21. ABC Radio National - Ockham's Razor Transcript - 3 Aug 97 Her father was theon of alexandria, also a mathematician, best remembered today asthe source of our text of Euclid s Elements, but also a major commentator of http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/ockham/or030897.htm

Radio National Transcripts: Ockham's Razor Sunday, 3rd August, 1997 Hypatia of Alexandria Robyn Williams: Today's talk gives an unanswerable reason why girls shouldn't do mathematics. At least not in the 5th Century AD. It's an extraordinary story and here to tell it is Maths Lecturer from Monash, Dr Michael Deakin. Dr Deakin: Imagine a time when the world's greatest living mathematician was a woman, indeed a physically beautiful woman, and a woman who was simultaneously the world's leading astronomer. And imagine that she conducted her life and her professional work in a city as turbulent and troubled as Ayodhya or Amritsar, Belfast or Beirut is today. And imagine such a female mathematician achieving fame not only in her specialist field, but also as a philosopher and religious thinker, who attracted a large popular following. And imagine her as a virgin martyr killed, not for her Christianity, but by Christians because she was not one of them. And imagine that the guilt of her death was widely whispered to lie at the door of one of Christianity's most honoured and significant saints. Would we not expect to have heard of all this? Would it not be shouted from the rooftops? Would it not be possible to walk into any bookstore and buy a biography of this woman? Would not her life be common knowledge?

22. JMM HM DICIONÁRIO Translate this page de Atenas (-417-370) Teodoro da Cirene (-460?-400?) Teodósio Teofrasto de LesbosVitrúvio Zenão de Eleia (490?-420?), Thales theon of alexandria Theon of http://phoenix.sce.fct.unl.pt/jmmatos/HISTMAT/HMHTM/HMDIC.HTM

Bibliografia Recursos na rede bem vindos em latim Anaximandro (-611-545) Antifonte Aristarco de Samos (-310-230?) Aristeo (c. -330) Arquimedes de Siracusa (-287?-212) Arquitas de Tarento (c. -375) Apollonius Archimedes Boetius Apollonios of Perga Aristarchos Aristaeus Aristotle Archimedes of Syracuse Archytas Apollonius of Perga Aristarchus Aristaeus Aristotle Archimedes of Syracuse Archytas Boethius Apollonios Diofanto de Alexandria (c. 250) Diophantus Democritos Dinostratos Diophantos Diocles Democritos Dinostratus Diophantus Diocles Diogenes Laertius Euclides de Alexandria (c. -300) Filolaos Endemus Eudoxus Philolaus Eratosthenes Euclid of Alexandria Endemos Eudoxos of Cnidos Eratosthenes Euclid of Alexandria Endemus Eudoxus of Cnidos Philolaus Euclide Hiparco de Alexandria (-190-120) Hipasos Hipsicles Herodotus Hipparchus Hero Herodotos Hypatia Hipparchos Hippocrates of Chios hekat Heron Herodotus Hypatia Hipparchus Hippocrates of Chios Iamblichus Iamblichos Iamblichus Menecmo (c. -350)

23. Theon Of Alexandria Photo. Tools Hardware. Toys Games. Click Here. Encyclopedia.Main Page See live article, theon of alexandria. Theon (c. 335 c http://www.sciencedaily.com/encyclopedia/theon_of_alexandria

Match: sort by: relevance date Free Services Subscribe by email RSS newsfeeds PDA-friendly format loc="/images/" A A A Find Jobs In: Healthcare Engineering Accounting College Contract / Freelance Customer Service Diversity Engineering Executive Healthcare Hospitality Human Resources Information Tech International Manufacturing Nonprofit Retail All Jobs by Job Type All Jobs by Industry Relocating? Visit: Moving Resources Moving Companies Mortgage Information Mortgage Calculator Real Estate Lookup Front Page Today's Digest Week in Review Email Updates ... Outdoor Living Encyclopedia Main Page See live article Theon of Alexandria Theon (c. - c. AD) was a scholar and the last director of the Library of Alexandria in the Museion , until it was demolished by the patriarch Theophilus on order of the emperor Theodosius in AD. He wrote some commentaries on important works by his hellenistic predecessors, notably the Almagest and the "Handy Tables" by Ptolemy . Apparently he is the first author on the theory of "trepidation of the equinoxes", as an alternative to precession . Theon was the father of Hypatia . Perhaps his most lasting achievement was his edition of Euclids Elements which was published in ~ . This edition remained in publication in some form until or an astonishing ~1450 years.

24. Ancient Greek Optimization Problems hyperbola. Some remarkable theorems on maximum areas are attributedto Zenodorus, and preserved by Pappus and theon of alexandria http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Optimization.htm

Optimization Geometric Optimization As Geometry plays a important role in Greek Ancient Science it is not very surprising that optimization problems have been considered and solved. Euclid, book III of the Elements finds the greatest and least straight lines that can be drawn from a point to the circumference of a circle, and in book VI. (in a proposition generally omitted from editions of his works) finds the parallelogram of greatest area with a given perimeter. Apollonius investigated the greatest and least distances of a point from the perimeter of a conic section, and discovered them to be the normals, and that their feet were the intersections of the conic with a rectangular hyperbola. Some remarkable theorems on maximum areas are attributed to Zenodorus, and preserved by Pappus and Theon of Alexandria: Of polygons of N sides with a given perimeter the regular polygon encloses the greatest area. Of two regular polygons of the same perimeter, that with the greater number of sides encloses the greater area. The circle encloses a greater area than any polygon of the same perimeter.

25. Early Astrolabes theon of alexandria (ca. 390) wrote a treatise on the astrolabe that wasthe basis for much that was written on the subject in the Middle Ages. http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Astrolabe.htm

Astrolabe The astrolabe is a device for solving problems relating to time and the position of the Sun and stars in the sky. Several types of astrolabes have been made. By far the most popular type is the planispheric astrolabe, on which the celestial sphere is projected onto the plane of the equator. The name is derived by aster and lambanein , i.e., star and receive or get and means combined a device that finds a star. The origins of the astrolabe were in classical Greece. Apollonius (ca. 225 BC), the great codifier of conic sections, probably studied the astrolabe projection. The most influential individual on the theory of the astrolabe projection was Hipparchus who was born in Nicaea in Asia Minor ( about 180 BC but studied and worked on the island of Rhodes. Hipparchus, who also discovered the precession of the equinoxes and was influential in the development of trigonometry, redefined and formalized the projection as a method for solving complex astronomical problems without spherical trigonometry and probably proved its main characteristics. Hipparchus did not invent the astrolabe but he did refine the projection theory. The earliest evidence of use of the stereographic projection in a machine is in the writing of the Roman author and architect, Vitruvius (ca. 88 - ca. 26 BC), who in

26. PAPPUS OF ALEXANDRIA Suidas states that he was of the same age as theon of alexandria, who wrote commentarieson Ptolemys great work, the Syntaxis mathematica, and flourished in http://18.1911encyclopedia.org/P/PA/PAPPUS_OF_ALEXANDRIA.htm

PAPPUS OF ALEXANDRIA PAPPUS OF ALEXANDRIA We can only conjecture that the lost book i., as well as book ii., was concerned with arithmetic, book iii. being clearly introduced as beginning a new subject. The whole of book ii. (the former part of which is lost, the existing fragment beginning in the middle of the 14th proposition) related to a system of multiplication due to Apollonius of Perga. On this subject see Nesselmann, Algebra der Griechen (Berlin, 1842), pp. 125134; and M. Cantor, Gesch. d. Math. i.~ 331. In book v., after an interesting preface concerning regular polygons, and containing remarks upon the hexagonal form of the cells of honeycombs, Pappus addresses himself to the comparison of the areas of different plane figures which have all the same perimeter (following Zenodoruss treatise on this subject), and of the volumes of different solid figures which have all the same superficial area, and, lastly, a comparison of the five regular solids of Plato. Incidentally Pappus describes the thirteen other polyhedra bounded by equilateral and equiangular but not similar polygons, discovered by Archimedes, and finds, by a method recalling that of Archimedes, the surface and volume of a sphere. According to the preface, book vi. is intended to resolve difficulties occurring in the so-called ~iucpi3c ?wrpoPo/Ao(lpsvol. It accordingly comments on the Sphaerica of Theodosius, the Moving Sphere of Autolycus, Theodosiuss book on Day and Night, the treatise of Aristarchus On the Size and Distances of the Sun and Moon, and Euclids Optics and Phaenomena.

27. Company Profile in 1997. The company was named after the Greek philosopher and astronomertheon of alexandria who lived from 335 to 405. The name http://nanoapex.com/links.php?action=rated&link_id=2284

28. Theon_of_Smyrna Little is known of Theon of Smyrna s life. He was called the old Theon by theon of alexandria and Theon the mathematician by Ptolemy. http://homepages.compuserve.de/thweidenfeller/mathematiker/Theon_of_Smyrna.htm

Theon of Smyrna Born: about 70 Died: about 135 Little is known of Theon of Smyrna 's life. He was called 'the old Theon' by Theon of Alexandria and 'Theon the mathematician' by Ptolemy . The date of his birth is little better than a guess, but we do have some firm data about dates in his life. We know that he was making astronomical observations of Mercury and Venus between 127 and 132 since Ptolemy lists four observations which Theon made in 127, 129, 130 and 132. From these observations Theon made estimates of the greatest angular distance that Mercury and Venus can reach from the Sun. The style of his bust, dedicated by his son 'Theon the priest', gives us the date of his death to within 10 years and it is placed within the period 130-140 (hence our midpoint guess of 135). Theon's most important work is Expositio rerum mathematicarum ad legendum Platonem utilium. This work is a handbook for philosophy students to show how prime numbers , geometrical numbers such as squares, progressions, music and astronomy are interrelated. Its rather curious title means that it was intended as an introduction to a study of the works of Plato , but this is rather fanciful. As Huxley writes in [1]:-

29. Ptolemy We only know details of the Handy Tables through the commentary by theon of alexandriabut in 77 the author shows that care is required since Theon was not http://homepages.compuserve.de/thweidenfeller/mathematiker/Ptolemy.htm

Claudius Ptolemy Born: about 85 in Egypt Died: about 165 in Alexandria, Egypt One of the most influential Greek astronomers and geographers of his time, Ptolemy propounded the geocentric theory in a form that prevailed for 1400 years. However, of all the ancient Greek mathematicians, it is fair to say that his work has generated more discussion and argument than any other. We shall discuss the arguments below for, depending on which are correct, they portray Ptolemy in very different lights. The arguments of some historians show that Ptolemy was a mathematician of the very top rank, arguments of others show that he was no more than a superb expositor, but far worse, some even claim that he committed a crime against his fellow scientists by betraying the ethics and integrity of his profession. We know very little of Ptolemy's life. He made astronomical observations from Alexandria in Egypt during the years AD 127-41. In fact the first observation which we can date exactly was made by Ptolemy on 26 March 127 while the last was made on 2 February 141. It was claimed by Theodore Meliteniotes in around 1360 that Ptolemy was born in Hermiou (which is in Upper Egypt rather than Lower Egypt where Alexandria is situated) but since this claim first appears more than one thousand years after Ptolemy lived, it must be treated as relatively unlikely to be true. In fact there is no evidence that Ptolemy was ever anywhere other than Alexandria. His name, Claudius Ptolemy, is of course a mixture of the Greek Egyptian 'Ptolemy' and the Roman 'Claudius'. This would indicate that he was descended from a Greek family living in Egypt and that he was a citizen of Rome, which would be as a result of a Roman emperor giving that 'reward' to one of Ptolemy's ancestors.

30. On Theons By Antreas P. Hatzipolakis in an Arabic translation. ..2. I guess that the parenthetical (2) meansSecond Theon, the first being theon of alexandria (the Hypatia s father). http://mathforum.org/epigone/math-history-list/quermflonsherm/v01540B07AFC79AD4C

On Theons by Antreas P. Hatzipolakis reply to this message post a message on a new topic Back to messages on this topic Back to math-history-list Subject: On Theons Author: xpolakis@hol.gr Date: http://users.hol.gr/~xpolakis/ The Math Forum

31. [no Subject] By " mathhistory-list-owner@maa.org Precedence bulk Comments send subscribe/unsubscribemessages to majordomo@maa.org Actually, theon of alexandria was the http://mathforum.org/epigone/math-history-list/phesnerdche

[no subject] by " reply to this message post a message on a new topic Back to math-history-list Subject: [no subject] Author: Date: http://users.hol.gr/~xpolakis/ The Math Forum

32. Encyclopedia4U - Theon Of Alexandria - Encyclopedia Article Who was Who in Roman Times Data on Persons theon of alexandria USA Sponsored links Data on Persons. theon of alexandria. Function Scientist Important year 370 AD Sex Male, No synonyms found. http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/t/theon-of-alexandria.html

ENCYCLOPEDIA U com Lists of articles by category ... Encyclopedia Home Page SEARCH : Theon of Alexandria Theon ca. ca. AD) was a scholar and the last director of the Library of Alexandria in the Museion , until it was demolished by the patriarch Theophilus on order of the emperor Theodosius in AD. He wrote some commentaries on important works by his hellenistic predecessors, notably the Almagest and the "Handy Tables" by Ptolemy . Apparently he is the first author on the theory of "trepidation of the equinoxes", as an alternative to precession . Theon was the father of Hypatia Content on this web site is provided for informational purposes only. We accept no responsibility for any loss, injury or inconvenience sustained by any person resulting from information published on this site. We encourage you to verify any critical information with the relevant authorities. Privacy This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License . It uses material from the Wikipedia article " Theon of Alexandria

33. Matenadaran - The Heritage There are many manuscripts at the Matenadaran, containing the works of Aristotle(389 322 BC), Zeno, theon of alexandria (1st century AD), Secudius (2nd http://www.matenadaran.am/en/heritage/philosophy.html

The Heritage Philosophy Philosophical thought has reached a high degree of development in ancient and medieval Armenia.The manuscripts of the Matenadaran include the works of more than 30 Armenian philosophers, such as Eznik Koghbatsi, Movses Kertogh (5th century), David Anhaght (5th - 6th centuries), David Harkatsi (7th century), Stepanos Sunetsi (8th century), Hovhannes Sarkavag (1045/50 - 1129), Hovhannes Yerzenkatsi, Vahram Rabuni (13th century), Hovhan Vorotnetsi (1315 - 1386), Grigor Tatevatsi (1346 - 1409), Arakel Sunetsi (1425), Stepanos Lehatsi (1699), etc. 'The Refutation of the Sects' of the 5th century famous Armenian philosopher Eznik Koghbatsi is the first original philosophical work written in Armenian after the creation of the Alphabet. Having the extention of Christianity as a purpose, he thoroughly criticises both the Armenian and the Greek paganism, the Persian zoroastrianism, the sects, etc. 'The Definition of Philosophy' written by David Anhaght (5th - 6th centuries) is the most important monument of the mundane philosophical thought in Armenia. It is one of the rare works that continues the antique philosophical traditions, widely using the theories of Platon, Aristotle, Pythagoras. At the same time many progressive theories on philosophy and logics are worked out. Many important theories were brought forward by the medieval Armenian philosophers. They regarded the primacy of sensually perceptible things and the role of the senses, the contradictions of natural phenomena, space and time, the origin and destruction of matter, etc. There are numerous interests about natural phenomena and their cognition in the works of Armenian philosophers. The 12th century scholar Hovhannes Sarkavag notes the role of experiment in the cognition of the world and advises to check the knowledge by the experiments.

34. ONE BOOK, 1393 YEARS - A History Of The Almagest Two important commentaries were by, Pappus (320) and theon of alexandria (360),these failed to improve on Ptolemy’s astronomy and served mainly to educate http://www.star-names.freeserve.co.uk/almagest.html

ONE BOOK, 1393 YEARS - A history of the Almagest 1.1 Introduction One book dominated astronomy for nearly one-thousand four-hundred years. This was the Almagest of Claudius Ptolemy. Why was just one book so influential and so dominant that it took so long to be surpassed? 1.2 Ptolemy Ptolemy lived in Egypt in the period when it was part of the Roman Empire. We know very little about him personally and the dates of his life (AD.100 to 178) are only approximate. He worked in the city of Alexandria. Alexandria is located on the northern (Mediterranean) coast of Egypt. It was a city renowned for learning and had a famous library and museum. Possibly, Ptolemy himself worked in one or other of these institutions. Ptolemy wrote in Greek, which was the scientific and philosophical language of his day. He is famous for writing many books on scientific subjects. These are: "Mathematical Syntaxis" (The Almagest) Astronomy "On the Apprations of the Fixed Stars and a Collection of Prognostics" Astronomy

35. Biography Of Hypatia She may also have assisted her father, theon of alexandria, a scholarat the Museum, in writing a commentary on Ptolemy s Almagest. http://www.lib.virginia.edu/science/parshall/hypatia.html

Biography of Hypatia Born in Alexandria, Egypt around A.D. 370, Hypatia is the first woman known to have actively participated in an academic community. She lectured in Alexandria on Plato, Aristotle, and other philosophers, and although none of her work is extant, she reportedly wrote commentaries on Diophantus's Arithmetica , and Apollonius's Conic Sections . She may also have assisted her father, Theon of Alexandria, a scholar at the Museum, in writing a commentary on Ptolemy's Almagest Her association with Greek philosophy and pagan religion, as well as her friendship with Orestes, the Roman prefect of Alexandria, seems to have led to her death in 415. Orestes became embroiled in a power struggle with Cyril, the archbishop of Alexandria. At the height of the conflict, Orestes executed one of Cyril's followers. In retaliation, a mob attacked and brutally killed Hypatia, believing that she had been instrumental in preventing a friendship between Cyril and Orestes. TOP MAIN DOCUMENT CONTENTS FIRST MENTION To return to place in document from which you came, click on your browser's BACK BUTTON. Selected Biographical References Gillispie, Charles C. ed.

36. ThinkQuest : Library : A Taste Of Mathematic 250c. 350); Pappus of Alexandria (c. 320); Serenus of Antinopolis(c. 350); theon of alexandria (c. 390); Synesius of Cyrene, Bishop http://library.thinkquest.org/C006364/ENGLISH/history/historygreece.htm

Index Math A Taste of Mathematic Welcome to A Taste of Mathematics.You will find the taste of mathematics here.The history of Mathematics,famous mathematicians,cxciting knowledge,the world difficult problems and also mathematics in our life... Browsing,thinking,enjoying,and have a good time here! Visit Site 2000 ThinkQuest Internet Challenge Languages English Chinese Students fangfei Beijing No.4 High School, Beijing, China ziyan Beijing No.4 High School, Beijing, China Coaches Tife Zesps3 Szks3 Ogslnokszta3c9cych Numer 1, Beijing, China xueshun Beijing No.4 High School, Beijing, China Want to build a ThinkQuest site? The ThinkQuest site above is one of thousands of educational web sites built by students from around the world. Click here to learn how you can build a ThinkQuest site. Privacy Policy

37. Biography-center - Letter T Mathematicians/Theodosius.html; theon of alexandria, wwwhistory.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Theon.html;Theon of Smyrna http://www.biography-center.com/t.html

Visit a random biography ! Any language Arabic Bulgarian Catalan Chinese (Simplified) Chinese (Traditional) Croatian Czech Danish Dutch English Estonian Finnish French German Greek Hebrew Hungarian Icelandic Indonesian Italian Japanese Korean Latvian Lithuanian Norwegian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Serbian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Turkish T 361 biographies Tabern, Donalee L. www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/142.html Tacca, Ferdinand www.getty.edu/art/collections/bio/a451-1.html Tacquet, Andrea www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Tacquet.html Taft, Helen Herron www.whitehouse.gov/WH/glimpse/firstladies/html/ht27.html Taft, William Howard odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/P/wt27/about/taftbio.htm Tagore, Rabindranath www.nobel.se/literature/laureates/1913/tagore-bio.html Tahir, ibn www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Al-Baghdadi.html Taiga, Marton www.kirjasto.sci.fi/taiga.htm Taillandier, Vincent www.getty.edu/art/collections/bio/a1075-1.html Tait, Peter Guthrie www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Tait.html Takacs, Karoly

38. Euclid Of Alexandria One of the more important editions was by theon of alexandria in 4th centuryAD, in which he admits to adding the second part of VI. 33. http://www.math.sfu.ca/histmath/Europe/Euclid300BC/EUCLIDMAIN.HTML

Euclid of Alexandria c. 300 B.C.E. "Ptolemy once asked Euclid whether there was any shorter way to a knowledge of geometry than by a study of the Elements, whereupon Euclid answered that there was no royal road to geometry." Proclus Diadochus Euclid of Alexandria, author of the most successful mathematics textbook ever written and with the exception of Autolycusí Sphere , is author of the oldest Greek mathematical treatise extant. More than half of Euclidís works have been completely lost, others surviving the ages only through translations and interpretations. Little is known about his life, yet his name and writings have managed to continue being a major influence on geometry for two millennia. Much of what is believed to be known about Euclid comes from Proclusí Eudemian Summary . Proclus states that he was a contemporary of King Ptolemy I Soter. (305 - 285 B.C.E.) Some students of his work have asserted that he was in fact, a disciple of the Platonic school and had studied with students of Plato , possibly in Athens at the Academy. Euclid was older than Archimedes (287 - 212 B.C.E.) and Eratosthenes and younger than

39. History Of Mathematics: Chronology Of Mathematicians 300 CE. Pappus of Alexandria (fl. c. 300c. 350) *SB *MT; Serenus of Antinopolis(c. 350); Pandrosion (c. 350); theon of alexandria (c. 390); http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/mathhist/chronology.html

Chronological List of Mathematicians Note: there are also a chronological lists of mathematical works and mathematics for China , and chronological lists of mathematicians for the Arabic sphere Europe Greece India , and Japan Table of Contents 1700 B.C.E. 100 B.C.E. 1 C.E. To return to this table of contents from below, just click on the years that appear in the headers. Footnotes (*MT, *MT, *RB, *W, *SB) are explained below List of Mathematicians 1700 B.C.E. Ahmes (c. 1650 B.C.E.) *MT 700 B.C.E. Baudhayana (c. 700) 600 B.C.E. Thales of Miletus (c. 630-c 550) *MT Apastamba (c. 600) Anaximander of Miletus (c. 610-c. 547) *SB Pythagoras of Samos (c. 570-c. 490) *SB *MT Anaximenes of Miletus (fl. 546) *SB Cleostratus of Tenedos (c. 520) 500 B.C.E. Katyayana (c. 500) Nabu-rimanni (c. 490) Kidinu (c. 480) Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (c. 500-c. 428) *SB *MT Zeno of Elea (c. 490-c. 430) *MT Antiphon of Rhamnos (the Sophist) (c. 480-411) *SB *MT Oenopides of Chios (c. 450?) *SB Leucippus (c. 450) *SB *MT Hippocrates of Chios (fl. c. 440) *SB Meton (c. 430) *SB

40. DIPT:-Thaa Tha’un. theon of alexandria Greek astronomer and mathematician of 4 th centuryCE; teacher at the Museum of Alexandria; editor of Euclid’s Elements. http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/pd/d-4.htm

-Thaa Thalis al-Malti Thales of Miletus (c. 640-c. 546 B.C.): Greek philosopher and scientist; recognised as the founder of Greek philosophy or first who made name as a philosopher, one of the Seven Wise Men of Greece. In philosophy he taught that water was the ultimate stuff of all things. Thamistiyus Metaphysics , Book A was translated into Arabic in the 9 th century C.E. Theophrastus (370 -287 B.C.): faithful disciple and friend of Aristotle ( Aristatalis , q.v.). Known to Muslim scholars for his work on botany. Theon of Alexandria: Greek astronomer and mathematician of 4 th Uqlidis , q.v.) had merely stated his geometrical propositions while Theon had proved them. Al-Kindi

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