1. Arabic Numerals Ibrahim ibn sinan ibn thabit ibn Qurra ( 908946) who introduced a method of integration in studying the work was a continuation of his grandfather's (Thabit ibn Qurra) research work http://www.arabicnumerals.cwc.net/

By M Erhayiem The IBM World Book Encyclopaedia raises the question as how the Arabic Numerals originated (!?) as appeared in an article contributed by Nadine L. Verderber, Ph.D., Prof. of Mathematics, Southern Illinois Univ., Edwardsville. The article states, as such, "Scholars do not know how Arabic numerals originated." "The Hindus developed the zero sometime after A.D. 600." The World Book Multimedia Encyclopaedia has largely ignored the work of the Scientists during the Islamic and the Arabic medieval era. The contributions of the Muslims and Arabs in the field of Mathematics were very significant. The great Harvard historian of science, Professor George Sarton wrote in his monumental Introduction to the History of Science[4]: "From the second half of the 8th to the end of the 11th century, Arabic was the scientific, the progressive language of mankind... When the West was sufficiently mature to feel the need of deeper knowledge, it turned its attention, first of all, not to the Greek sources, but to the Arabic ones." O'Connor and Robertson[2] published various articles about the contribution of those forgotten brilliance. Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khawarizmi Yaqub ibn Ishaq al-Kindi (801-873 A.D.), a Philosopher and Mathematician, who wrote many works on arithmetic, including: the numbers, relative quantities, measuring proportion and time, and numerical procedures. He also wrote on space and time.

2. Sinan Abu Said sinan ibn thabit ibn Qurra. sinan ibn thabit ibn Qurra wasthe son of Thabit ibn Qurra and the father of Ibrahim ibn Sinan. http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Sinan.html

Abu Said Sinan ibn Thabit ibn Qurra Born: about 880 Died: 943 in Baghdad, (now in Iraq) Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Sinan ibn Thabit ibn Qurra was the son of Thabit ibn Qurra and the father of Ibrahim ibn Sinan . Although Sinan was extremely eminent in medicine his contributions to mathematics were somewhat less major but he still deserves a place in this archive as a contributor to mathematics in this remarkable family of scholars. Thabit ibn Qurra , Sinan's father, was a member of the Sabian sect. The Sabian religious sect were star worshippers from Harran. Of course being worshipers of the stars meant that there was strong motivation for the study of astronomy and the sect produced many quality astronomers and mathematicians such as Thabit himself. Sinan was trained in medicine, a topic which his father had studied in Baghdad. His father's patron was the Caliph, al-Mu'tadid, one of the greatest of the 'Abbasid caliphs, and Sinan was brought up at the court where his father held the role of court astronomer. Sinan's father Thabit died in 901 and the caliph al-Mu'tadid died the following year. Al-Mu'tadid had shown great skill in playing the various factions off against each other during his period of power but after his troops were defeated by the Qarmatians, a schismatic sect and political movement. Historians argue whether al-Mu'tadid was poisoned in a palace intrigue, but even if he was not this is an indication of the atmosphere in the court where Sinan lived. By this time Sinan was a man of about 22 years of age but, despite having great medical skills, he seems to have held no positions at this time.

3. Ibrahim Biography of Ibrahim ibn Sinan (908946) Ibrahim ibn sinan ibn thabit ibn Qurra. Born 908 in Baghdad, (now in Iraq) Ibrahim ibn Sinan was a grandson of Thabit ibn Qurra and studied geometry http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Ibrahim.html

Ibrahim ibn Sinan ibn Thabit ibn Qurra Born: 908 in Baghdad, (now in Iraq) Died: 946 in Baghdad, (now in Iraq) Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Ibrahim ibn Sinan was a grandson of Thabit ibn Qurra and studied geometry and in particular tangents to circles. He also studied the apparent motion of the Sun and the geometry of shadows. There is no doubt that had he not died at the young age of thirty-eight, he would have achieved a degree of fame for his mathematical works going even beyond the opinion of Sezgin (see [5] and [6]) that he was:- ... one of the most important mathematicians in the medieval Islamic world. Perhaps his early death robbed him of the chance to make a contribution even more important than that of his famous grandfather. Ibrahim's most important work was on the quadrature of the parabola where he introduced a method of integration more general than that of Archimedes . His grandfather Thabit ibn Qurra had started to view integration in a different way to Archimedes but Ibrahim realised that al-Mahani had made improvements on what his father had achieved. To Ibrahim it was unacceptable that (see for example [1]):-

4. Ibrahim Ibrahim ibn sinan ibn thabit ibn Qurra. Ibrahim ibn Sinan was a grandson of Thabitibn Qurra and studied geometry and in particular tangents to circles. http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Ibrahim.html

Ibrahim ibn Sinan ibn Thabit ibn Qurra Born: 908 in Baghdad, (now in Iraq) Died: 946 in Baghdad, (now in Iraq) Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Ibrahim ibn Sinan was a grandson of Thabit ibn Qurra and studied geometry and in particular tangents to circles. He also studied the apparent motion of the Sun and the geometry of shadows. There is no doubt that had he not died at the young age of thirty-eight, he would have achieved a degree of fame for his mathematical works going even beyond the opinion of Sezgin (see [5] and [6]) that he was:- ... one of the most important mathematicians in the medieval Islamic world. Perhaps his early death robbed him of the chance to make a contribution even more important than that of his famous grandfather. Ibrahim's most important work was on the quadrature of the parabola where he introduced a method of integration more general than that of Archimedes . His grandfather Thabit ibn Qurra had started to view integration in a different way to Archimedes but Ibrahim realised that al-Mahani had made improvements on what his father had achieved. To Ibrahim it was unacceptable that (see for example [1]):-

5. Thabit Biography of Thabit (836901) His son, sinan ibn thabit, and his grandson Ibrahim ibn sinan ibn thabit, both were eminent http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Thabit.html

Al-Sabi Thabit ibn Qurra al-Harrani Born: 826 in Harran, Mesopotamia (now Turkey) Died: 18 Feb 901 in Baghdad, (now in Iraq) Click the picture above to see a larger version Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Thabit ibn Qurra was a native of Harran and a member of the Sabian sect. The Sabian religious sect were star worshippers from Harran often confused with the Mandaeans (as they are in [1]). Of course being worshipers of the stars meant that there was strong motivation for the study of astronomy and the sect produced many quality astronomers and mathematicians. The sect, with strong Greek connections, had in earlier times adopted Greek culture, and it was common for members to speak Greek although after the conquest of the Sabians by Islam, they became Arabic speakers. There was another language spoken in southeastern Turkey, namely Syriac, which was based on the East Aramaic dialect of Edessa. This language was Thabit ibn Qurra's native language, but he was fluent in both Greek and Arabic. Some accounts say that Thabit was a money changer as a young man. This is quite possible but some historians do not agree. Certainly he inherited a large family fortune and must have come from a family of high standing in the community.

6. Thabit Ibn Qurra --  Encyclopædia Britannica More results . 4 web sites, chosen by Britannica editors for our Internet Guide. , Ibrahim ibn sinan ibn thabit ibn Qurra University of St.Andrews, Scotland http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=73767

7. The Time Of Al-razi IBRAHIM IBN SINAN. Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn sinan ibn thabit ibn Qurra. Born in 9089, died in Grandson of Thabit ibn Qurra (q. v. second half of ninth century http://www.levity.com/alchemy/islam15.html

History of Islamic Science 4 Based on the book Introduction to the History of Science by George Sarton (provided with photos and portraits) Edited and prepared by Prof. Hamed A. Ead These pages are edited by Prof. Hamed Abdel-reheem Ead, Professor of Chemistry at the Faculty of Science -University of Cairo, Giza, Egypt and director of the Science Heritage Center E-mail: ead@frcu.eun.eg Web site: http://www.frcu.eun.eg/www/universities/html/hamed2.htm Back to Islamic Alchemy The Time of Al-Mas'udi First Half of Tenth Century The overwhelming superiority of Muslim culture continued to be felt throughout the tenth century. Indeed, it was felt more strongly than over, not only the foremost men of science were Muslims, but also because cultural influences are essentially cumulative. By the beginning, or at any rate by the middle of the century, the excellence of muslim science was already so well established, even in the West, that each new arabic work benefited to some extent by the prestige pertaining to all. To be sure, other languages, such as Latin, Greek, or Hebrew were also used by scholars, but the works written in those languages contained nothing new, and in the field of science, as in any other, when one ceases to go forward, one already begins to go backward. All the new discoveries and the new thoughts were published in arabic. strangely enough, the language of the Qur'an had thus become the international vehicle of scientific progress. The development of Muslim culture was fostere in Spain by the eighth Umayyad caliph of the west, Abd al-Rahman II, the advances of Muslim science continued to take place almost extensively in the east.

8. Parabola --  Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Online Article Includes lessons on Circles, Parabolas, and Ellipses. , Ibrahim ibn sinan ibn thabitibn Qurra University of St.Andrews, Scotland Biographical sketch of this http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article?eu=399835

9. The Time Of Al-razi That the first translation was revised by sinan ibn thabit ibn Qurra (q der Araber (52, 224, 1900). Max Meyerhof NewLight on Hunain ibn Ishaq (Isis, VIII, 704, 1926). http://www.levity.com/alchemy/islam14.html

History of Islamic Science 3 Based on the book Introduction to the History of Science by George Sarton (provided with photos and portraits) Edited and prepared by Prof. Hamed A. Ead These pages are edited by Prof. Hamed Abdel-reheem Ead, Professor of Chemistry at the Faculty of Science -University of Cairo, Giza, Egypt and director of the Science Heritage Center E-mail: ead@frcu.eun.eg Web site: http://www.frcu.eun.eg/www/universities/html/shc/index.htm Back to Islamic Alchemy Back to reference library The Time of Al-Razi Second Half of Ninth Century The whole ninth century was essentially a Muslim century. This more clear in the second half than of the first, since all the scientific leaders were Muslims, or at any rate were working with and for Muslims and wrote in Arabic. Cultural Background Abbasid Caliph Al-Mutawakkil (847-861) continued to protect men of science, chiefly the physicians, and he encouraged the school of translators headed by Hunain ibn Ishaq. Da ud al-Zahiri founded a new school of theology, based upon a more literal interpretation of the Qur'an; however, did not survive very long. Muslim published a new collection of traditions, arranged according to legal topics, like Bukhari's, but more theoretical. The Egyptian Dhul-Nun is generally considered the founder of Sufism, that is, of Muslim mysticism.

10. History Of Astronomy: Persons (I) Ibn Qurra see Ibrahim, ibn sinan ibn thabit ibn Qurra (908946); Ibn Rushd Averroes;Abul Walid Mahommed Ibn Achmed, Ibn Mahommed Ibn Roschd (1128-1198) http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~pbrosche/persons/pers_i.html

History of Astronomy Persons History of Astronomy: Persons (I) Ibn Al-Banna, al-Marrakushi (1256-1321) Short biography, references and links (MacTutor Hist. Math.) Ibn Haiyan, Jabir (?-803) Short biography (Or see here or here Ibn Qurra: see Thabit Ibn Qurra (836-901) Ibn Qurra: see Ibrahim, ibn Sinan ibn Thabit ibn Qurra (908-946) Ibn Rushd [Averroes; Abul Walid Mahommed Ibn Achmed, Ibn Mahommed Ibn Roschd] (1128-1198) Short biography and references From the Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913 Short biography (Or see here or here Ibn Sina [Avicenna] (980-1037) Short biography and references (MacTutor Hist. Math.) Short biography and references From the Catholic Encyclopedia, 1913 Short biography (Or see here or here Very short biography (Eric Weisstein's Treasure Trove) Crater Avicenna (lunar feature) Ibrahim, ibn Sinan ibn Thabit ibn Qurra (908-946) Short biography and references (MacTutor Hist. Math.) Ingalls, Albert (1888-1958) Very short biography (Eric Weisstein's Treasure Trove) Inghirami, Giovanni (1779-1851)

11. History Of Islamic Science Araber (45, 1900); Nachtrage (164, 1902). THABIT IBN QURRA. Abu Hassan Thabit ibn Qurra Marawan alHarrani, that the first translation was revised by sinan ibn thabit ibn Qurra (q http://www.omarfoundation.org/Culture/History Science.htm

Islamic Contributions to Science Islam a Global Civilization History of Islamic Science George Sarton's Tribute to Muslim Scientists in the "Introduction to the History of Science," "It will suffice here to evoke a few glorious names without contemporary equivalents in the West: Jabir ibn Haiyan, al-Kindi, al-Khwarizmi, al-Fargani, al-Razi, Thabit ibn Qurra, al-Battani, Hunain ibn Ishaq, al-Farabi, Ibrahim ibn Sinan, al-Masudi, al-Tabari, Abul Wafa, 'Ali ibn Abbas, Abul Qasim, Ibn al-Jazzar, al-Biruni, Ibn Sina, Ibn Yunus, al-Kashi, Ibn al-Haitham, 'Ali Ibn 'Isa al-Ghazali, al-zarqab, Omar Khayyam. A magnificent array of names which it would not be difficult to extend. If anyone tells you that the Middle Ages were scientifically sterile, just quote these men to him, all of whom flourished within a short period, 750 to 1100 A.D." Preface On 8 June, A.D. 632, the Prophet Mohammed (Peace and Prayers be upon Him) died, having accomplished the marvelous task of uniting the tribes of Arabia into a homogeneous and powerful nation.

12. History Of Astronomy: Persons (Q) Qurra see Ibrahim, ibn sinan ibn thabit ibn Qurra (908946). WolfgangR. Dick. Created 16 Jan 1995. Latest update 19 June 2001. http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~pbrosche/persons/pers_q.html

History of Astronomy Persons History of Astronomy: Persons (Q) Qadi Zada, al'Rumi (1364-1436) Short biography and references (MacTutor Hist. Math.) Quensel, Conrad (1676-1732) Very short biographical data and links With a short biography in Swedish. Quetelet, Lambert Adolphe (1796-1874) Short biography and references (MacTutor Hist. Math.) Very short biography and reference (infoplease.com) Qurra: see Thabit Ibn Qurra (836-901) Qurra: see Ibrahim, ibn Sinan ibn Thabit ibn Qurra (908-946) Wolfgang R. Dick . Created: 16 Jan 1995. Latest update: 19 June 2001

13. The Time Of Al-razi AlBalkhi and the physician sinan ibn thabit wrote various treatiseson mathematical, astronomical, and astrological subjects. Al http://www.alchemywebsite.com/islam15.html

This is the mirror of the alchemy web site www.levity.com/alchemy History of Islamic Science 4 Based on the book Introduction to the History of Science by George Sarton (provided with photos and portraits) Edited and prepared by Prof. Hamed A. Ead These pages are edited by Prof. Hamed Abdel-reheem Ead, Professor of Chemistry at the Faculty of Science -University of Cairo, Giza, Egypt and director of the Science Heritage Center E-mail: ead@frcu.eun.eg Web site: http://www.frcu.eun.eg/www/universities/html/hamed2.htm Back to Islamic Alchemy The Time of Al-Mas'udi First Half of Tenth Century The overwhelming superiority of Muslim culture continued to be felt throughout the tenth century. Indeed, it was felt more strongly than over, not only the foremost men of science were Muslims, but also because cultural influences are essentially cumulative. By the beginning, or at any rate by the middle of the century, the excellence of muslim science was already so well established, even in the West, that each new arabic work benefited to some extent by the prestige pertaining to all. To be sure, other languages, such as Latin, Greek, or Hebrew were also used by scholars, but the works written in those languages contained nothing new, and in the field of science, as in any other, when one ceases to go forward, one already begins to go backward. All the new discoveries and the new thoughts were published in arabic. strangely enough, the language of the Qur'an had thus become the international vehicle of scientific progress.

14. Sinan Biography of sinan ibn thabit ibn Qurra (880943) Abu Said sinan ibn thabit ibn Qurra. Born about 880 sinan ibn thabit ibn Qurra was the son of Thabit ibn Qurra and the father of Ibrahim ibn http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Sinan.html

Abu Said Sinan ibn Thabit ibn Qurra Born: about 880 Died: 943 in Baghdad, (now in Iraq) Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Sinan ibn Thabit ibn Qurra was the son of Thabit ibn Qurra and the father of Ibrahim ibn Sinan . Although Sinan was extremely eminent in medicine his contributions to mathematics were somewhat less major but he still deserves a place in this archive as a contributor to mathematics in this remarkable family of scholars. Thabit ibn Qurra , Sinan's father, was a member of the Sabian sect. The Sabian religious sect were star worshippers from Harran. Of course being worshipers of the stars meant that there was strong motivation for the study of astronomy and the sect produced many quality astronomers and mathematicians such as Thabit himself. Sinan was trained in medicine, a topic which his father had studied in Baghdad. His father's patron was the Caliph, al-Mu'tadid, one of the greatest of the 'Abbasid caliphs, and Sinan was brought up at the court where his father held the role of court astronomer. Sinan's father Thabit died in 901 and the caliph al-Mu'tadid died the following year. Al-Mu'tadid had shown great skill in playing the various factions off against each other during his period of power but after his troops were defeated by the Qarmatians, a schismatic sect and political movement. Historians argue whether al-Mu'tadid was poisoned in a palace intrigue, but even if he was not this is an indication of the atmosphere in the court where Sinan lived. By this time Sinan was a man of about 22 years of age but, despite having great medical skills, he seems to have held no positions at this time.

15. The Time Of Al-razi lost work on the triangles and Galen s De simlicium temperamentis et facultatibus. That the first translation was revised by sinan ibn thabit ibn Qurra (q. v http://www.alchemywebsite.com/islam14.html

This is the mirror of the alchemy web site www.levity.com/alchemy History of Islamic Science 3 Based on the book Introduction to the History of Science by George Sarton (provided with photos and portraits) Edited and prepared by Prof. Hamed A. Ead These pages are edited by Prof. Hamed Abdel-reheem Ead, Professor of Chemistry at the Faculty of Science -University of Cairo, Giza, Egypt and director of the Science Heritage Center E-mail: ead@frcu.eun.eg Web site: http://www.frcu.eun.eg/www/universities/html/shc/index.htm Back to Islamic Alchemy Back to reference library The Time of Al-Razi Second Half of Ninth Century The whole ninth century was essentially a Muslim century. This more clear in the second half than of the first, since all the scientific leaders were Muslims, or at any rate were working with and for Muslims and wrote in Arabic. Cultural Background Abbasid Caliph Al-Mutawakkil (847-861) continued to protect men of science, chiefly the physicians, and he encouraged the school of translators headed by Hunain ibn Ishaq. Da ud al-Zahiri founded a new school of theology, based upon a more literal interpretation of the Qur'an; however, did not survive very long. Muslim published a new collection of traditions, arranged according to legal topics, like Bukhari's, but more theoretical.

16. The Math Forum Trig/Calc Problem Of The Week Archive To find out more about him, visit the MacTutor History of Mathematics archivesIbrahim ibn sinan ibn thabit ibn Qurra. Highlighted solutions http://mathforum.org/calcpow/solutions/solution.ehtml?puzzle=45

17. The Math Forum Trig/Calc Problem Of The Week Archive area white area = (2/3)(ax^3) = (2/3) rectangle area Bonus This formula comesfrom the mathematical work of Ibrahim ibn sinan ibn thabit ibn Qurra, a http://mathforum.org/calcpow/solutions/full_solution.ehtml?puzzle=45

18. The Origin Of Bimaristans In Islamic Medical History This is clear from a letter written by Isa ibn Ali AlJarrah, the minister ofAl-Muqtadir, to sinan ibn thabit, who was distinguished in Arab medicine and http://www.miraclenews.com/issue98/p4a.html

The Origin of Bimaristans in Islamic Medical History By Sharif Kaf Al-Ghazal, MD Dr. Sharif Kaf Al-Ghazal is a plastic surgeon and one of the founders and executive members of the International Society for History of Islamic Medicine. You can contact him at: skalghazal@hotmail.com or visit his web site at: www.islamicmedicine.org With the dawn of Islam on the Bedouin, nomadic tribes of the Arabian Peninsula came an enlightenment, not only strictly spiritual in nature, but also with cultural, educational and scientific connotations. Among the fruits of this enlightenment was the eventual establishment of huge health facilities that, among other things, played an important educational role amongst physicians of the age. The first bimaristan, as these establishments were called, was built in Damascus in 86 Hijri (707 A.D.) by Caliph Al-Waleed ibn 'Abdul-Malik. The aim of its construction was the treatment of acute diseases and the care of patients affected with chronic diseases (such as lepers and the blind). Leprosy patients were not only treated free of charge but were given money to help in supporting their families. The word bimaristan is of Persian origin and means hospital, with bimar meaning disease and stan meaning location or place; thus the location or place of disease.

19. Ibrahim Translate this page Ibrahim ibn sinan ibn thabit ibn Qurra. Ibrahim ibn sinan ibn thabitibn Qurra(né en 908 à Bagdad, mort en 946 à Bagdad, (Iraq)). http://membres.tripod.fr/alkashi/ibrahim.htm

Ibrahim ibn Sinan ibn Thabit ibn Qurra Ibrahim ibn Sinan ibn Thabit ibn Qurra( né en 908 à Bagdad mort en 946 à Bagdad, (Iraq) Ibrahim ibn Sinan était un petit fils de Thabit ibn Qurra , il avait étudié la géométrie et en particulier les tangentes aux cercles. Il avait aussi étudié le mouvement apparent du Soleil et la géométrie des ombres. Il n'y a aucun doute qu'il n'était pas au jeune âge de trente-huit, il devait atteindre un degré gloire pour ses travaux mathématiques selon l'opinion de Sezgin qu'il était: ... un des plus importants mathématiciens dans le monde Islamique médiéval. Peut-être sa mort précoce lui avait volé la chance de faire une contribution plus importante que celle de son célèbre grand-père. Le plus important travail de Ibrahim était sur la quadrature de la parabole où il introduisit une méthode d'intégration plus général que celle faite par Archimède Son grand-père Thabit ibn Qurra avait commencé à examiner l'intégration en une différente façon de celle d' Archimède mais Ibrahim s'était rendu compte que Al-Mahani avait fait des améliorations sur ce que son grand-père avait réalisé. Pour Ibrahim ce ci est inacceptable:

20. AL BANNA Translate this page AL TOUSI Sharaf AL OUMAWI. AL OUQLIDISSI CADI ZADA. MANSOUR THABIT IBN QUOURRAAL HARRANI. sinan ibn thabit IBN QUOURRA YOUNESS. page précédente. http://membres.tripod.fr/alkashi/liste1.htm

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