61. The History Of Acupuncture The Sung Dynasty (9601279 AD) during time which lived shen kua, an intellectualgenius who postulated (before Kepler did in Regensburg, Europe, 1609 AD) that http://www.telmedpak.com/homes.asp?a=pain_clinic&b=acupuncture

62. I. Guides To The State Of The Field CH. Shao Po , Shaoshih wen-chien hou-lu , CH. shen kua , Meng-hsi pi-t an , SPTK. ShihHsiao http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~songtool/VI/VI_c.html

Sung Research Tool home download faq previous section contents next section VI.C. LITERARY WRITINGS AND MISCELLANIES Comprehensive indexes to the documents in literary collections and entries in miscellanies also reference many key terms. For indexes to the following literary collections Chang Fang-p'ing (1007-1091) Le-ch'¼an chi Chen Te-hsiu (1178-1235) Hsi-shan hsien-sheng chen-wen-chung kung wen-chi Chu Hsi (1130-1200) Chu Wen-kung wen-chi Fan Chung-yen (989-1052) Fan Wen-cheng kung chi Hung Kua (1117-1184) P'an-chou wen-chi Ou-yang Hsiu (1007-1072) Ou-yang Wen-chung kung ch'¼an-chi Ssu-ma Kuang (1019-1086) Wen-kuo Wen-cheng Ssu-ma wen-chi Tseng Kung (1019-1083) Yuan-feng lei-kao Yeh Shih (1150-1223) Shui-hsin wen-chi ch¼an Yin Shu (1001/2-1042) Ho-nan hsien-sheng wen-chi see: Ref (J) PL2293.S24 1970x LoC: Z7059 .S24 (Orien Japan) Sōdai bunshÅ« sakuin (Index to Sung-period literary collections). Saeki Tomi 佐伯富 comp. Kyoto: Kyōto daigaku Tōyōshi kenkyÅ«kai, 1970. 845 p. McMullen #147. The following anthology of translations of ku-wen 古文style prose has separate indexes for proper nouns and subjects. It covers selected writings by Ou-yang Hsiu, Su Hsun, Su Shih, Su Ch'e, Tseng Kung, and Wang

63. CHRONOLOGY – Some Selected Dates In The Development Of Sundials And Solar Astro 1086, Chinese scientist shen kua’s Dream pool essays containsthe first known reference to a magnetic compass for navigation. http://www.sundialsoc.org.uk/glossary/chronology/chronology.htm

CHRONOLOGY – some selected dates in the development of sundials and solar astronomy Date Development 9000 BC to 8000 BC The Maya make astronomical inscriptions and constructions in Central America. A marked bone (possibly) indicating months and lunar phases in use in Ishango (Zaire) 4228 BC to 2773 BC The Egyptians institute a 365-day calendar. The start of the year, coinciding with the annual Nile floods, is linked to the rising of Sirius (the Dog Star) in line with the sun. 1500 BC to 1450 BC L-shaped sundials used in Egypt. 1450 BC to 1400 BC Stonehenge achieves the form known today. 600 BC to 590 BC Sundials are used in China and the Chinese text "Arithmetic classic of the gnomon and the circular paths of the heaven" contains a version of the Pythagorean theorem. 585 BC Thales of Miletus (Turkey) correctly predicts a solar eclipse. 520 BC to 510 BC Anaximander introduces the sundial to Greece (previously used in Mesopotamia, Egypt and China. He also produces a cylindrical (sic) model of the Earth. 500 BC to 490 BC The Pythagoreans (Greece) introduce a spherical model of the Earth.

64. D. Fu: When Shen Gua Encountered The "Natural World" 1984). Sivin, Nathan, shen kua , Dictionary of Scientific Biography,ed. CC.Gillispie, Vol12, (New York 1975), pp.369393. Sivin http://www.zmk.uni-freiburg.de/rheineintern/fu2.htm

Agenda List of discussion papers When Shen Gua Encountered the "Natural World" A Preliminary Discussion on Mengxi Bitan and the Concept of Nature Daiwie Fu Although having studied Mengxi Bitan ( "Brush talks from the dream brook", Mengxi Mengxi from the perspective of western natural sciences, or if you will, through the glass of the concept of nature. But of course, to study or to understand Mengxi classification of knowledge, conceptual tools like the structure or network of the various sub-categories of knowledge would well prepare for us in handling great differences and changes constantly emerging in cultural and historical comparisons. Let me say a bit more about classification of knowledge, or categories for understanding our world. It’s true that we understand things by concepts and understand the world through groups of concepts (ie, categories) plus a specific structure ‘S’ connecting these groups of concepts. Now suppose we have two cultures C1 and C2 in different space-time, with corresponding structures S1 and S2 for understanding the world. Suppose C1 wants to understand things in C2 and to understand them only through the structure of S1. We might call such kind of understanding an one-dimensional, or even "hegemonic" (if in colonial contexts), understanding. From this perspective, many western or modern studies in the history of non-western sciences are such kind of one-dimensional understanding, no matter how much respect and admiration they might have predisposed toward these non-western sciences. The many earlier studies of

65. Pa Kua (BaGua) Page / Hsing-I Martial Arts Institute taught him the secrets of Pa kua to preserve the health he had restored. Tung’sskill became so high that eventually he was challenged by Kuo Yun shen (a lot http://www.hsing-i.com/pa_kua/phist.html

PA KUA (BAGUA) HISTORY PA KUA CHANG - is attributed most often to Tung Hai Chuan around the latter 17th century, although there is no real historical evidence to support this claim. The story is that Tung was wondering around a mountainous area of China, freezing and starving to death when he was rescued and nurtured back to health by a reclusive Taoist hermit who then taught him the secrets of Pa Kua to preserve the health he had restored. There are numerous systems of Pa Kua being practiced across the globe today. An exact count would be difficult but most scholars say that there exist somewhere between twelve and twenty main styles. Pa Kua is based largely on the philisophical premises found withing the "I Ching" but also incorporates concepts of the Five Elements and some animal movement. The correlation to animal movement, however, will not be as apparent to the eye as it is in Hsing I Chuan. As with many things Chinese, the numerous periods of cultural upheaval and the enormous age of the Chinese society have their toll on the known history of Pa Kua Chang (BaGuaZhang). Lost manuscripts, books burned and oral traditions have all contributed to an overall and nearly complete denigration of the history of this martial art form. In fact, it was not until this century that an effort was made to retrace this lost history. So, the martial arts history passed down to us is fairly vague indeed. After thousands of years of development, there have been countless numbers of martial arts spanning every period of Chinese cultural history. Also, many of the most highly skilled martial artists have, by personal choice, avoided publicity and practiced in seclusion. More than two thirds of the Chinese martial arts originated within spiritual pursuits such as Buddhism, Taoism, and Islam. Many of these practitioners chose seclusion aid them in the cultivation of enlightenment. Martial arts were only a part of their training as they developed themselves both mentally and physically. Add to this the fact that most of the Chinese population was illiterate, even in the last century, and that many martial arts masters simply preferred to keep it secreted away in their mind, it was very difficult to compile and record history. In order to preserve the essence of the arts, the secrets of each style were often compiled into a series songs or poems which could be easily remembered.

66. PA-KUA Training Program - Master Lins Chang – Fixed step Wheel Palm 10) Ting Bu Pao Chang – Fixed step Embrace Palm11) Ting Bu Yu shen Pa kua Chang – Fixed Step Swim Body Pakua long Routine. http://masterlins.cfw2.com/page.asp?content_id=1092

67. Tim's Shen Wu Discussion Board: Started My First PA KUA Lesson Yestoday!! Started my first PA kua lesson yestoday!! Tim s shen Wu DiscussionBoard Ba Gua Zhang Started my first PA kua lesson yestoday!! http://www.shenwu.com/discus/messages/21/1373.html?1068842034

68. Tim's Shen Wu Discussion Board: Ba Gua Zhang Ba Gua Zhang. Tim s shen Wu Discussion Board Ba Gua Zhang Stop having sexNovember 30 1103 pm 159. Started my first PA kua lesson yestoday!! http://www.shenwu.com/discus/messages/21/21.html?1084918463

69. Z.E.N. / CH'AN : Willkommen Zur ART Galeria Unseres SHEN-TAO-CHI. Sehen Sie Übu Translate this page Innenhof der Archiv-Bibliothek. Unser shen-TAO-CHI. I-CHING PA-kua (die 8 Zeichen)in der sogenannten Ordnung des Frühen Himmels der inneren Welt. http://www.tao-chi.info/CHAN-Meditation/SHEN-TAO/SABEL_05/SHEN-TAO_ART-Galery/sh

SHEN-TAO-CHI ART GALERIE: Unsere Bilder aus den Archiven der Waffen zur Läuterung des Geistes mußten aus Speicherplatzgründen verlagert werden. Sie finden die neuen Seiten unseres Shen - Tao -05 - Archivs hier Wegen der besseren Bildqualität heißt die erste Übung der Inneren Kampfkünste : Geduld Viel Spaß auf dem Surf-Weg und unseren Dank für Euer Interesse HeiHo Tao-Chi Dojo Duisburg im Mai 2002: Shaolin-Meister Bernd Grätz, Bewahrer der Tao-Chi Shaolin Archive zeigte die 5 Positionierungen mit dem Langschwert Danke für Ihren Besuch, und viel Spaß beim surfen - auf einem guten WEG - HeiHo Kursangebote seminare sight-seeing Ob im Kampf oder im täglichen Leben. Wannimmer der Krieger sich überlegeneren Mächten gegenüber sieht, hält er inne und zieht sich für eine Weile zurück. Hast Du Probleme, mit denen Du nicht umgehen kannst, dann laß alles los, wende Deinen Geist ab und beschäftige Dich für eine Zeit mit etwas anderem. Alles kann genommen werden. Dies ist das 5. Prinzip der Meister der Kampfkunst

70. SHEN, Das Antike Symbol Für Den Geist Translate this page Innenhof der Archiv-Bibliothek. Unser shen-TAO-CHI. Ein guter WEG. TÉ GUI SHÉ. Danneinen guten WEG. PA-kua. Die 8 Zeichen des I-CHING (Wandlungsbuch ca. http://www.tao-chi.info/TAO-Meditation/Archiv_der_Symbole/SHEN____Der_GEIST/SHEN

rechts: Lü Dong Bing genannt der Ur-Ahn Lü, einer der 8 Unsterblichen der Daoistischen Mythologie (R. Wilhelm, Chinesische Märchen) Lesen Sie mehr über die Lehren in unseren Texten zu den Kalligraphien der 3 Schätze CHI CHING und SHEN Die Meister des WEGES übten sich in der Kunst des Loslassens, um ihren Geist wieder zu klären. Sie konnten Worte und Ideen beiseite legen. Sie konnten ablassen von Meinungen und Erwartungen. Sehen Sie hier Tafeln aus der FENG-SHUI-Symbolik zur Harmonisierung des Wohnraumes (Originale im DOJO Duisburg). Mehr Information hierüber bei den Übungen der Meister der Elementarschule. TAO-SYMBOLE Text zum TAO Über die Tao-Meditation Die 3 Schätze SHEN Kalligraphien Text CHI Kalligraphien Text CHING Kalligraphien Text Die Lehre von den 5 Elementen YIN und YANG Tai-Chi Ch’uan Kalligraphie Workshop Das I-GING: ... Kalligraphien PA-KUA - 8 Ur-Symbole Kursangebote Duisburg Mülheim Krefeld Seminare im TAO-CHI TAO-TE KING "Das BUCH vom WESEN, dem WEG und der KRAFT" Die 81 Schriften des alten Meisters Lao-Tze (60) Das große Land regieren ist wie das Kochen kleiner Fische.

71. Hsing-I Martial Arts Institute / Hsing-I Tales Article approval. Kuo Yunshen and Tung Hai Chuan . At the time, there was aPa-kua practitioner named Tung Hai-Chuan, whose skill was renowned. http://www.hsing-i.com/hsing-i_journal/tales1.html

Hsing I History - Hsing I Tales Translated by Robert Brewer Throughout the history of Hsing-I, Pa Kua and Tai Chi Chuan there have been many masters of legendary stature. The stories about them, while not always based in verifiable historical fact, are nonetheless important for what they tell us about the sp irit of each master's art, as well as giving us a wonderful glimpse of times and traditions of a bygone age. Through Hsing-I Tales, I hope to make available as many of these anecdotes as possible. Hope you enjoy them! Kuo Yun-Shen Kuo Yun-Shen's given name was Yu-Sheng. He was born in China's Hebei Province, in a town called Hsi Luo Ma Chuang. He was short in stature, standing only about shoulder-high to most men, but he was strong and healthy by nature. He is said to have been the best disciple to ever have studied under Master Li Luo-Neng. No matter when he fought, using Peng Chuan ("Crushing Fist"; one of the five elemental forms of Hsing-I) and its half-step he could fell any opponent. No-one could stand against his use of P eng Chuan, and he was known throughout the Empire as Ban Bu Peng Kuo; Kuo of the Half-Stepped Crushing-Fist. Kuo was a violent man who loved to fight. Because of this, he committed not a few violent acts, as we will see below.

72. Shen Nung Y Huang Ti : El Estadista Iluminado. La época De Los Cinco Legislador Translate this page Por esto shen Nung es venerado en China como el padre de la agricultura. Se le representacasi siempre sosteniendo a un niño. Los ocho trigramas o pa kua se http://www.yinyangandtaichichuan.org/historia/huangti.html

Koh Samui Hotel Reservation. Koh Samui Reservation Booking. Koh Samui Hotels. Koh Samui Restaurants. ... Koh Phangan Restaurants. Directorio de meditacion. Directorio de salud. Directorio de taichi. Directorio de historia. Meditation subdomain. English subdomain. España. Portada. Indice. Indice letrado. Directorio. Meditacion. Historia del Taichi. Religion. Etica. Medicina. Tao Te King. Iluminacion. Wu Wei. Enlaces. Promesa. Bibliografia. Consultas. Contacto. Grupo. Guia. Autor. Portada. Indice. Taichi. Meditacion. ... Jordi. Shen Nung y Huang Ti : Shen Nung y Huang Ti : El Estadista Iluminado. La época de los Cinco Legisladores. periodo 2738-2696AC. condujo al invento y posterior desarrollo del arado. Por esto Shen Nung es venerado en China como el padre de la agricultura. Se le representa casi siempre sosteniendo a un niño. Los ocho trigramas o pa kua se habian convertido en los 64 chi. oráculo de meditacion y se le consultaba ante las situaciones difíciles. fué el sistematizador de la medicina herbal china. sus efectos y aprender su uso.

73. Pa Kua Chang (Ba Gua Zhang) Kung Fu: 804-794-8384 [FYI Page #12] and reediting of an article that first appeared in the PA kua CHANG JOURNAL themost popular stories that have been told are those about the Ba shen or Eight http://www.pa-kua.com/fyi12/fyib12.htm

=[Back Issue]= FYI Page FYI Page - Edition #12 .............................................................................................................. August 2000 *** Welcome *** to the Ba Gua Zhang (Pa Kua Chang) Website of Sifu Park Bok-Nam! We hope that you will find this site to be interesting and informative, and will use it as a starting point for learning more about the Ba Gua Zhang of Lu Shui-Tian. We have been fortunate to receive a number of awards for this website and wish to extend our thanks and appreciation to the grantors of these awards. You can view them by clicking on AWARDS = THIS EDITION = Featured in this edition of the FYI Page: ANNOUNCEMENTS BA GUA "EIGHT IMMORTALS" SWORD 2000 SUMMER TRAINING CAMP Return to This Edition Index ... Go To Bottom FYI Page - Edition #12 ................................................................................................................ August 2000 = ANNOUNCEMENTS = Links to all Back Issues of the FYI Page are available on the Reference Information page. They contain articles on many important topics that are of particular interest to serious Qi Gong (Chi Kung) and Ba Gua Zhang (Pa Kua Chang) practitioners. So, don't forget to check them out. Update 09/07/00 - the article "Where is the Value in Your Practice?"

74. Pa Kua Chang (Ba Gua Zhang) Kung Fu: 804-794-8384 [FYI Page #3] will indeed remarkably resemble the movements of a snake and have inspired furtherdescriptive analogies of Pa kua movement such as yu shen (swimming body) or http://www.pa-kua.com/fyi3/fyib3.htm

=[Back Issue]= FYI Page FYI Page - Edition #3 ................................................................................................................................. August 1997 *** Welcome *** to the Pa Kua Chang (Ba Gua Zhang) Website of Sifu Park Bok-Nam! We hope that you will find this site to be interesting and informative, and will use it as a starting point for learning more about the Pa Kua Chang of Lu Shui-Tian. = THIS EDITION = Featured in this edition of the FYI Page: PRINCIPLE - NOT JUST A WORD! REFLEX BODY RESPONSE DEVELOPING THE "KUNG FU BODY" 1997 SUMMER TRAINING CAMP ... Go To Bottom FYI Page - Edition #3 ................................................................................................................................... August 1997 PRINCIPLE - NOT JUST A WORD! by Francis Hriadil, Boston Student Group [The following is a summary of a conversation I had with Master Park Bok-Nam in August on the meaning and use of the term "principle" in the Pa Kua Chang of Lu Shui-Tian. I found it to be informative and have included it for the benefit of all interested students and readers.] M aster Park places a strong emphasis on the "underlying principles" that form the basis of the Pa Kua Chang of Lu Shui-Tian. Since the groundbreaking work, "

75. LuoPan Shop Translate this page Einer der frühesten Texte, die ein Nord-Süd-Anzeigegerät beschreiben,ist der Text von shen-kua, geschrieben im Jahre 1088. Dies http://www.luopan-shop.de/frameset_d.html

Diese Seite verwendet Frames. Die nachfolgenden Informationen bekommen Sie angezeigt wenn Ihr Browser keine Frames unterstützt. Herzlich willkommen im Luopan Shop! Ein Luopan, auch Luo Pan oder Lo Pan, ist das typische Werkzeug für professionelle Feng Shui Berater und/oder Meister. Im Prinzip ist es ein Kompass, bei dem man noch etliche zusätzliche Informationen zum Feng Shui der Umgebung ablesen kann. Diese Informationen sind in konzentrischen Ringen um die Mitte angeordnet. Je nach Ausbildung wird ein solcher Luopan einige wenige bis hin zu über dreißig verschiedenen Ringen haben. Wir sind sehr stolz, dass wir Ihnen Luopans in mehreren verschiedenen Größen anbieten können: Vom kleinen Kompass zum überallhin mitnehmen bis hin zum Profi Luopan mit ca. 36 cm Kantenlänge. Alle Luopans haben eine Grundplatte aus MDF oder Holz und die Drehscheibe besteht aus massivem Messing. Es handelt sich hierbei um hochwertigste Präzisionswerkzeuge, die unter der Aufsicht chinesischer Experten hergestellt werden. Im Angebot sind original chinesische San Yuan, San He und Zong He Luopans, die wir selber importieren.

76. Exploring The Uses Of Magnetism shenkua, a Chinese mathematician and instrument maker, was the first person tomention the use of a compass for navigation. He lived from 1030 to 1093. http://www.msnucleus.org/membership/html/k-6/as/physics/4/asp4_6a.html

Applied Science - Physics (4B) Post Lab OBJECTIVES: Investigating the historical development of magnetism. Exploring the uses of magnetism. VOCABULARY: compass electromagnets lodestone magnetite motor MATERIALS: Internet Students use the internet to explore the history of magnetic substances. BACKGROUND: Discuss the history of magnetism. The ancient Greeks noted magnetism in the mineral magnetite or lodestone. In a Greek myth, a shepherd boy named Magnes, thrust his iron staff into a hole containing magnetite and found to his dismay that he was unable to remove it. (Students can find magnetite if they take a magnet to some beaches and drop it in the sand. What sticks to the magnet is usually magnetite.) Socrates and Plato noted magnetism in some of their writings. It is also said that 2,300 years ago, Ptolemy Philadelphos had a temple at Alexandria made from magnetite so he could suspend a statue in mid-air. His experiment didn't work. Magnetite loses its magnetic quality over time. Magnetism gets its name from the Magnates, inhabitants of Magnesia and named by the Greeks, where lodestone is very abundant.

77. Pa Kua Chang Curriculum comprising the Pa kua Chang curriculum Fundamentals; Solo Form PracticeLong Hsing Pa kua You shen Chang; Jou Pao Tin; Bian Pu Pa kua Chang. http://www.tienshanpai.org/tienshanpai/curriculum/pakua.shtml

home tien shan pai organization curriculum ... Curriculum : Pa Kua Chang Listed below are the forms and techniques comprising the Pa Kua Chang curriculum: Fundamentals Solo Form Practice Long Hsing Pa Kua You Shen Chang Jou Pao Tin Bian Pu Pa Kua Chang Pa Kua Weapons Pa Kua Dao (Broadsword) Pa Kua Jian (Straightsword) Pa Kua Fei Long Shuang Jian (Pa Kua Flying Twin Straightswords) Pa Kua Gwun (Pa Kua Long Staff) Pa Kua Pushing Hands Self Defense Applications Power Training Chan Chuan (Standing Meditation) Chin Choa (Sitting Medititation)

78. Overview Article On Pa Kua Another legend involves the famous HsingI master Guo Yun shen. So, from that timeon until the present, it is not unusual to see Pa-kua Chang practitioners http://www.chiflow.com/pakua_overview.htm

Pa Kua Overview www.Chiflow.com Pa-Kua, or Eight Diagrams, has basically two symbols referred to as Pre-Heaven and Post-Heaven. A philosophical understanding of these two symbols, their aspects and their properties, can lead one to discover the multiple aspects that lay beyond the even basic 64 hexagrams. The purpose of Pa-Kua Chang (Eight Diagrams Palm) practice is to harmonize the aspects of these two symbols within ourselves to advance ourselves mentally, physically, and spiritually. When the student is able to harmonize the polar aspects of the Pre-Heaven symbol with the cyclic aspects of the Post-Heaven symbol, the student really can grasp not only the free style application of the art, but the curved line of the Tai Chi symbol. For it is the curved line, or S Curve, which is the combination of the polar and cyclic aspects. The Pre-Heaven Eight Trigrams were supposedly developed by the Emperor Fu Hsi around the year of 2900 B.C. Legend has it that Fu Hsi received his inspiration as a gift from a flying dragon that came out of the Yellow River. Fu Hsi, may or may not have been the original developer of the Pre-Heaven Pa-Kua. Legend further has it that he taught the people of the early Yellow river civilization how to cook and live in harmony with nature. However, around 2200 B.C. legend has it that the climate began to change and flooding was more prevalent along the banks of the Yellow River. Also around this time a new symbol, that was supposedly developed by the Emperor Yu, appeared to offer answers and explanations for the changes that were happening in Fu Hsi's harmonious world.

79. Pa Kua Chang (Ba Gua Zhang) rising in fame in Bejing (Peking) Dong (Tung) was challenged by Kuo Yenshen of Hsing Thechief exercise of Baguazhang (pa-kua ch uan) is walking the circle . http://www.key-arts.co.uk/pakuachang/pakua_nets.htm

Baguazhang (Pa Kua Chang) Eight Palm Boxing more pages Book a tailored Masterworks Key Art media in ... -click here for more information Baguazhang is an internal martial art and exercise form which can only be reliably traced as far back as the late 19th century. The name means "Eight Diagrams (or Trigrams) Palm." It is sometimes written instead as Pa Kua Chang - Pa Kua Ch’uan -Baguaquan, or simply abbreviated to Bagua. Baguazhang is soundly linked to Taijiquan (T’ai Chi Ch’uan), and Xingyiquan (Hsing I) which are sometimes referred to as the "Three Sister Arts". These internal martial arts rely heavily on the classical and cosmological views developed in Taoist alchemy and medicine for their foundations. To understand the complexity of internal Chinese martial arts a brief excursion into Taoist thinking is worthwhile for any serious enquiry. The Foundation Thinking of Baguazhang is Rooted in Philosophy Baguazhang (Pa Kua Chang - Pa-kua ch'uan) is purportedly derived from the metaphysical diagrams generated from the I-Ching -The Book of Changes. Oldest parts date from 800BC more recent 200AD.The I-Ching was originally a collection of linear signs, perhaps best seen as code. (not unlike binary code) Below are typical examples arranged in hexa-gram sets.

80. ACCS/ Message From Grandmaster: Pa Kua Chang (rotating palm). Later it was renamed Pa kua Jou shen Lien HuanChang (supply body continuous palm). It s more than likely http://www.kungfu.org/messagegm14.shtml

Pa Kua T he most misunderstood of the Internal Arts is Pa Kua Zhang (Eight Trigram Boxing) which is only now becoming familiar to the American people. In fact it still has a long way to go before it will be as recognized as Tai Chi Ch'uan. The average person may not have heard of Tung Hai Ch'uan also known as Cheng Ying-Fang. He was a native of Hebei Province. His home town Chu Chia Wu. Although his exact birth date is not known, it is safe to say he was born sometime between 1796 and 1816. The latest data extracted from the Pa Kua Journals indicated some research was done which traced Tung Hai-Ch'uan's life through some of his family relations and concluded that 1813 was probably the year of Tung's birth. Although there is no record of Tung's birth, we know he died in 1882, from the tomb which bears the date of his demise. On his tomb is also inscribed a list of Tung's followers, some of whom we will speak of later. It is thought Tung died when he was in his sixties. No one can be sure of Tung's early life but researchers believe he was involved with the martial arts from an early age. The region of his birth, in fact, was very popular for its martial arts. Various sources indicate that it was one of the many styles of Shao-lin. It would be a good guess to assume he studied the early root systems of Shao-lin like LoHan or Hung Ch'uan (Red Fist). Of course each village in China had its own distinct version of Shao-lin, so it nearly impossible to state the exact styles that Tung favored. It is enough to know that he had a very good foundation in martial arts and that he became quite good at Shao-lin fairly early in his life.

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