging scroll CV 117, (5705) Chang Jo-ai Figure in a Snowy Landscape Hanging scroll CV 107, (5700)

75. Pinyin – Yale - Wade-Giles che ch’e chen chen ch’en cheng cheng ch’eng chi chr ch’ih chong chung ch’ungchou chou ch tz’u cong tsung ts’ung cou tsou ts’ou cu tsu ts’u http://www.wfu.edu/~sinclair/pinyinwg.htm

Pinyin - Yale - Wade-Giles Transcription Table Pinyin Yale Wade-Giles a a a ai ai ai an an an ang ang ang ao au ao ba ba pa bai bai pai ban ban pan bang bang pang bao bau pao bei bei pei ben ben pen beng beng peng bi bi pi bian byan pien biao byau piao bie bye pieh bin bin pin bing bing ping bo bwo po bou bou pou bu bu pu ca tsa ts’a cai tsai ts’ai can tsan ts’an cang tsang ts’ang cao tsao ts’ao ce tse ts’e cen tsen ts’en ceng tseng ts’eng cha cha ch’a chai chai ch’ai chan chan ch’an chang chang ch’ang chao chau ch’ao che che ch’e chen chen ch’en cheng cheng ch’eng chi chr ch’ih chong chung ch’ung chou chou ch’ou chu chu ch’u chuai chwai ch’uai chuan chwan ch’uan chuang chwang ch’uang chui chwei ch’ui chun chwun ch’un chuo chwo ch’o ci tsz tz’u cong tsung ts’ung cou tsou ts’ou cu tsu ts’u cuan tswan ts’uan cui tswei ts’ui can tswun ts’un cuo tswo ts’o da da ta

76. B TITLE ! ! ! ! Truth Talk Forum ! ! ! ! /B 250 AD 3.16227 = squareroot of 10 Wang Fau 250 AD 3.15555 = 142/45 Liu *** 263 AD3.14159 Siddhanta 380 AD 3.1416 tsu Ch ung chi 480 AD 3.1415926 Aryabhata 499 http://pub31.bravenet.com/forum/2579584272/fetch/295430/

TRUTH TALK FORUM: WELCOME! A place where iron can sharpen iron, where spiritual milk and strong meat may be shared and received by all, where scripture can be expounded, where truth and love may be seen by the world. To post: email totw@truthonthewb.org from your email address and ask for the password. It will be changed from time-to-time as need arises. Thank you for posting here. God bless. This site is a member of WebRing. To browse visit Here Return to Website Forum Reply Subject: THE HOLY BIBLE KNEW ABOUT THE CORRECT VALUE FOR PI LONG BEFORE VIETE of 1593 A.D. DID! Name: Ken Hoeck Date Posted: Apr 24, 04 - 9:02 AM Email: TruthOnWeb@aol.com Message: NOTE: This outline will clearly illustrate the "inside" circumference of the molten sea (solid brass tub) which is the non-brimmed portion of the molten sea. The confusion over 1 Kings 7:23 is that the reader automatically assumes that the thirty cubits stated in verse 23 is the corresponding circumference of the outer uttermost brimmed edge. It is not. For a complete discussion on the outer portion of the molten sea, please refer to this link here that gives the proof. outer circumference proof . The exact physical represention as it is written in verse 23 is physically impossible as one should immediately become suspicious of. But with further examination of this outline and also the "yfiles" link, the bible not only proves PI once, but twice! Amazing. Please refer to the molten sea diagram representation half way down this page for an illustration to this problem.

77. Chan-Meister / Zen-Meister Translate this page Ma-tsu Tao-i (chiang-hsi Ma-tsu), Baso Dôitsu Sung-shan P´u-chi (P´u-chi), SûzanFujaku Songyuan Chongyue, Sung-yüan Ch´ung-yüeh, Shôgen Sôgaku, 1139-1209 http://www.haustao.ch/n1/meister.htm

Einige chinesische Chan-Meister / Zen-Meister der Tang- und Sung-Zeit Version 2.00h vom 16.07.2000 von Munish B. Schiekel mailto: mb.schiekel@t-online.de Zitierweise / cite as: Einige chinesische Chan-Meister / Zen-Meister der Tang- und Sung-Zeit: Version 2.00h vom 16.07.2000. URL: http://home.t-online.de/home/mb.schiekel/meister.htm , bzw. gespiegelt auf http://www.haustao.ch/N1/meister.htm . [Stichwort]. opyright: M. B. Schiekel , D-83569 Vogtareuth, 1999-2000. "Was ist deine Id-Nr. ?" frei nach: Bi-Yan-Lu und Prof. Urs App. Zitat: Ruth Fuller Sasaki, The Zen Koan, 1965. Es wurden die folgenden Quellen herangezogen: App, U., ed.: ZenBase CD 1, (speziell die Datei: HOKEI.DAT vom 28.05.1995), International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism, Kyoto, 1995. App, U., International Research Institute for Zen Buddhism, Kyoto, 1995: http://www.iijnet.or.jp/iriz/irizhtml/masters/mastpin.html

78. As For Calculating Pi My Favourite Rational Approximation Is My favourite rational approximation is 355/113 by tsu Ch ungchi has a nice patternof digits and is accurate to 6 decimal places (better than the 2 of 22/7 http://www.jjj.de/hfloat/calc-pi2.txt

As for calculating pi... My favourite rational approximation is 355/113 by Tsu Ch'ung-Chi has a nice pattern of digits and is accurate to 6 decimal places (better than the 2 of 22/7 and better than any other below 103993/33102). Others are >223/71 and

79. Sci-Philately - A History Of Science On Stamps tsu Ch ung chi (430501) was a chinese mathematician and astronomer. His approximationof pi was 355/113, which is correct to six decimal places. http://ublib.buffalo.edu/libraries/asl/exhibits/stamps/math1a.html

MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTATION I The beginning of mathematics was primitive man's discovery of counting; adding one and one to make two is pictured on this stamp. Upon seeing two birds, an Egyptian makes the cerebral leap to count them on his fingers. ( Detail ) This stamp is the first in a set of ten issued by Nicaragua in 1970 which features important mathematical formulas that changed the face of the earth. Besides showing the law, equation, or formula, the name of its originator, and an application, the reverse of each stamp is printed with a brief paragraph in Spanish explaining the significance of the formula and its far-reaching applications in modern life. Presumably the user can ponder this educational message while licking the stamp; whether the recipient would appreciate it or be aware of it is another matter. The illustrations contain a wealth of interesting detail, and the sci-philatelic sleuth can enjoy identifying the many clues and their relationship to the original formula. The Inca civilization of the 15th century, centered in Peru, did not have a written language, but kept records (and count) of items on an array of colored, knotted cords called quipu. Color, type of knot, spacing and placement of the cords were all meaningful and part of a code that was used to send information on production, census, resources, and taxes owed or collected to distant parts of the empire. Runners carried the quipi which were then decoded at their destination.

80. Making Light: Pythagoras In Babylon by the Egyptians, 3.0 by the builders of King Solomon’s Temple (must try harder),3.1418 by Archimedes of Syracuse, 355/113 by tsu Ch’ung chi, and (sigh of http://nielsenhayden.com/makinglight/archives/002820.html

Making Light Language, fraud, folly, truth, history, and knitting. Et cetera. July 01, 2003 Pythagoras in Babylon From the Babylonian Mathematics website: In this article 4 is the length and 5 the diagonal. What is the breadth ? Its size is not known. 4 times 4 is 16. 5 times 5 is 25. You take 16 from 25 and there remains 9. What times what shall I take in order to get 9 ? 3 times 3 is 9. 3 is the breadth. All the tablets we wish to consider in detail come from roughly the same period, namely that of the Old Babylonian Empire which flourished in Mesopotamia between 1900 BC and 1600 BC. From the Counting in Babylon website: For further interesting mathematical history, see the website of the , which also has a Famous Curves Index , pages about Egyptian Indian Arabic, and Mayan mathematics, and histories of things like Zero Indian Numerals (which are weird Arabic Numerals which rotated ), and Pi . From this last I learn that the value of Pi Al-Khwarizmi ; also that Al-Khwarizmi [10:44 AM] Comments on Pythagoras in Babylon: Scott (view all by) July 01, 2003, 02:55 PM 355/113 is actually a rather better approximation than 3.1416. In fact, that such an accurate approximation should have been discovered so early in human history AND be expressed in such an elegant pattern of just six digits is one of the minor miracles of mathematics. One of my own favorite weirdnesses about ancient mathematics is the Egyptian system of fractions. For some reason they confined themselves to unit fractions (1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/5, and so on), with the inexplicable exception of 2/3, and all other fractions were expressed as sums of these and you weren't allowed to repeat one. So 3/5 was expressed not as 1/5 + 1/5 + 1/5, but as 1/2 + 1/10.

A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z

Page 4     61-80 of 96    Back | 1  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5  | Next 20