21. 7. Derniers Publications p.898 ; sinan ibn thabit, p.902. GUERGOUR, Y. Ibn Qunfudh, p.428. http://www.ashm.ass.dz/cahier8f/derpub8f.htm

7. Derniers publications 7 . 1. HELAINE SELIN : Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medecine in Non-Western Cultures (Encylclopédie d’Histoire de la Sciences, de la Technologie et de Médecine dans les cultures non occidentales), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/ Boston/ London, 1997, 1117p. Les Articles suivants traitent de l’histoire des mathématiques arabes : BRENTJES, S. : Elements-Reception of Euclid’s Elements in the Arabic World, p.277 ; al-Jawhari, p.470 ; al- Nayrizi, p.776. DJEBBAR, A. : Combinatorics in Islamic Mathematics, p.230 ; Ibn al-Yasamin, p.414 ; Ibn Muncim, p.427 ; Mathematics of Africa : the Maghreb, p.613, al-Qalasadi, p.830. DOLD-SAMPLONIUS, Y. : Abu’l-Wafa, p.8 ; al-Mahani, p.544 ; al-Quhi, p.837 ; al-Sijzi, p.898 ; Sinan ibn Thabit, p.902. GUERGOUR, Y. : Ibn Qunfudh, p.428. HOGENDIJK, J.P. : Abu Jaafr al-Khazin, p.3 ; Conics, p.235 ; Mathematics in Islam, p.437 ; al-Mu’taman ibn Hud, p.753 ; Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi, p.894 ; Yaaqub ibn Tariq, p.1044. KING, D.A. : Astronomical Instruments in the Islamic World, p.86

22. History 935 B.C. philosophy. . Author References Ibrahim, ibn sinan ibn thabitibn Qurra http//www.cwi.nl/~keesh/Iran/Maths/qurra.htm. Mac http://faculty.oxy.edu/jquinn/home/Math490/Timeline/935BC.html

935 B.C. At the age of twenty-seven, Ibrahim ibn Sinan, was the only known mathematician in the year 935 BC. He was born in the city of Baghdad in 908 BC, where he also died at the age of thirty-eight. Ibrahim ibn Sinan’s interests were in geometry, especially tangents to circles, astronomy, and mathematical philosophy. He also wrote several books on geometry, including On Drawing the Three Conic Sections , which explains the constructions of the ellipse, hyperbola, and parabola. By studying the geometry of the shadows of the sun, Sinan tried to describe what he thought was the motion of the sun. The most famous work of Ibrahim ibn Sinan was the quadrature of the parabola. From this problem, Sinan developed a method of integration that was more general than the previously defined technique by Archimedes. His book, On the Measurement of the Parabola , introduces a theorem that states that the area of a segment of a parabola is four-thirds times the area of the triangle inscribed in that parabola. Ibrahim ibn Sinan translated many Greek mathematical and philosophical works. Because of his work in mathematical philosophy, he has been labeled the "foremost Arab mathematician to treat mathematical philosophy." Author References: Ibrahim, ibn Sinan ibn Thabit ibn Qurra

23. Ibrahim ibn sinan ibn thabit ibn Qurra Ibrahim. Ibrahim ibn Sinan was a grandson of Thabitibn Qurra and studied geometry and in particular tangents to circles. http://intranet.woodvillehs.sa.edu.au/pages/resources/maths/History/~DZ5460.htm

ibn Sinan ibn Thabit ibn Qurra Ibrahim Born: 908 in Baghdad, (now in Iraq) Died: 946 in Baghdad, (now in Iraq) Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Welcome page Ibrahim ibn Sinan was a grandson of Thabit ibn Qurra and studied geometry and in particular tangents to circles. He also studied the apparent motion of the Sun and the geometry of shadows. His most important work was on the quadrature of the parabola where he introduced a method of integration more general than that of Archimedes . Ibrahim is also considered the foremost Arab mathematician to treat mathematical philosophy. Among Ibrahim ibn Sinan's works are On drawing the three conic sections in which he constructs the ellipse, the parabola and the hyperbola. In On the measurement of the parabola Ibrahim ibn Sinan proves that the area of a segment of the parabola is four-thirds of the area of the inscribed triangle. Another work is On the method of analysis and synthesis, and the other procedures in geometrical problems which contains many easy examples in contrast to The selected problems in which 41 difficult geometrical problems are solved.

24. References For Ibrahim References for ibn sinan ibn thabit ibn Qurra Ibrahim. Biography inDictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 19701990). Books http://intranet.woodvillehs.sa.edu.au/pages/resources/maths/History/~DZ712.htm

References for ibn Sinan ibn Thabit ibn Qurra Ibrahim Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990). Books: A S Saidan (ed.), Ibrahi m ibn Sinan The works of Ibrahi m ibn Sinan (Arabic) ( Kuwait, 1983). Articles: S A Krasnova, Notes on the 'Book on the construction of three conic cross-sections' by Ibrahim ibn Sinan (Russian), Istor.-Mat. Issled. B A Rozenfel'd and M M Rozanskaja, Geometric transformations and change of variables in the writings of Ibrahim ibn Sinan (Russian), in History and Methodology of Natural Sciences IX : Mechanics, Mathematics (Moscow, 1970), 178-181. Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences Close this window or click this link to go back to Ibrahim Welcome page Biographies Index History Topics Index Famous curves index ... Search Suggestions JOC/EFR December 1996 The URL of this page is: http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/References/Ibrahim.html

25. Islam Online- Health & Science Section ibn `Ali AlJarrah11, the minister of Al-Muqtadir, to sinan ibn thabit, who wasdistinguished in Arab medicine and embraced Islam at the hands of Al-Qahir. http://www.islamonline.net/English/Science/2004/04/article02.shtml

Home About Us Media Kit Contact Us ... Your Mail Search Advanced Search News People Against Prisoner Abuse The World in Pictures ... Muslim Heritage Discover Islam Introducing Islam Ask about Islam Contemporary Issues My Journey to Islam ... Qur'an Fatwa Fatwa Bank Ask the Scholar Live Fatwa Counseling Cyber Counselor Directories Site Directory Islamic Society Islamic Banks TV Channels ... Telephone Code Services Prayer Times Matrimonial Date Converter Calendar ... E-Cards Newsletter Enter your E-mail The Origin of Bimaristans in Islamic Medical History By Sharif Kaf Al-Ghazal, MD The first proper Bimaristan built in Islam was in Damascus by Al-Waleed ibn `Abdul-Malik in 86 Hijri (707 A.D.). With the dawn of Islam on the Bedouin, nomadic tribes of the Arabian Peninsula came an enlightenment, not only strictly spiritual in nature, but also with cultural, educational and scientific connotations. Among the fruits of this enlightenment was the eventual establishment of huge health facilities that, among other things, played an important educational role amongst physicians of the age. The first bimaristan, as these establishments were called, was built in

26. Islam Online - Services (Fatwa) So the caliph sent the famous doctor Thabit ibn sinan ibn thabit ibnQurrah to treat him in jail, and he urged him to treat him well. http://www.islamonline.net/fatwaapplication/english/display.asp?hFatwaID=104698

27. Publications: 1970—1980) the contributions on alJayyani (in coll. with H. Hermelink),al-Khazin, al-Mahani, sinan ibn thabit, al-Quhi, al-Sijzi. http://www.iwr.uni-heidelberg.de/~Yvonne.Dold-Samplonius/YDoldPublications.html

"Die Konstruktion des regelmäßigen Siebenecks nach Abu Sahl al-Quhi Waijam ibn Rustam". Janus "Die Handschriften der Amsterdamer mathematischen Gesellschaft". Janus "Archimedes. Einander berührende Kreise". Sudhoffs Archiv "Archimedes. Über einander berührende Kreise ". Archimedes Opera Omnia, Band IV. In collaboration with Heinrich Hermelink and Matthias Schramm. (Stuttgart, Teubner, 1975). Book of Assumptions by Aqatun (PhD Thesis Amsterdam, 1977). "Some Remarks on the Book of Assumptions by Aqatun". Journal History of Arabic Science "On al-Khwarizmi’s algebraical equation case IV, ". (Russian) Commemoration Volume for the 1200th Anniversary of Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi "The Solution of Quadratic Equations according to al-Samaw’al". "Developments in the Solution to the Equation from al-Khwarizmi to Fibonacci". From Deferent to Equant: A Volume of Studies in the History of Science in the Ancient and Medieval Near East in Honor of E.S. Kennedy "The Evolution in the Solution to the Quadratic Equation as Seen in the Work of al-Samaw’al".

28. The Sabians Of Harran mode of dress was wearing of short gowns and who had long hair with side bands (ringlets)like the long hair of Qurrah, the grandfather of sinan ibn thabit. http://www.geocities.com/mandaeans/Sabians6.html

ASUTA The Journal for the Study and Research into the Mandaean Culture, Religion, and Language. Volume 5 Special Issue Online edition Sabians, Sabaeans, or Sabeans Sabaeans of Harran The city of Harran was founded around 2000 BC as a merchant outpost of Ur, situated on the major trade route across northern Mesopotamia . The name comes from the Sumerian and Akkadian "Harran-U", meaning "journey", "caravan", or "crossroad" Figure #8 Harran For centuries it was a prominent Assyrian city, known for its Temple of Sin, the Moon God Figure #10 Harran Figure #9 Harran The theology of the Harranians can be divided into three periods. The first is the Assyrian-Babylonian period from about 2000 BC up to the beginning of the Christian era. During this time Sin was the supreme deity. The second period can be noted as being from the beginning of the Christian era to the Islamic period. During this time the Harranians still clung to their belief in Sin and appear to have expanded into various sects. The third period begins in the 10th century AD. This time period gives us a wealth of information on the Harranians. Not only do the Harranians retain Sin, but also they now claim to have been descended of Abraham and note Adam among their ancestors. The Assyrian Babylonian Period The religion of the ancient Mesopotamian people left its mark on the entire Middle East. The literature, cosmogony and rituals influenced the major religious ideas today of Judeo-Christian-Islamic tradition. Archaeologists are reconstructing the religious world of Mesopotamia through the ancient these ancient temples, ziggurats, and the cuneiform writings of hymns, myths, lamentations, and incantations.

29. Al-Mahani: References George Saliba, Risala Ibrahim ibn sinan ibn thabit ibn Qurra fi alma`ani allatiistakhrajaha fi al-handasa wa-l-nujum, in Wadad al-Qadi ed., Studia Arabica et http://www.math.ruu.nl/people/hogend/mahani-ref.html

General References DSB = C. G. Gillispie (ed.), Dictionary of Scientific Biography , New York, Scribner's Sons, 1970-1986, 16 vols. GAS = F. Sezgin, Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums , Vol. 5: Mathematik bis ca. 430 H., Vol. 6, Astronomie bis ca. 430 H., Leiden: Brill, 1974, 1978. MR = Rosenfeld, B. A. and Matvievskaya, G. P. Matematiki i astronomi musulmanskogo srednevekovya i ikh trudi (VII-XVII vv) , 3 vols. Moscow: Nauk, 1983. QZ = Ghorbani, Abu'l-Qasim. [in Persian]. Tehran: Presses Universitaires de l'Iran, ca. 1995. Ibn al-Nadim, Kitab al-Fihrist li-l-Nadim , ed. Reza-Tajaddud, Tehran 1350 A.H. (solar) Ibn al-Qifti, Ta`rikh al-Hukama' , ed. J. Lippert, Leipzig 1903. Krause, Max. Stambuler Handschriften islamischer Mathematiker. Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte der Mathematik, Astronomie und Physik Abteilung B: Studien, 3 (1936), 437-532. References specific to al-Mahani Ben Miled, Marouane, Les commentaires d'al-Mahani et d'un anonyme du Livre X des d'Euclide (French). Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 9 (1999) no. 1, pp. 4, 6, 89-156.

30. Efficient Hospitals Medina. sinan ibn thabit, a Christian succeeded him as the superintendentof these hospitals. He himself set up a new hospital in 914. http://irfi.org/Islamic Articles Folder/Islamic Hospital.htm

In the name of Allah the most Beneficent, the Most Merciful Efficient Hospitals: Islamic Medicine’s Contribution to Modern Medicine By Dr. Ibrahim B. Syed, Ph.D Clinical Professor of Medicine University of Louisville School of Medicine Louisville, KY 40292 and President, Islamic Research Foundation International , Inc 7102 W. Shefford Lane Louisville, KY 40242-6462 Phone: (502) 894-6262 FAX: (502) 894-6935 E-Mail: IRFI@INAME.COM Website: http://www.irfi.org A B S T R A C T " Hospital" is derived from the Latin "hospitium"- a guest, because the institutions were first designed for the reception of pilgrims, wayfarers, and the infirm. In the West almost all were established by the Church. In the Muslim world they are known as "bimaristans." Many great hospitals were built by rulers or by private individuals throughout the Islamic World. Hospitals were either constructed for a particular physician, or later put under the direction of a particularly eminent doctor. Key Words: Bimaristan, Music therapy, and famous hospitals, Efficient Hospitals, Islamic medical therapy techniques, Prophetic traditions.

31. MEDICINE AND MEDICAL EDUCATION IN ISLAMIC HISTORY Thereupon he ordered his chief physician, sinan ibn thabit bin Qurrahto examine all those who practiced the art of healing. In http://irfi.org/Islamic Articles Folder/medicine_and_medical_education_i.htm

In the name of Allah the most Beneficent, the Most Merciful MEDICINE AND MEDICAL EDUCATION IN ISLAMIC HISTORY By Dr. Ibrahim B. Syed, Ph.D Clinical Professor of Medicine University of Louisville School of Medicine Louisville, KY 40292 and President, Islamic Research Foundation International , Inc 7102 W. Shefford Lane Louisville, KY 40242-6462 Phone: (502) 894-6262 FAX: (502) 894-6935 E-Mail: IRFI@INAME.COM Website: http://www.irfi.org MEDICAL EDUCATION HOSPITALS BACTERIOLOGY ... PSYCHOTHERAPY MEDICAL EDUCATION Razi (Razes: 841-926 A.D.) advised the medical students that while they examine a patient, they should bear in mind the classic symptoms of a disease as given in textbooks and compare them with what they found". The ablest physicians such as Razi (Al-Razes), Ibn-Sina (Avicenna: $80-1037 A.D.) and Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar: 116 A.D.) worked both as the directors and the deans of medical schools. They studied patients and prepared them for student presentation. Clinical reports of cases were written and preserved for teaching," and regular registers were maintained. Training in Basic Science Only Jundi-Shapur or Baghdad had separate schools for studying basic sciences. Candidates for medical study received basic preparation from private tutors through private lectures and self study. in Baghdad anatomy was taught by dissecting the apes, observing skeletal studies, and studying didactics. Other medical schools taught anatomy through lectures and illustrations. Alchemy was one of the prerequisites for admission to a medical school. The study of medicinal herbs and pharmacognosy rounded off the basic training. A number of hospitals maintained herbal gardens as a source of drugs for the patients and a means of instruction for the students.

32. Mathem_abbrev Severi, Francesco Siacci, Francesco Sierpinski, Waclaw Siguenza, Carlos Sijzi,Abu al Simplicius, Simplicius Simson, Robert sinan ibn thabit Smale, Stephen http://www.pbcc.cc.fl.us/faculty/domnitcj/mgf1107/mathrep1.htm

Mathematician Report Index Below is a list of mathematicians. You may choose from this list or report on a mathematician not listed here. In either case, you must discuss with me the mathematician you have chosen prior to starting your report. No two students may write a report on the same mathematician. I would advise you to go to the library before choosing your topic as there might not be much information on the mathematician you have chosen. Also, you should determine the topic early in the term so that you can "lock-in" your report topic!! The report must include: 1. The name of the mathematician. 2. The years the mathematician was alive. 3. A biography. 4. The mathematician's major contribution(s) to mathematics and an explanation of the importance. 5. A historical perspective during the time the mathematician was alive. Some suggestions on the historical perspective might be: (a) Any wars etc. (b) Scientific breakthroughs of the time (c) Major discoveries of the time (d) How did this mathematician change history etc.

33. À§´ëÇѼöÇÐÀÚ ¸ñ·Ï Ibrahim, ibn sinan ibn thabit ibn Qurra Ibrahim Born 908 in Baghdad, (now in Iraq)Died 946 in Baghdad, (now in Iraq) Ingham, Albert Edward Ingham Born 3 http://www.mathnet.or.kr/API/?MIval=people_seek_great&init=I

34. History Of Mathematics: Chronology Of Mathematicians c. 897, dc 922) *SB 900. Sridhara (c. 900); Ahmad ibn Yusuf (fl. c. 900905)*SB; Ibrahim ibn sinan ibn thabit ibn Qurra (909-946) *SB; Manjula (c. 930); http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/mathhist/chronology.html

Chronological List of Mathematicians Note: there are also a chronological lists of mathematical works and mathematics for China , and chronological lists of mathematicians for the Arabic sphere Europe Greece India , and Japan Table of Contents 1700 B.C.E. 100 B.C.E. 1 C.E. To return to this table of contents from below, just click on the years that appear in the headers. Footnotes (*MT, *MT, *RB, *W, *SB) are explained below List of Mathematicians 1700 B.C.E. Ahmes (c. 1650 B.C.E.) *MT 700 B.C.E. Baudhayana (c. 700) 600 B.C.E. Thales of Miletus (c. 630-c 550) *MT Apastamba (c. 600) Anaximander of Miletus (c. 610-c. 547) *SB Pythagoras of Samos (c. 570-c. 490) *SB *MT Anaximenes of Miletus (fl. 546) *SB Cleostratus of Tenedos (c. 520) 500 B.C.E. Katyayana (c. 500) Nabu-rimanni (c. 490) Kidinu (c. 480) Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (c. 500-c. 428) *SB *MT Zeno of Elea (c. 490-c. 430) *MT Antiphon of Rhamnos (the Sophist) (c. 480-411) *SB *MT Oenopides of Chios (c. 450?) *SB Leucippus (c. 450) *SB *MT Hippocrates of Chios (fl. c. 440) *SB Meton (c. 430) *SB

35. Islam Set - Responsibility Of Doctors As Viewed By Jurists AlUlama bi Akhbar AlHukama , 130, by Imam al Qifti, it was stated that Al-Muqtadirthe Abbasid Caliph, ordered his physician sinan ibn thabit Ibn Qurra Al http://www.islamset.com/bioethics/vision/dr_mstantawi1.html

Home Islamic Bioethics Vision of some Medical Practices Medical Jurisprudence Third Symposium on "The Islamic Vision of Some Medical Practices" Held from 18-21 April, 1987 A.D. RESPONSIBILITY OF DOCTORS AS VIEWED BY JURISTS His Eminence Dr. Muhammad Sayed Tantawi Mufti of Egypt 1. Responsibilities vary in importance and gravity according to impacts and results. It is indisputable that the responsibility shouldered by doctors is considered the greatest, because they are the guardians of souls and bodies of people, and because people are cured, God willing, from the most incurable and severest diseases through them. Any error or neglect on their part may lead to delay in recovery, or to ruin and death. 2. The medical profession strikes deep roots along thousands of years, as man, at any time and in any place, seeks to be cured of diseases and may sacrifice all his property in pursuit of recovery. Therefore, health is a matchless blessing whose value is not perfectly known except by those who suffer the agonies of disease. The honourable Hadith says: "There are two blessings which many people lose: (they are) Health and free time for doing good".

36. HOSPITALS IN MEDIAEVAL ISLAMThe Muslims public welfare activities. sinan ibn thabit Ibn Qurra an eminentphysician was the InspectorGeneral of Health. The outbreak of http://members.tripod.com/~salems2/hospitals_in_mediaeval_islam.htm

var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "tripod.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" HOSPITALS IN MEDIAEVAL ISLAM Early period Even before the anvent of Islam, Haris Ibn Kalda, ·a resident of Taif who had mastered medical science was welcomed in the court of the Persian emperor, Nausherwan, the Just. His son, Nasir Ibn Haris, earned an even greater reputation than his father as a physician and was instrumental in popularising medical science in early Islamic Arabia. Hazrat Omar, the second Caliph of Islam despatched a company of physicians along with the Arab army bound for Persia. The Omayyad Caliphate represents a period of consolidation and proper organisation of Muslim resources. The third Omayyad Caliph, Walid Ibn Abdul Malik, who took much interest in public works, founded an institute for blind and disabled persons. He established the first medical dispensary in Islam in 88 A. H. and staffed it with a number of able physicians and surgeons. Soon afterwards dozens of small dispensaries sprang up all over the vast Omayyad empire. Abbasids The maintenance of efficiency and high standards in the medical profession was also looked after. As early as the days of Mamun and Mutasim, pharmacists- had to pass a sort of proficiency test, before starting their practice.

37. Islamic Medicine: 1000 Years Ahead Of Its Times and 24 consultants attending its professional activities, An Abbasid minister,Ali ibn Isa, requested the court physician, sinan ibn thabit, to organize http://www.islamfortoday.com/athar04.htm

About this Site Basic Islamic Beliefs What's New Muslims Today ... Search this site Islamic Medicine: 1000 years ahead of its times by Ibrahim B. Syed. Edited by Shahid Athar, M. D. INTRODUCTION Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) who is ranked number one by Michael Hart, a Jewish scholar, in his book The 100: The Most Influential Persons in History, was able to unite the Arab tribes who had been tom by revenge, rivalry, and internal fights, and produced a strong nation acquired and ruled simultaneously, the two known empires at that time, namely the Persian and Byzantine Empires. The Islamic Empire extended from the Atlantic Ocean on the West to the borders of China on the East. Only 80 years after the death of their Prophet, the Muslims crossed to Europe to rule Spain for more than 700 years. The Muslims preserved the cultures of the conquered lands. However when the Islamic Empire became weak, most of the Islamic contributions in an and science were destroyed. The Mongols bunt Baghdad (1258 A.D.) out of barbarism, and the Spaniards demolished most of the Islamic heritage in Spain out of hatred. The aim of this paper is to prove that the Islamic Medicine was 1000 years ahead of its times. The paper covers areas such as medical education, hospitals, bacteriology, medicine, anesthesia, surgery, ophthalmology, pharmacy, and psychotherapy.

38. The Time Of Al-razi lost work on the triangles and Galen s De simlicium temperamentis et facultatibus. That the first translation was revised by sinan ibn thabit ibn Qurra (qv http://www.islamtomorrow.com/science/Arabic (or Islamic) Influence On the Histor

History of Islamic Science 3 Based on the book Introduction to the History of Science by George Sarton (provided with photos and portraits) Edited and prepared by Prof. Hamed A. Ead These pages are edited by Prof. Hamed Abdel-reheem Ead, Professor of Chemistry at the Faculty of Science -University of Cairo, Giza, Egypt and director of the Science Heritage Center E-mail: ead@frcu.eun.eg Web site: http://www.frcu.eun.eg/www/universities/html/shc/index.htm Back to Islamic Alchemy Back to reference library The Time of Al-Razi Second Half of Ninth Century The whole ninth century was essentially a Muslim century. This more clear in the second half than of the first, since all the scientific leaders were Muslims, or at any rate were working with and for Muslims and wrote in Arabic. Cultural Background Abbasid Caliph Al-Mutawakkil (847-861) continued to protect men of science, chiefly the physicians, and he encouraged the school of translators headed by Hunain ibn Ishaq. Da ud al-Zahiri founded a new school of theology, based upon a more literal interpretation of the Qur'an; however, did not survive very long. Muslim published a new collection of traditions, arranged according to legal topics, like Bukhari's, but more theoretical. The Egyptian Dhul-Nun is generally considered the founder of Sufism, that is, of Muslim mysticism.

39. The Jew In The Medieval Islamic City Isa (d. 946) to his chief medical officer sinan ibn thabit to admit dhimmis as wellas Muslims to the great Bimaristan (hospital) of Baghdad was exceptional. http://www.inform.umd.edu/hist/Faculty/BCooperman/City/Stillman.html

Home Grading and Requirements Lecture and ... Extra Credit Norman A. Stillman, "The Jew in the Medieval Islamic City" Islam is and from its earliest days on the scene of world history has been first and foremost an urban civilization, although as the late Samuel M. Stern has pointed out, "this statement . . . is somewhat devoid of meaning; for all civilizations—or let us be cautious and put it thus most civilizations are urban civilizations." (If Stern was exaggerating a bit here, it was to bring home a valid point.) Be that as it may, the Muslim Arab conquests of the seventh and early eighth centuries were followed almost immediately by a veritable wave of urbanization, the like of which the world west of India had not seen since Greco-Roman times. Western Europe would experience no such burgeoning of cities and towns for another four or five centuries. As a result of the Islamic conquests, the majority of Jews living in the world at that time came under Arab rule. During this period of urbanization, the Jews particularly in their great demographic center of Bavel, which now became Arab Iraq completed the transition that had already begun in talmudic times from an agrarian to a cosmopolitan way of life. Within the cities of the Muslim empire, Jews not only took part in creating the new and vibrant civilization that we call "medieval Islam," but also developed a flourishing Jewish culture along parallel lines. For it was during the Islamic High Middle Ages (ca. 850-1250) that the Babylonian Talmud gradually became the constitutional foundation of Diaspora Judaism, the synagogue service and the prayerbook text took on their familiar form, Jewish theology was systematized, Jewish law codified, and Hebrew language and literature enjoyed their greatest revival prior to their rebirth in modern times.

40. Saudi Aramco World : Science:The Islamic Legacy: Science In The Golden Age His son, Ibrahim ibn sinan ibn thabit, was also a prominent scientist,perhaps better known as, an instrument maker. When Ibrahim http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198203/science.the.islamic.legacy-science.

May/June 1982 Volume 33, Number 3 May/June 1982 Volume 33, Number 3 Science:The Islamic Legacy Science in the Golden Age Written by Paul Lunde Illustrated by Michael Grimsdale Additional illustrations courtesy of Bodleian Library Towards the end of the 10th century, Ibn al-Nadim, son of a Baghdad , bookseller and boon companion of Abbasid caliphs, compiled an annotated bibliography of books that had passed through his hands during the course of his long and active life. The sheer number of books that he lists, to say nothing of the range of their subject matter, is astonishing: Aristotle appears beside Sindbad the Sailor, Euclid beside the stories of Goha, Plato beside the poems of'Antar ibn Shad-dad. The most striking feature of Ibn al-Nadim's catalog, however, is the number of books dealing with science. In a chapter entitled The Reason Why Books on Philosophy and Other Ancient Sciences Became Plentiful in This Country, Ibn al-Nadim relates a strange story of how Aristotle appeared in a dream to the Caliph al-Ma'mun and assured him that there was no conflict between reason and revelation. Thus reassured, al-Ma'mun set about obtaining the works of the Greek philosophers, the first step toward founding the famous House of Wisdom, a center for the translation of Greek scientific works into Arabic. Ibn al-Nadim told the story this way: This dream was one of the most definite reasons for the output of books. Between al-Ma'mun and the Byzantine emperor there was correspondence ... so al-Ma'mun wrote to the Byzantine emperor asking his permission to obtain a selection of old scientific manuscripts, stored and treasured in the country of the Byzantines. After first refusing, he finally complied, and al-Ma'mun sent forth a number of scholars, among them al-Hajjaj ibn Matar, Ibn al-Batrik, Salman, the director of the House of Wisdom and many others. They selected books from those they found and brought them back to al-Ma'mun, who ordered them to prepare translations of them.

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