61. MuslimHeritage.com - Topics Abu AbdAllah Muhammad ibn Jabir ibn sinan Al-Battani was born in 858 CE. He determinedmany astronomical measurements with great accuracy. (5) thabit is a http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?TaxonomyTypeID=18&TaxonomySubTy

62. MuslimHeritage.com - Topics works, including treatises by alKindi, thabit ibn Qurra, Al 1407AD, Death of Algerianscholar ibn Qunfudh. 1550AD, sinan builds the Sulaymaniye Mosque in istambul http://www.muslimheritage.com/timeline/chronology.cfm

Chronology of major events in Muslim Heritage This is a short and incomplete list of major developments made by Muslims during the 9th to 16th Centuries. Shortcut to: th th th th ... th Centuries. th Century Muslim merchants reach China (Canton). Foundation of a paper factory in Baghdad; the first in history outside China. The Muslims use different materials from the Chinese, though. This is a development that would subsequently revolutionise learning. The paper industry spreads from Baghdad, to Syria and further West, until it reaches about a century later Europe (Spain) via Morocco. Mash'allah writes on the Astrolabe. He was one of the earliest astronomers and astrologers in Islam. Only one of his writings is extant in Arabic, but there are many medieval Latin and Hebrew translations of it. His most popular book in the Middle Ages was the `De scientia motus orbis,' translated by G. Cremonna in the twelfth century. Al-Tabari writes on Astronomy. Harun al-Rashid gives Charlemagne a clock that struck the hours. Foundation of the city of Fez by the Idrisids in Morocco.

63. Arab Discoveries history Jabir ibn Haiyan, alKindi, al-Khwarizmi, al-Fargani, al-Razi, thabit ibnQurra, al-Battani, Hunain ibn Ishaq, al-Farabi, Ibrahim ibn sinan, al-Masudi http://www.cam.ac.uk/societies/arabsoc/inventions.htm

Will History Ever Forget Those Names It is suffice here to evoke few glorious names and state their inventions that will be an eternal witness to the Islamic and Arab contribution to past and modern history : Jabir ibn Haiyan, al-Kindi, al-Khwarizmi, al-Fargani, al-Razi, Thabit ibn Qurra, al-Battani, Hunain ibn Ishaq, al-Farabi, Ibrahim ibn Sinan, al-Masudi, al-Tabari, Abul Wafa, 'Ali ibn Abbas, Abul Qasim, Ibn al-Jazzar, al-Biruni, Ibn Sina, Ibn Yunus, al-Kashi, Ibn al-Haitham, 'Ali Ibn 'Isa al-Ghazali, al-Zarqab, Omar Khayyam. A magnificent array of names which it would not be difficult to extend. The list above contains famous modern day figures from Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Tukmenistan, Spain and Egypt). If anyone tells you that the Middle Ages were scientifically sterile, just quote these men to him, all of whom flourished within a short period, 750 to 1100 A.D Scientists Ibn Sina , known in the West as Avicenna (981-1037). For a thousand years he has retained his original renown as one of the greatest thinkers and medical scholars in history. His most important medical works are the Qanun (Canon) and a treatise on Cardiac drugs. The 'Qanun fi-l-Tibb' is an immense encyclopedia of medicine. It contains some of the most illuminating thoughts pertaining to distinction of mediastinitis from pleurisy; contagious nature of phthisis; distribution of diseases by water and soil; careful description of skin troubles; of sexual diseases and perversions; of nervous ailments."

64. Malikischolars Asad, the author of the basic text of the Mudawwana, Asad ibn Furat ibn sinan,214/829, Sicily. Kharija ibn Zayd ibn thabit. Ubaydullah ibn Utba ibn Mas ud. http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/ABewley/malikis.html

Maliki Scholars and Technical Terms Taken from Al-Madkhal al-Wajiz fi Istilat madhhab as-Sadat al-Malikiyya, by Ibrahim al-Mukhtar Ahmad 'Umar al-Jabruti az-Zayla'i Maliki Scholars Known as Name year died where buried Imam Malik, founder of the school Malik ibn Anas Madina Ibn al-Qasim, student of Imam Malik 'Abdu'r-Rahman ibn al-Qasim 191/806 died Egypt Ibn Wahb 'Abdullah ibn Wahb ibn Muslim Egypt Ibn Bashir Muhammad ibn Bashir ibn Israfil ca. 198/813 Cordoba Ashhab Miskin ibn 'Abdu'l-'Aziz Egypt Ibn Nafi' as-Sa'igh 'Abdullah ibn Nafi' ca. 207/823 Madina Ibn 'Abdu'l-Hakam 'Abdullah ibn 'Abdu'l-Hakam Egypt Asad, the author of the basic text of the Mudawwana Asad ibn Furat ibn Sinan Sicily Ibn al-Majishun 'Abdu'l-Malik ibn 'Abdu'l-'Aziz Madina Ibn Nafi' the Younger az-Zubayri 'Abdullah ibn Nafi' Madina Ibn Maslama al-Makhzumi Muhammad ibn Maslama Madina Mutarrif Mutarrif ibn 'Abdullah ibn Mutarrif Madina Ibn Maslama al-Qa'nabi 'Abdullah ibn Maslama Madina Yahya al-Laythi, the transmitter of the Muwatta' of Malik Yahya ibn Yahya Cordoba al-Asbagh, student of Ibn al-Qasim Asbagh ibn al-Faraj ibn Sa'id Egypt Ibn Habib, author of the

65. Al-Muraja'at Hassan ibn thabit has said these verses in which he praises Ali on behalf of allthe Ansar. Umm sinan daughter of Khayth`amah ibn Kharsha ah alMathhaji http://www.al-islam.org/murajaat/108.htm

Letter 108 The Recommendation as Evidence Rabi` al-Thani 22, 1330 Yes, indeed, they did. The Commander of the Faithful (as) mentioned it while preaching from the pulpit, and we have in Letter No. 104 quoted its text. Anyone who quotes the tradition of the Household on the day of warning has done so, quoting `Ali (as). We have also quoted it in Letter No. 20. It contains the explicit text recommending him for the caliphate. Imam Abu Muhammad al-Hasan (as), grandson of the Prophet (pbuh), and master of all the the young of Paradise, delivered a sermon when his father the Commander of the Faithful (as) was assassinated in which he said: "I am the descendant of the Prophet (pbuh), and the son of his vicegerent," as quoted by al-Hakim on page 172, Vol. 3, of his authentic Mustadrak . Imam Ja`fer al-Sadiq (as), as on page 254, Vol. 3, of Sharh Nahjul Balaghah , at the end of the commentary on the qasi`a sermon, has said: "Even before the [Islamic] Message became public, `Ali (as), while in the company of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh), used to see the light and hear the voice [of angels]." He also quotes him (pbuh) saying: "Had I not been the seal of Prophets, you [`Ali (as)] would have been made a partner in my Prophethood; yet since you cannot be a prophet, you certainly are the wasi and the heir of a Prophet ," according to Buraydah. Such usage is common among all the Imams of Ahl al-Bayt, and it is a necessity among them and their followers from the time of the

66. Narrators ibn Hanbal. 57. 89. `AIi ibn thabit al­Jazari. In al­Bazzaz andothers. 59. 90. `Abd Allah ibn sinan al­Zuhri. In ibn `Uqdah http://www.al-islam.org/thaqalayn/nontl/Nar0-2.htm

A Study of Its Tawatur Narrators From Among the Sahabah: from him. Their names as well as those of some authors who have narrated their traditions in their books, are given below: Ibn `Uqdah, Ibn Kathir, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, `Abd Allah ibn Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Ibn `Uqdah, Muhammad ibn Isma`il alSan'ani, Ahmad ibn Ba Kathir, 9. Ibrahim Abu Rafi`, one of the Prophet's mawali (d. after 40/ 661). Ibn `Uqdah, Ibn Ba Kathir, 12. Khuzaymah ibn Thabit Dhu Shahadatayn (d. 37/657). Muhammad ibn Ishaq, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, `Abd Allah ibn Ahmad ibn Hanbal, 15. `Abd Allah ibn Hantab. 16. Jubayr ibn Mut`im (d. 59/679). 24. `Adi ibn Hatim (d. 68/687). Ibn `Uqdah, Ibn Ba Kathir, 25. `Uqbah ibn `Amir (d. 58/678). Ibn `Uqdah, Ibn Ba Kathir, Ibn `Uqdah, Samhudi, Ibn Ba Kathir, 31. `Amir ibn Layla ibn Damrah. Ibn `Uqdah, 32. Zayd ibn Arqam (d.68/687). Ahmad ibn Ba Kathir, and many others. Ibn `Uqdah, Ahmad ibn Ba Kathir, 36. Umm Hani, Fakhtah bint Abi Talib (d.40/661) Ibn `Uqdah, Ibn Ba Kathir. A large number of narrators from among the Tabi`un have narrated this tradition from one or more of the Sahabah mentioned above. Some of them are: 41. Habib ibn Abi Thabit.

67. Ibn Taymiyya's Ideas Part 3 Of 3 min akadhib alqussas (The warning of the elect against the lies of story-tellers),and ibn al-Jawzi relates in Al-muntazam that thabit ibn sinan mentions in http://www.library.cornell.edu/colldev/mideast/tay3.htm

ON THE ANTHROPOMORPHISM OF "SALAFIS" The Sources of Ibn Taymiyya's Ideas (part 3 of 3) `Abd Allah ibn Ahmad ibn Hanbal (d. 290): He wrote a book which he named Kitab al-sunna , but whose stand in relation to the Sunna and anthropomorphism can be judged by the following excerpts: p. 5: "Is istiwa other than by sitting (julus)?" p. 35: "He saw Him on a chair of gold carried by four angels: one in the form of a man, another in the form of a lion, another in that of a bull, and another in that of an eagle, in a green garden, outside of which there was a golden dais." This seems taken verbatim from the Bible, Book of Revelation (4:2-7): "There was someone on the Throne... from it issued lightning, voices, and thunder... in its midst and around it stood four angels... the first was like a lion, the second like a young bull, the third has the face of a man, and the fourth is like an eagle in flight." Kawthari appropriately calls this "the grossest idol-worship ( al-wathaniyya al-kharqa' ) to which they ("Salafis") are calling the Umma today." p. 64: "Allah spoke to Musa with His lips" (mushafahatan), that is: upper lip against lower lip.

68. Sar-Sc: Positive Atheism's Big List Of Quotations the West Jabir ibn Haiyan, alKindi, al-Khwarizmi, al-Fargani, al-Razi, thabit ibnQurra, al-Battani, Hunain ibn Ishaq, al-Farabi, Ibrahim ibn sinan, al-Masudi http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/quotes/quote-s1.htm

Positive Atheism's Big List of Quotations Sar-Sc No-Frames Quotes Index Load This File With Frames Index Home to Positive Atheism Lyman Tower Sargent American sociologist; educator, University of Missouri, Saint Louis Lyman Sargent Contemporary World Ideologies (1969), quoted from Laird Wilcox, ed., " The Degeneration of Belief " The history of American education would have been much different without New Harmony and other secular communities that emphasized education. Many of the people who joined these communities wanted to better educate themselves and their children, and they wanted to educate the outside world by their example. At the base of these communitarian ideals was a form of environmental determinism combined with the belief that people would choose to change to improve themselves, their children, and their environment. Members believed that intentional communities could provide a better life than could be achieved through private ownership and competition. Even with the high failure rate and the personal struggles involved, many communitarians continued to believe in cooperative lifestyles. Most of the early secular communities were democratic although not consensual; they aimed at equality and generally practiced it. Economically, most groups were communal, holding all property in common and distributing goods on the basis of need.

69. Bimaristans In The Islamic World sinan followed this advice. Also according to what ibn alQifti mentioned al Moktaderasked sinan bin thabit to build a Bimaristan and give it his name. http://www.islamicmedicine.org/bimaristan.htm

The origin of Bimaristans (hospitals) in Islamic medical history Dr. Sharif Kaf Al-Ghazal, MD England This article was published in the JISHIM (Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine) Vol.1; No1 (2002) Page 41-44 The word Bimaristan - which is of Persian origin - has the same meaning of hospital as Bimar ) in Persian means disease and ( stan ) is location or place, i.e. location or place of disease Although it was known that the Prophet Mohamed (may peace be upon him) was the first to order the establishment of small mobile military Bimaristan , and Rofaidah was the first female nurse to look after wounded Muslims followers in her mobile military tent Noushirawy in his new book on Islamic Bimaristans in the Middle Ages mentioned that the first proper Bimaristan built in Islam was in Damascus, by al- Waleed bin Abdel Malek and built in 86 Hijri (707 A.D.) . The aim of its building was treating patients and the care of affected chronic patients (as lepers and blind people... etc. The leprosy patients were treated freely and given money. In the Bimaristan there

70. Grandes Éditions Translate this page I Fondateurs et commentateurs Banu Musa, thabit ibn Qurra, ibn sinan, al-Khazin,al-Quhi, ibn al-Samh, ibn Hud, 1996, 1125 p. Traduction anglaise en cours. http://chspam.vjf.cnrs.fr/Grandstextes.htm

(depuis 1996) R. RASHED Londres : al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation Vol. I : Fondateurs et commentateurs : Banu Musa, Thabit Ibn Qurra, Ibn Sinan, al-Khazin, al-Quhi, Ibn al-Samh, Ibn Hud , 1996, 1125 p. Traduction anglaise en cours. Vol. II : Ibn al-Haytham , 1993, 581 p. Vol. III : Ibn al-Haytham , 2000, 1022 p. Vol. IV : Ibn al-Haytham , 2002, 1064 p. R. RASHED L'Optique et la Catoptrique d'al-Kindi , Leiden, E.J. Brill, 1997, XIV-776 p. Ce volume comprend un chapitre De causis diversitatum aspectus H. Hugonnard-Roche , traduction de H. Hugonnard-Roche Roshdi Rashed R. Rashed , Ch. Houzel et G. Christol, Librairie A. Blanchard, Paris, 1999, 512 p. R. RASHED , B. VAHABZADEH, Version anglaise : Al-Khayyam mathematician , New York, 2000, 268 p. (sans les textes arabes). R. RASHED Les Catoptriciens grecs. I : Les Miroirs ardents R. RASHED H. BELLOSTA Leiden, Brill, 2000, XI-809 p. Maroun AOUAD Commentaire moyen Rhétorique d'Aristote. Edition critique du texte arabe et traduction française par M. Aouad, 3 vol., Union Académique internationale, Corpus Philosophorum Medii Aevi, Averrois Opera, Series A : Averroes Arabicus, XVII, coll. "Textes et traditions" 5, Vrin, Paris, 2002. R. RASHED

71. Hélène Bellosta Translate this page 17-24. « Ibrahim ibn sinan, Apollonius arabicus Un complément arabe aux Donnéesd’Euclide le Kitab al-mafrudat de thabit ibn Qurra », Science and http://chspam.vjf.cnrs.fr/Personnel/Bellosta.htm

e-mail : h.bellosta@free.fr LISTE DES PUBLICATIONS Ouvrages Articles Ouvrages : R. Rashed H. Bellosta Ibrahim Ibn Sinan : Logique, et Géométrie au Xe siècle , 809 pages, (Brill, Leyden, mai 2000). Participation à des ouvrages collectifs : Histoire des sciences arabes , sous la direction de R. Rashed avec la collaboration de R. Morelon , volume 2 Mathématiques et Physique , révision et mise à jour du chapitre géométrie (p. 121-162), Paris, Seuil, octobre 1997. États, sociétés et cultures du monde musulman médiéval (X-XVe) , sous la direction de J.C. Garcin, tome 2 Sociétés et cultures (chapitre XII Philosophes et savants, Les Mathématiciens p. 376-380), tome 3 Problèmes et perspectives de recherches (chapitre XI Destin de la pensée musulmane médiévale, les Sciences mathématiques p. 197-200), Paris, février 2000  (P.U.F. Nouvelle Clio). Encyclopédie italienne , 3 chapitres : La géométrie des coniques, problèmes de lieux, de contacts, de constructions (avec Ph. Abgrall La Géométrie pratique Les géomètres et la cinématique Choix de textes scientifiques et philosophiques médiévaux Mathématiques, Quadrivium, Optique

72. Buy Essay, Order Essay, Custom Essay, Arabic Mathematics For example Ibrahim ibn sinan and his grandfather thabit ibn Qurraboth studied curves required in the construction of sundials. http://essayfabric.com/free_essay/essay53.htm

HOME ORDER ESSAY ESSAY FAQ FREE ESSAYS ... ABOUT US Arabic Mathematics Everybody would agree that mathematics owes a great debt to the Arabs. Just as George Sarton, a famous Harvard professor of history and science wrote in his not less famous Introduction to the History of Science: “From the second half of the eighth to the end of the eleventh century, Arabic was the scientific, the progressive language of mankind. When the West was sufficiently mature to feel the need of deeper knowledge, it turned its attention, first of all, not to the Greek sources, but to the Arabic ones.” (A al'Daffa p.65) Before we proceed, it is worth trying to define the period that this essay covers and give an overall description to cover the mathematicians who contributed. The period we cover is easy to describe: it stretches from the end of the eighth century to about the middle of the fifteenth century. Most of the mathematicians we wish to include were Muslims; but some of them were Jews, some Christians, some of other faiths. Nor were all these mathematicians Arabs, but for convenience we will call our topic "Arab mathematics". The regions from which the "Arab mathematicians" came was centered on Iran/Iraq but varied with military conquest during the period. At its greatest extent it stretched to the west through

73. Reviews AS Saidan, The works of Ibrahim ibn sinan, Kuwayt 1983, in Mathematical Reviews 86i01008.Kh. R. Morélon, thabit ibn Qurra. Oeuvres d astronomie. Paris 1987. http://www.math.uu.nl/people/hogend/reviews.html

Book reviews by Jan P. Hogendijk Book reviews in Dutch (recensies in het Nederlands) Book reviews in English Roshdi Rashed, Ahmed Djebbar, Aleppo: Institute for the History of Arabic Science 1981, in Zentralblatt der Mathematik J. Sesiano, Book IV to VII of Diophantus' Arithmetica in the Arabic translation attributed to Qusta ibn Luqa. New York etc. (Springer) 1982, in: Historia Mathematica H. Gericke, Mathematik in Antike und Orient , Berlin: Springer, 1984, in Centaurus Alireza Djafari Naini, , Braunschweig: Klose, 1982, in Historia Mathematica 12 (1985), 295-296, see also Mathematical Reviews Ali A. Al-Daffa and John J. Stroyls, Studies in the Exact Sciences in Medieval Islam , in: British Journal for the Philosophy of Science Sezgin, F, Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums. Band V: Mathematik bis ca. 430 H. Band VI. Astronomie bis ca. 430 H. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1974-8, in Mathematical Reviews Rashed, R, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 1984, in: Mathematical Reviews A.S. Saidan, The works of Ibrahim ibn Sinan, Kuwayt 1983, in

74. P. Luckey Bibliography ibn sinan (907-946) on thabit b. Qurra s Buch über die ebenen Sonnenuhren. http://www.math.uu.nl/people/hogend/lucbib.html

The same book will also contain a brief biography of Paul Luckey. Bibliography of C. Paul Luckey (1884-1949) Die Aufsuchung gewisser Gesetze nach graphischer Methode und die Verwendung des logarithmischen Koordinatenpapiers. ZmnU Kartesische Koordinaten. ZmnU Leipzig (Teubner) 1918. IV + 43 S. (Mathematisch-physikalische Bibliothek, Band 28). Zweite, verbesserte und vermehrte Auflage, IV + 60 S. 1925 (Besprechung: Jahresbericht DMV (1926), 71 kursiv.) Kriegsnomogramme. ZmnU Leipzig Berlin (Teubner) 1920. IV + 63 S. (Mathematisch-physikalische Bibliothek, Band 37). Ein Sonnenkompass . ZmnU Die Fluchtentafel im Dienste der Himmelskunde. Sirius Die Winkelmessung der Artilleristen. ZmnU Die Verstreckung (Anamorphose) und die nomographische Ordnung. ZaMM Nomographische Rechenhilfen zum Brechungsgesetz. ZmnU (1925), 262-267 (Kleine Mitteilung). (1926), 327-329 (Kleine Mitteilung). (1927), 155-158 (Kleine Mitteilung). Zur Geschichte der Nomographie. ZmnU Astronomische Nachrichten (1927), no. 5498, Sp. 17-46. Anschauliche Summierung der Quadratzahlen und Berechnung des Pyramideninhalts. ZmnU

75. Islam: El Poder De Las Mujeres - Capítulo 3 sinan, que decía día de Uhud,las mujeres se encontraban en la fortaleza de Hassan ibn thabit cuando un http://www.webislam.com/BEI/islam_poder_mujeres/islam_poder_mujeres_3.htm

Islam: El Poder De Las Mujeres Aisha Bewley Capítulo 3 La mujer política «Dijo ella: ¡Consejo de nobles! Dadme un dictamen sobre mi caso, no tomaré ninguna decisión hasta que os pronunciéis. Dijeron: Nosotros tenemos fuerza y también un ejército poderoso, pero tuya es la decisión, mira pues lo que vas a ordenar. Dijo: Cuando los reyes invaden una ciudad la devastan y humillan hasta a sus habitantes más poderosos. Así es como actúan. Voy a enviarles un regalo y esperaré lo que traigan de vuelta los mensajeros». Vemos que poseía claramente mejor juicio y discernimiento que sus consejeros. En primer lugar, acuerda enviar un presente a Suleyman para probarle y averiguar de este modo si es un rey mundano o un Profeta; lo que ilustra sobre su manera de enjuiciar y su sabiduría en tales asuntos. Más tarde, cuando visita a Suleyman y se encuentra delante de su propio trono, que había sido desplazado desde su palacio y disimulado, dice acerca de él, «Es muy

76. The Murder Of Sallam to him Abdullah b.`Atik; Mas`ud b. sinan; `Abdullah b Hassan b. thabit mentioningthe killing of Ka`b and Sallam on B. Qurayza; The Killing of Sallam ibn Abu l http://answering-islam.org.uk/Muhammad/Enemies/sallam.html

The Killing of Sallam Ibn Abu'l-Huqayq When the fight at the trench and the affair of the B. Qurayza were over, the matter of Sallam b. Abu'l-Huqayq known as Abu Rafi` came up in connexion with those who had collected the mixed tribes together against the apostle. Now Aus had killed Ka`b b. al-Ashraf before Uhud because of his enmity towards the apostle and because he instigated men against him, so Khazraj asked and obtained the apostle's permission to kill Sallam who was in Khaybar. Muhammad b. Muslim b. Shihab al-Zuhri from `Abdullah b. Ka`b b. Malik told me: One of the things which God did for His apostle was that these two tribes of the Ansar, Aus and Khazraj, competed the one with the other like two stallions: if Aus did anything to the apostle's advantage Khazraj would say, "They shall not have this superiority over us in the apostle's eyes and in Islam" and they would not rest until they could do something similar. If Khazraj did anything Aus would say the same. When Aus had killed Ka'b for his enmity towards the apostle, Khazraj used these words and asked themselves what man was as hostile to the apostle as Ka'b? And then they remembered Sallam, who was in Khaybar and asked and obtained the apostle's permission to kill him. We went out. Now `Abdullah b.`Atik had poor sight, and fell from the ladder and sprained his arm (729) severely, so we carried him until we brought him to one of their water channels and went into it. The people lit lamps and went in search of us in all directions until, despairing of finding us, they returned to their master and gathered round him as he was dying. We asked each other how we could know that the enemy of God was dead, and one of us volunteered to go and see; so off he went and mingled with the people. He said, "I found his wife and some Jews gathered round him. She had a lamp in her hand and was peering into his face and saying to them 'By God, I certainly heard the voice of `Abdullah b.`Atik. Then I decided I must be wrong and thought, "How can Ibn`Atik be in this country?"' Then she turned towards him, looking into his face, and said, 'By the God of the Jews he is dead!' Never have I heard sweeter words than those."

77. Free-Minds, A Place To Discover Islam Based On GOD Alone Humaydi 32. hypocrites 9. I. Ibrahim ibn sinan 68. ibn Babuwayh 1, 30, 36. ibnHanbal 32, 48, 55. Y. Yeats, YB 5, 73. Z. Zaid ibn thabit 29, 48. zakat 19. http://www.free-minds.org/books/kassim12.htm

[GERMAN] [ARABIC] HADITH A RE-EVALUATION By Kassim Ahmad TRANSLATOR'S NOTE AUTHOR'S PREFACE To the original edition - v AUTHOR'S PREFACE To this translation - vii FOREWORD By Prof. Hassan Hanafi of the University of Cairo - xi CHAPTER I Introduction: Why we raise this Problem - 1 CHAPTER II Refutation of the Traditionalist's Theory - 21 CHAPTER III Source, Basis and Effects of the Hadith - 50 CHAPTER IV Criticism of the Hadith - 76 CHAPTER V Conclusion: Return to Prophet Muhammad's Original Teaching the Quran -106 ADDENDUM A Scientific Methodology for Understanding the Quran - 126 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS INDEX INDEX A Abduh, Muhammad: 3, 11, 17, 78, 115, 123. Abraham: 20, 21, 22, 38, 70, 88. Abu Bakr: 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 42, 48.

78. Die Schrift Des Ibrahim B. Sinan B. Thabit über Die Translate this page Tübingen, 1941 AUTOR Ibrahim b. sinan b. thabit, ua VERLAG Risala fi l-hudut (DieAbhandlung über die Entstehung) von Sadr ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ibrahim as -S http://www.cumulonimbus.de/b-I/sesiltaT_miharbI.html

79. How To Remove Depression And Worries (www.islaam.org.uk) Suhaib ibn sinan alRomi related that Allah s Messenger (SAAS) said Anas ibn Malikand Zaid ibn thabit (radhiyAllahu anhum) related that the Prophet (SAAS) said http://www.sunnahonline.com/ilm/purification/0044.htm

Home Knowledge Purification of the Soul How to Remove Depression and Worries Shaykh Saleem al-Hilaalee hafidhahullaah Introduction Mankind comes across many afflictions and trials, sometimes in overwhelming sequences. Removing the darkness of these worries, distresses, depression and grief is a very important matter to which Islaam gives serious attention... Indeed the greatest darkness to envelope mankind and surely his greatest affliction is disbelief in Allah and to associate partners with Him in any form (kufr and shirk). Allah is the Protector of those who have faith He will lead them from the depths of darkness into light. . As for those who disbelieve, their patrons are the devils: from light they will lead them forth into the depths of darkness. They will be companions of the fire, to dwell therein (for ever). AL-BAQARAH 2.257 Whereby Allah guides him who seeks His good pleasure to paths of peace and safety. He brings them out of darkness unto light by His decree, and guides them unto a straight path. AL-MAAIDAH 5.016

80. Science -- Rashed 297 (5582): 773 Scholars such as Banu Musa, thabit ibn Qurra, Ibrahim ibn sinan, alQuhi (1), andibn Sahl measured curved surfaces and solids, invented new geometrical methods http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/297/5582/773

Science , Vol 297, Issue 5582, 773 , 2 August 2002 Summary of this Article PDF Version of this Article dEbates: Submit a response to this article Download to Citation Manager Alert me when: new articles cite this article Search for similar articles in: Science Online ISI Web of Science PubMed Search Medline for articles by: Rashed, R. This article appears in the following Subject Collections: Essays Physics, Applied [DOI: 10.1126/science.1074591] Previous Article Table of Contents Next ... Article Also see the archival list of the Essays on Science and Society. PORTRAITS OF SCIENCE: A Polymath in the 10th Century Roshdi Rashed Ibn al-Haytham (10 to 11th century A.D.) T he turn of the first millennium was a time of intense research in mathematics, physics, and astronomy. One scientist active and productive in all of these fields was Ibn al-Haytham, called by his successors of the 12th century "Ptolemy the Second." Ibn al-Haytham, also known as Alhazen (the Latin transliteration of his first name al-Hasan), was born in Iraq, most likely in Bassorah, in the second half of the 10th century. He arrived in Cairo under the reign of Fatimid Caliph al-Hakim, a patron of the sciences who was particularly interested in astronomy. Ibn al-Haytham proposed to the Caliph a hydraulic project to control the flow of the Nilean early Aswan dam. The Caliph refused, but al-Haytham continued to live in Cairo, in the neighborhood of the famous University of al-Azhar, until his death after 1040.

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