1. Ibn Sina IBN SINA. IBN SINA, Abu Ali alHusayn b. Abd Allah b. Sina, known in the Westas Avicenna. Ibn Sina believed firmly in the immortality of the soul. http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ei/sina.htm

IBN SINA IBN SINA, Abu 'Ali al-Husayn b. 'Abd Allah b. Sina, known in the West as Avicenna. He followed the encyclopaedic conception of the sciences that had been traditional since the time of the Greek Sages in uniting philosophy with the study of nature and in seeing the perfection of man as lying in both knowledge and action. He was also as illustrious a physician as he was a philosopher [see hikma Life. His life is known to us from authoritative sources. An autobiography covers his first thirty years, and the rest are documented by his disciple al-Juzajani, who was also his secretary and his friend. He was born in 370/980 in Afshana, his mother's home, near Bukhara. His native language was Persian. His father, an official of the Samanid administration, had him very carefully educated at Bukhara. His father and his brother were influenced by Isma'ili propaganda; he was certainly acquainted with its tenets, but refused to adopt them. His intellectual independence was served by an extraordinary intelligence and memory, which allowed him to overtake his teachers at the age of fourteen. It was he, we are told, who explained logic to his master al-Natili. He had no teacher in the natural sciences or in medicine; in fact, famous physicians were working under his direction when he was only sixteen. He did, however, find difficulty in understanding Aristotle's Metaphysics, which he grasped only with the help of al-Farabi's commentary. Having cured the amir of khurasan of a severe illness, he was allowed to make use of the splendid library of the Samanid princes. At the age of eighteen he had mastered all the then known sciences. His subsequent progress was due only to his personal judgment.

2. Ibn Sina (Avicenna): Website IBN SINA ( AVICENNA) Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (9801037) is one of the foremost philosophers of the golden age of Islamic tradition that also includes al-Farabi and Ibn Rushd. He is also known as al-Sheikh al-Rais ( http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina

IBN SINA (AVICENNA) Ibn Sina ( Avicenna ) (980-1037) is one of the foremost philosophers of the golden age of Islamic tradition that also includes al-Farabi and Ibn Rushd . He is also known as al-Sheikh al-Rais (Leader among the wise men) a title that was given to him by his students. His philosophical works were one of the main targets of al-Ghazali ’s attack on philosophical influences in Islam. In the west he is also known as the " Prince of Physicians " for his famous medical text al-Qanun "Canon". In Latin translations, his works influenced many Christian philosophers, most notably Thomas Aquinas CORPUS (Works): In Original Language (Arabic/Persian): Autobiography in Arabic Html Biography by his student in Arabic word file. Biography from Uyun al'anba fi tabaqat al-'atibia' by Ibn 'abi asaiba' (Arabic word file) Isharat wa-Tanbahat (Remarks and Admonitions) (ed. S. Dunya) Commentary by Nasirudeen at-Tusi Volume 1: Logic PDF , file size: 25000 kb) Volume 2: Physics PDF , file size: 13100 kb) Volume 3: Metaphysics PDF , file size: 8400 kb) Volume 4: Sufism PDF , file size: 4601 kb) Kitab an-Najat (Book of Safety) (ed. M. Fakhry)

3. Ibn Sina Ibn Sina (Avicenna) doctor of doctors. by Dr. Monzur Ahmed. Ibn Sina was born in 980 C.E. in the village of Afshana near Bukhara which today is located in the far south of Russia. http://www.ummah.net/history/scholars/ibn_sina

Ibn Sina (Avicenna) - doctor of doctors by Dr. Monzur Ahmed Ibn Sina was born in 980 C.E. in the village of Afshana near Bukhara which today is located in the far south of Russia. His father, Abdullah, an adherent of the Ismaili sect, was from Balkh and his mother from a village near Bukhara. In any age Ibn Sina, known in the West as Avicenna, would have been a giant among giants. He displayed exceptional intellectual prowess as a child and at the age of ten was already proficient in the Qur'an and the Arabic classics. During the next six years he devoted himself to Muslim Jurisprudence, Philosophy and Natural Science and studied Logic, Euclid, and the Almeagest. He turned his attention to Medicine at the age of 17 years and found it, in his own words, "not difficult" . However he was greatly troubled by metaphysical problems and in particular the works of Aristotle. By chance, he obtained a manual on this subject by the celebrated philosopher al-Farabi which solved his difficulties. By the age of 18 he had built up a reputation as a physician and was summoned to attend the Samani ruler Nuh ibn Mansur (reigned 976-997 C.E.), who, in gratitude for Ibn Sina's services, allowed him to make free use of the royal library, which contained many rare and even unique books. Endowed with great powers of absorbing and retaining knowledge, this Muslim scholar devoured the contents of the library and at the age of 21 was in a position to compose his first book.

4. IBN SINA IBN SINA. (9801037 CE). Abu Ali al-Hussain Ibn Abdallah Ibn Sina wasborn in 980 CE at Afshana near Bukhara. The young Bu Ali received http://www.ummah.net/history/scholars/SINA.html

IBN SINA (980-1037 C.E.) Abu Ali al-Hussain Ibn Abdallah Ibn Sina was born in 980 C.E. at Afshana near Bukhara. The young Bu Ali received his early education in Bukhara, and by the age of ten had become well versed in the study of the Qur'an and various sciences. He started studying philosophy by reading various Greek, Muslim and other books on this subject and learnt logic and some other subjects from Abu Abdallah Natili, a famous philosopher of the time. While still young, he attained such a degree of expertise in medicine that his renown spread far and wide. At the age of 17, he was fortunate in curing Nooh Ibn Mansoor, the King of Bukhhara, of an illness in which all the well-known physicians had given up hope. On his recovery, the King wished to reward him, but the young physician only desired permission to use his uniquely stocked library. On his father's death, Bu Ali left Bukhara and travelled to Jurjan where Khawarizm Shah welcomed him. There, he met his famous contemporary Abu Raihan al-Biruni . Later he moved to Ray and then to Hamadan, where he wrote his famous book Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb . Here he treated Shams al-Daulah, the King of Hamadan, for severe colic. From Hamadan, he moved to Isphahan, where he completed many of his monumental writings. Nevertheless, he continued travelling and the excessive mental exertion as well as political turmoil spoilt his health. Finally, he returned to Hamadan where he died in 1037 C.E.

5. IBN SINA IBN SINA. (9801037 AD). Abu Ali al-Hussain Ibn Abdallah Ibn Sinawas born in 980 AD at Afshana near Bukhara. The young Bu Ali http://members.tripod.com/~wzzz/SINA.html

var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "tripod.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" Check out the NEW Hotbot Tell me when this page is updated IBN SINA (980-1037 A.D.). Abu Ali al-Hussain Ibn Abdallah Ibn Sina was born in 980 A.D. at Afshana near Bukhara. The young Bu Ali received his early education in Bukhara, and by the age of ten had become well versed in the study of the Qur'an and various sciences. He started studying philosophy by reading various Greek, Muslim and other books on this subject and learnt logic and some other subjects from Abu Abdallah Natili, a famous philosopher of the time. While still young, he attained such a degree of expertise in medicine that his renown spread far and wide. At the age of 17, he was fortunate in curing Nooh Ibn Mansoor, the King of Bukhhara, of an illness in which all the well-known physicians had given up hope. On his recovery, the King wished to reward him, but the young physician only desired permission to use his uniquely stocked library. On his father's death, Bu Ali left Bukhara and travelled to Jurjan where Khawarizm Shah welcomed him. There, he met his famous contemporary Abu Raihan al-Biruni . Later he moved to Ray and then to Hamadan, where he wrote his famous book

6. Ibn Sina: Logic (Introduction & Excerpt) Ibn sina ibn sina ibn sina ibn sina ibn sina ibn sina ibn sina ibn sina ibn SinaIbn sina ibn sina ibn sina ibn sina ibn sina ibn sina ibn sina ibn sina ibn http://www.globalwebpost.com/farooqm/study_res/ibn_sina/logic_1.html

Dr. Farooq's Study Resource Page Logic (Danesh-Name Alai) Ibn Sina Introduction by the Translator Autobiographical Note Some Pertinent Excerpts Introduction Autobiographical Note Excerpts TEXT OF AVICENNA'S TREATISE ON LOGIC PART ONE OF DANESH-NAME ALAI (A CONCISE PHILOSOPHICAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA) Thanks and salutation to God, the creator and bestower of wisdom -salutation to his chosen messenger, Mohamed Mostafa - his family and friends. I received the great order of our master, the just King Ez-Din Ala- Dule Abu- J afar Mohamed ibn Dushmanziar. May his life be long and his fortune increase - the master who provided me with all the objects of my desires such as security, magnanimity - engagement with science and presence in his court - to compose for him and his courtiers a very concise book in Persian (Duri)1 on five traditional and philosophical sciences, namely: First on the science of Logic which is the science of scales (or canon).2 Second on Natural Philosophy which is the science of sensible objects - moving and growing.

7. IBN SINA IBN SINA 980 1037 Persian Scientist Ibn Sina was the most famousof the philosopher - scientists of Islam. Ibn Sina, or Avicenna http://www.hyperhistory.com/online_n2/people_n2/persons5_n2/ibnsina.html

IBN SINA Persian Scientist Ibn Sina was the most famous of the philosopher - scientists of Islam. Ibn Sina, or Avicenna, was born in Bukhara then a leading city in Persia. His youth was spent in the company of the most learned men of his time and he became accomplished in all the sciences and arts. Ibn Sina collected in over 100 books the entire scientific knowledege of his time and is called the "Prince of Science". He spent the last years of his life in Hamadan, where he composed the 'Canon of Medicine', which is among the most famous books in the history of medicine. www link : Biography From the University of St. Andrews, Scotland School of Mathematics Biography Picture of Avicenna's Dome

8. Ibn-Sina Definition Of Ibn-Sina. What Is Ibn-Sina? Meaning Of Ibn-Sina. What Doe Definition of ibnSina in the Dictionary and Thesaurus. Provides examplesfrom classic literature, search by definition of ibn-Sina. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/ibn-Sina

Dictionaries: General Computing Medical Legal Encyclopedia ibn-Sina Word: Word Starts with Ends with Definition Noun ibn-Sina - Arabian philosopher and physician; his interpretation of Aristotle influenced St. Thomas Aquinas; writings on medicine were important for almost 500 years (980-1037) Abu Ali al-Husain ibn Abdallah ibn Sina Avicenna doc doctor ... medico - a licensed medical practitioner; "I felt so bad I went to see my doctor" philosopher - a specialist in philosophy Legend: Synonyms Related Words Antonyms Some words with "ibn-Sina" in the definition: Abu Ali al-Husain ibn Abdallah ibn Sina Abul-Walid Mohammed ibn-Ahmad Ibn-Mohammed ibn-Roshd Al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham al-Haytham ... physician Previous General Dictionary Browser Next ibex ibid. ibidem ... icaco Full Dictionary Browser Ibn Khaldoun (enc.) Ibn Khaldun (enc.) Ibn Nafis (enc.) Ibn Rushd (enc.) Ibn Rustah (enc.) Ibn Sa'ud (enc.) Ibn Sa'ud of Saudi Arabia (enc.) Ibn Saud (enc.) Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia (enc.) Ibn Sina (enc.) ibn Talal Hussein Ibn Taymiya (enc.) Ibn Taymiyah (enc.) Ibn Taymiyya (enc.)

9. Ibn Sina Ibn SINA (Avicena). 981 1037. Ebu Ali el-Husein ibn Abdullah ibnSina u lind me 981 ne Afshan afer Buhares (Azia Qendrore). http://www.horizonti.com/leksikoni1/ibnSina.html

Ibn SINA (Avicena) Ibn Sina, mbas vdekjës së babait të tij udhëtoi për në Xhurxhan ky aty ai takoi bashkohasin e njohur të tij Ebu Reihan el- Beiruni. Më vonë ai shkoi në Raj dhe më pas në Hamad, ku ai shkruajti librin e tij të famshëm "El-Kanun fi el-Tibb". Aty, ai kuroi mbretin e Hamadanit, Shems el-Deulah, për dhimbjet e barkut. Nga Hamadan ai kaloi në Isfahan (Irani i sotëm), ku aty përfundoi shkrimet e tij të shumta të shquara. Megjithatë , ai vazhdoi udhëtimin ku lodhja mentale dhe trazirat politike dëmtuan shëndetin e tij. Përfundimisht, ai u kthye në Hamadan ku edhe vdiq në vitin 1037. "El-Kanun fi el-Tibb" (Kanuni i Mjekësisë) është një enciklopedi viganeme mbi një milion fjalë. Libri shqyrton njohuritë mjeksore të vlefshme nga burimet e lashta si dhe muslimane. Për shkak të trajtimit sistematik, formës së përkryer si dhe vlerës thelbësore, Kanuni ua kalon të gjthë librave të kohës dhe qëndron suprem për gjashtë shekuj.Ibn Sina jo vetëm që përmbledhi diturinë ekzistuese por ai gjithashtu dha kontribut të madh origjinal. Libri "El-Kanun fi el-Tibb" flet për mjeksitë gjenerale, drogat e ndryshme (706 lloje), sëmundjet që ndikojnë në të gjitha pjesët e trupit nga koka deri tek këmbët, në veçanti patologjinë dhe farmacopinë. Njihej si libri më autentik mjekësorë. Ndër kontributet e tija origjinalë janë arritjet sikur njohja e natyrës infektuese të tuberkulosit, përhapja e sëmundjeve përmes ujrave të zeza, dhe ndërlidhja në mes psikologjisë dhe shëndetit. Ishte i pari që shpjegoi sëmundjën meningjit dhe i dha kontribut të veçantë anatomisë, gjineokologjisë dhe shëndetit të fëmijëve. Gjithashtu ai ishte i pari që sugjeroi mjekimin e fistelës së gjendrave të lotëve dhe prezentoi sondën (vegël për mjekim) për kanalin.

10. IBN SINA IBN SINA. IBN SINA. http://www.virtualology.com/virtualmuseumofnaturalhistory/hallofanthropology/ara

You are in: Museum of Natural History Hall of Anthropology Arabia IBN SINA IBN SINA IBN SINA Start your search on IBN SINA Other educational search engines: Ask Jeeves for Kids Britannica.com CyberSleuth Kids Education World ... Yahooligans Unauthorized Site: This site and its contents are not affiliated, connected, associated with or authorized by the individual, family, friends, or trademarked entities utilizing any part or the subject’s entire name. Any official or affiliated sites that are related to this subject will be hyper linked below upon submission and Virtualology's review. 2000 by Virtualology TM . All rights reserved. Virtualology TM Search: About Us e-mail us Now Available in Paperback President Who? Forgotten Founders Click Here Editing Sponsor Editing Sponsors review and select all student work for publishing. To learn more about our editing sponsor program click here. Published Students Primary Secondary College Graduate ... Technical

11. Ýbn-i Sina L. Bozcali 504) 1Ölüm Korkusundan Kurtulus Risalesi;2-Namaz Risalesi / EbuAli el-Hüseyn b. Abdillah b. sina ibn Sina, 428/1037 ; M. Hazmi Tura. http://www.yesevi.org/tdbm/bibliyografya/ibnisina.html

181.2/*** (KÖPRÜLÜ Fazýl Ahmed Pþ. 893) . [y.y., t.y.] Kayýp Eserlerdendir 1. Ýslam Felsefesi 297.7/ (ANKARA ÝLAH. 1. Ölüm Korkusundan Kurtuluþ Risalesi 2. Namaz Risalesi / Ýbni Sina ; Tura; M. Hazmi (çev. ). [y.y. : y.y.], 1959. 48 s. 181.2/ (ERCÝYES ÝLAH Ö. L. Bozcalý 504) 1-Ölüm Korkusundan Kurtuluþ Risalesi;2-Namaz Risalesi / Ebu Ali el-Hüseyn b. Abdillah b. Sina Ýbn Sina, 428/1037 ; M. Hazmi Tura. [y.y. : y.y.], 1959. 48 s. 1. Ýslam Felsefesi 297.452/Ý15R (ATATÜRK ÝLAH Gnl. 259) 1-Risaletu'l-Hayy 2-En Matu's-Salise el-Ahire 3-+ / Ýbn Sina Ebu Ali el-Huseyn b. Abdullah ; Tashih:mikail b. Yahya el-Mehr. Leýden : [y.y.], 1989.

12. Ibn-sina - BlueRider.com ibnsina - listen domain availability, ibn-sina. Your search results search for ibn-sina on Google ibn-sina n. 1), Arabian http://ibn-sina.bluerider.com/wordsearch/ibn-sina

Enter a word or phrase Random Word Other Services Word Index Contact Us About ... Links ibn-sina listen domain availability Dictionary and Thesaurus entries for: ibn-sina Your search results... search for "ibn-sina" on Google ibn-sina [n] Arabian philosopher and physician; his interpretation of Aristotle influenced St. Thomas Aquinas; writings on medicine were important for almost 500 years (980-1037) Synonyms: avicenna See Also: philosopher doctor Your Search History clear ibn-sina Enter a word or phrase Terms of Service

13. IBN SINA IBN SINA (Aviccena). Abu Ali alHussain Ibn Abdallah Ibn Sina(Avesina)was born in 980 AD at Afshana near Bukhara, the part of Iran. http://www.farhangsara.com/ibn_sina.htm

IBN SINA (Aviccena) Abu Ali al-Hussain Ibn Abdallah Ibn Sina(Avesina) was born in 980 A.D. at Afshana near Bukhara, the part of Iran. The young Bu Ali received his early education in Bukhara, and by the age of ten had become well versed in the study of the Qur'an and various sciences. He started studying philosophy by reading various Greek, Muslim and other books on this subject and learnt logic and some other subjects from Abu Abdallah Natili, a famous philosopher of the time. While still young, he attained such a degree of expertise in medicine that his fame spread far and wide. At the age of 17, he was fortunate in curing Nooh Ibn Mansoor, the King of Bukhhara, of an illness in which all the well-known physicians had given up hope. On his recovery, the King wished to reward him, but the young physician only desired permission to use his uniquely stocked library. On his father's death, Bu Ali left Bukhara and traveled to Jurjan where Khawarizm Shah welcomed him. There, he met his famous contemporary Abu Raihan al-Biruni. Later he moved to Ray and then to Hamadan, where he wrote his famous book Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb . Here he treated Shams al-Daulah, the King of Hamadan, for severe colic. From Hamadan, he moved to Isfahn, where he completed many of his monumental writings. Nevertheless, he continued traveling and the excessive mental exertion as well as political turmoil spoilt his health. Finally, he returned to Hamadan where he died in 1037 A.D.

14. Ibn Sina Abù Alì Al-Husayn From FOLDOC Ibn Sina Abù Alì alHusayn. history of philosophy, biography persianIslamic philosopher and physician (980-1037) whose Kitab http://www.swif.uniba.it/lei/foldop/foldoc.cgi?Ibn Sina

15. Ibn Sina Ibn Sina. Avicenna 980 1037 Briefly mentioned on page 315, discussedat length on page 324. Avicenna (his Arabic name is Abu Ali http://www.louisville.edu/~d0hess01/ibnsina.html

Ibn Sina Avicenna 980 - 1037 Briefly mentioned on page 315, discussed at length on page 324. Avicenna (his Arabic name is Abu Ali al-Husayn ibn Sine) was born to middle-class Persian parents in 980 BCE in a town near Bukhara. As a young child, his genius was apparent; he was a practicing physician by the age of sixteen. Soon he acquired a position as the court physician for the king of Bukhara, Samanid, who was overthrown only a year later. Until his death in 1037, Avicenna served as the scientific advisor to the local ruler of Esfahan. Avicenna is regarded as one of the greatest Muslim thinkers. Though his political life was unsteady (he endured a period of imprisonment), his approach to philosophy and science was magnificent. Avicenna was an incredibly prolific writer, the author of more than a hundred titles on mathematics, medicine, physics, logic, and metaphysics, in both Persian and Arabic. His greatest work, the Canon of Medicine, was the standard medical reference in Europe and the Middle East until the seventeenth century. The Book of Healing was his greatest philosophical achievement. It was meant to heal the soul rather than the body, and tackled the subjects of metaphysics, Aristotelian Logic, and the natural sciences. Translated into Latin, it greatly affected thirteenth century philosophy. Avicenna, much to the chagrin of the Sunni Theologians of his time, desired to combine Neoplatonism and Aristotelian thought, to show that Islam and Philosophy were not in opposition to one another. Avicenna argued that there was no individual soul, or that there had been no creation of the world, however, there was a dualism of mind and matter, in which matter was inactive, and creation was merely the act of implanting actuality into the passive matter. Avicenna thought that God was the only place where no such dualism occurred.

16. Ibn Sina - Sarajevo, Bosna I Hercegovina Naucni istrazivacki univerzitet iz Sarajeva. http://www.ibn-sina.net/

Home O nama Kontakt Predstavljanje ... Linkovi Dobro došli na WEB site Nauènoistraživaèkog instituta "Ibn Sina" Nauènoistraživaèki institut Ibn-Sina u tri crte: Nauènoistraživaèki institut "Ibn Sina" bavi se izgradnjom dijaloga meðu razlièitim kulturama i bitnim pitanjima ljudske misli. Institut "Ibn Sina" osnovan je 1996. godine u Sarajevu s ciljem približavanja islamske kulture i misli i njenog prouèavanja u Bosni i Hercegovini. Iransko - Bosanski institut "Ibn Sina" bavi se analizom svih pitanja interesantnih za buduænost Bosne i Hercegovine. Sadržaj naših stranica je podložan redovnom update-u ! Novo! Festival kulture i umjetnosti za djecu i omladinu "PROLJETNI BEHAR" Sajamski popust na knjige u izdanju Instituta Institut na XVI meðunarodnom sajmu knjiga i uèila Iz štampe je izašla nova knjiga ... Kviz Mailing lista Email : Email : IBN-SINA.NET ANKETA Vase misljenje o procesu globalizacije ? Prirodan svjetski proces kojim se smanjuju razdaljine i razlike izmedju drzava i naroda Ekonomski i politicki proces koji su potakle velike industrijske drzave s ciljem ekonomske, politicke i kulturne dominacije Projekat SAD-a s ciljem nametanja svoje kulture i potrosackog nacina zivota drugim drzavama U sustini radi se o kulturnom procesu koji vodi formiranju jedinstvene i jednoobrazne kulture u cijelom svijetu Prirodan historijski proces cija je osnovna odrednica razvoj sredstava komunikacije Rezultati Vi ste posjetilac broj infoMEDIA d.o.o.

17. The Islamic World To 1600: The Arts, Learning, And Knowledge (Ibn Sina) From the Islamic World to 1600 Tutorial, a multimedia introduction to the first millennium of Islamic history, developed by the Applied History Research Group. http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/learning/ibnsina.html

The Islamic World to 1600 Ibn Sina Courtesy of Muslim Scientists, Mathematicians and Astromers http://users.erols.com/zenithco/ Abu Ali al-Husayn Ibn Abdullah Ibn Sina was born in Bukhara in 980. Sometimes known in the West by the Latin name, Avicenna, this Persian physician became the most famous and influential of all the Islamic philosopher-scientists. He earned royal favour for treating the Kings of Bukhara and Hamadan for ailments other physicians could neither diagnose nor cure. His grave is still maintained in Hamadan, where he died in 1037. Though trained as a physician, Ibn Sina made important contributions to philosophy, mathematics, chemistry, and astronomy. His philosophical encyclopedia, Kitab al-Shifa ("Book of Healing") brought Aristotelian and Platonian philosophy together with Islamic theology in dividing the field of knowledge into theoretical knowledge (physics, mathematics, and metaphysics) and practical knowledge (ethics, economics, and politics). His most enduring legacy, however, was in the field of medicine. His most famous book, Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb Proceed to Omar Khayyam The Islamic World to 1600 / The University of Calgary

18. Medieval Sourcebook: Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (973-1037): On Medicine, C. 1020 CE Medieval Sourcebook ibn sina (Avicenna) (9731037) On Medicine, c. 1020 CE. Horne Introduction Avicenna (973-1037) was a sort of universal genius, known first as a physician. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1020Avicenna-Medicine.html

Back to Medieval Source Book ORB Main Page Links to Other Medieval Sites Medieval Sourcebook: Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (973-1037): On Medicine, c. 1020 CE [Horne Introduction] Avicenna (973-1037) was a sort of universal genius, known first as a physician. To his works on medicine he afterward added religious tracts, poems, works on philosophy, on logic, as physics, on mathematics, and on astronomy. He was also a statesman and a soldier, and he is said to have died of debauchery. Medicine considers the human body as to the means by which it is cured and by which it is driven away from health. The knowledge of anything, since all things have causes, is not acquired or complete unless it is known by its causes. Therefore in medicine we ought to know the causes of sickness and health. And because health and sickness and their causes are sometimes manifest, and sometimes hidden and not to be comprehended except by the study of symptoms, we must also study the symptoms of health and disease. Now it is established in the sciences that no knowledge is acquired save through the study of its causes and beginnings, if it has had causes and beginnings; nor completed except by knowledge of its accidents and accompanying essentials. Of these causes there are four kinds: material, efficient, formal, and final. Material causes, on which health and sickness depend, are- the affected member, which is the immediate subject, and the humors; and in these are the elements. And these two are subjects that, according to their mixing together, alter. In the composition and alteration of the substance which is thus composed, a certain unity is attained.

19. Philosophers : Ibn Sina (Avicenna) The Window Philsophy on the WWW. Philosophers Section ibn sina (Avicenna) Iranian Muslim Philosopher Abu Ali alHussain ibn Abdallah ibn sina was born in 980 A.D http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/phil/philo/phils/muslim/sina.html

Ibn Sina (Avicenna) Iranian Muslim Philosopher Abu Ali al-Hussain Ibn Abdallah Ibn Sina was born in 980 A.D. at Afshaneh near Bukhara. The young Bu Ali received his early education in Bukhara, and by the age of ten had become well versed in the study of the Qur'an and various sciences. He started studying philosophy by reading various Greek, Muslim and other books on this subject and learnt logic and some other subjects from Abu Abdallah Natili, a famous philosopher of the time. While still young, he attained such a degree of expertise in medicine that his renown spread far and wide. At the age of 17, he was fortunate in curing Nooh Ibn Mansoor, the King of Bukhhara, of an illness in which all the well-known physicians had given up hope. On his recovery, the King wished to reward him, but the young physician only desired permission to use his uniquely stocked library. By 21, he was also given an administrative post and soon wrote his first book. Avicenna was now an established physician and political administrator, professions he continued to practice in the courts of various Iranian rulers, heads of the numerous successor states of Iran that emerged during the disintegration of the Abbasid authority. On his father's death, Bu Ali left Bukhara and travelled to Jurjan where Khawarizm Shah welcomed him. There, he met his famous contemporary

20. Ibn-Sina On The Human Soul An excerpt by this philosopher, supplemented with an introductory study, notes, and original Arabic text. Furnished by Joseph Kenny. http://www.diafrica.org/nigeriaop/kenny/Phil/SinaSoul.htm

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