41. The Last Viking: Viking Press And Viking Ships advanced strategic weapons today. shen kua, in his Dream Pool Essaysof 1086, gives the following illuminating story In the HsiNing http://www.spirasolaris.ca/sbb4g1av.html

PART I: VIKING PRESS AND VIKING SHIPS In some years now, you can do the Northwest Passage almost in a rowboat The Vancouver Sun, Jan 30, 2003. PLUNDERERS AND BLUNDERERS? Suddenly, it seemed, the northern seas were swarming with lean, low-hulled predators with snarling dragon figureheads, manned by men of reckless courage and invincible ferocity. Everywhere they went they plundered, burned and raped. Holy Church in particular was a target for their insensate violence, and ecclesiastical treasures looted from unsuspecting chapels and monasteries flowed back into Scandinavia in an unending stream: ' In a word, although there were an hundred hard steeled iron heads on one neck, and an hundred sharp, ready, never-rusting brazen tongues in every head, and an hundred garrulous, loud, unceasing voices from every tongue, they could not recount or narrate or enumerate or tell what all the people of Ireland suffered in common, both men and women, laymen and priests, old and young, noble and ignoble, of hardship and injury and oppression in every house from these ruthless, wrathful, foreign, purely pagan people.' It was the shrill and outraged gibbering of priests, like the writer of this passage from

42. 11th Century shen kua of China develops the magnetic compass. 1086, William I of Englandorders The Doomsday Book compiled listing slaves as assets of landowners. http://www.gocreate.com/History/ra11.htm

Right Ahead Left Behind 11th Century Chinese invent magnifying glass. Crusaders sack Jerusalem, killing 40,000. Crusaders begin slaughtering French Jews. Pope Urban II begins the first of eight Crusades. Shen Kua of China develops the magnetic compass. William I of England orders The Doomsday Book compiled listing slaves as assets of landowners. Constantine the African, disguised as a monk, compiles medical works and helps free medicine from religious hands. Pope Gregory VII excommunicates all married priests. Pope Benedict IX sells papacy to Gregory VI. Chinese begin printing with movable type. Lady Godiva removes a heavy tax burden imposed on her people by riding naked on a horse through the streets of Coventry. Guido d'Arezzo introduces names for pitches the octave scale. Guido d'Arezzo develops the invents modern musical notation. Arab physician Ibn Sina publishes his Canon of Medicine Boleslav the Brave frees Poland from the Holy Roman Empire. Japanese baroness Shikibu Murasaki publishes The Tale of Genji Germany begins to persecute heretics.

43. Geoffrey Nunberg - Timeline civil and canon law. c. 1050 The Chinese mathematician shen kua writesfirst description of movable type. 1086 William the Conqueror http://www-csli.stanford.edu/~nunberg/timeline.html

Timeline of the History of Information This is a pretty arbitrary list of landmarks in the history of information (whatever those might be), which I compiled for the Encyclopedia Britannica with the historian Daniel Brownstein. c. 20,000 B.C. Cave painting is widespread in Eurasia. 3500 B.C. Earliest use of clay bullae in Sumer, envelopes bearing marks that correspond to clay tokens inside; the precursor of the Sumerian writing system. 3100 B.C. Earliest cuneiform markings representing words in Sumer, first language-based writing system. c. 3000 B.C. In Egypt, the earliest instances of hieroglyphic writing appear on slabs of slate in chapels and tombs. The papyrus roll and clay tablet soon become the dominant surfaces of writing. c. 2800 B.C. Egyptians introduce lunar calendar of 365 days as a civil calendar. c. 2500 B.C. Ink is in use in both Egypt and China. c. 1800 B.C. Earliest known samples of Chinese writing, which originated well before this date. c. 1800 B.C. The Babylonians are using an early form of the abacus. c. 1500 B.C. Water clocks are used in Egypt.

44. SLIDE LIST ARTH 330 EAST ASIAN ART Li Ch’eng, Ch’ient’ang mountains, shen kua. TRAVELERS AMID MOUNTAINS ANDSTREAMS (COPY) (462), late Ming or early Qing period. Xie He, Qianlong dynasty. http://www.towson.edu/~kfugelso/SlideListEaAsSpr02.htm

SLIDE LIST ARTH 330 EAST ASIAN ART NEOLITHIC CHINA Qing, Ming, Yalu, Emperor Kuang-hsu, Minister K’ang Yu-wei, Hupei, Wuchang, Manchu, Peking Man (Sinanthropus pekinensis), J. Gunnar Andersson, Chou-k’ou-tien, Middle Pleistocene, Lan-t’ien county, Shensi, Paleolithic, Yang-shao-ts’un, Honan, Kansu, Late Chou, Corridor Steppes, Henan-Shanxi-Shaanxi, Yangshao, Banpo, Wei River, Xi’an, wattle and daub PAINTED BOWL (10) , ca 4000 BCE zoomorphic, cowrie shells GU BEAKER (11) , ca. 2000 BCE Weifang, Shandong, Longshan culture, Henan Province, Shang, Yangshao, Gansu, Zinghai, Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangzi, Guangdong province SOUTHERN PAINTED POT , 3rd-4th millenium BCE Ban Chieng DIVINATION BONE , 12th century BCE Liaoning, Manchuria, Shandong, Jiangsu CONG PRISM (12) , ca. 2000 BCE Liangzhu culture, Sidun, Wujin county, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Guangdong, nephrite, jadeite, Khotan, Nanyang, Honen, Hsu Shen, Shuo-wen Chieh-tzu , Confucius NEOLITHIC AMPHORA , 5th-4th millenium BCE Yangshao LI TRIPOD (13) , late Neolithic period Anyang, Henan

45. Multiculturalism In Science century. (Reiss, 1993) Another source recalls that an ancient Chinesescholar, shen kua had invented the compass circa AD 1070. (Barba http://educ.queensu.ca/~science/main/profdev/mcpdjd02.html

Multiculturalism in Science PHYSICS: Magnetism There are recordings of the use of compasses in China as early as 114 AD, and as early as 1086 on how they are made. The Chinese also knew that a piece of cooling iron can acquire a slight magnetism from the Earth's field provided the iron is oriented north-south as it cools (magnetic remanence) by the eleventh century. (Reiss, 1993) Another source recalls that an ancient Chinese scholar, Shen Kua had invented the compass circa A.D. 1070. (Barba et al, 1992) Grade 12 Physics, Electromagnetism Electric Light Bulb The light bulb as designed by Edison in 1879 only lasted a week. Lewis Howard Latimer an African-American scientist was born from parents who had recently escaped slavery. He invented a light bulb that would last for months and went on to become the Chief designer for the installation of electric lights in Canada. (Reiss, 1993) Grade 12 Physics, Electricity “The Real McCoy” This phrase comes from an African-American from Ontario, Elijah McCoy. His contributions to automotive lubrication systems were so successful that it gave rise to the phrase “the real McCoy”. By the time McCoy died in 1929 he held over 50 patents. (Reiss, 1993) Grade 12 or OAC Physics, Mechanics, discussion of friction “Newton's ? First Law”

46. Young-Earth Creationism effectively causing the movement of continents over very long periods of time,and in the late 11th centgury, the Chinese scientist shen kua theorized that http://www.stardestroyer.net/Creationism/YoungEarth/Hartman-7.shtml

Introduction Conspiracy of Silence Radiometric Dating Unsolved Mysteries ... Conclusion Young-Earth Creationism Conclusion He finishes his argument with lies and hypocrisy. He proudly pats himself on the back for identifying all sorts of evidence which supposedly points to a young Earth (although as I've shown above, he's sadly mistaken), but he admits that it's silly to take the Bible so literally that you can assign precise time figures from life spans and generations. Naturally, it doesn't seem to occur to him that anything less than absolute 100% literal interpretation is merely an admission that the Bible is not the literal truth, in which case there's no reason to run around using it as evidence in a debate about scientific theories. I've carefully avoided mentioning the genealogical "proof" of the age of mankind, because counting "begats," as you put it, is not a very good method to determine passage of time. But it is very interesting that a lot of the scientific evidence points to a much younger earth than the evolutionists were (and still are) looking for, isn't it? Like all YECs, he starts with a pre-ordained conclusion and hunts for any data which seems to fit, while ignoring the question of mechanisms, thermodynamics, and the fact that the vast majority of the data

47. The Invention Of Movable Type The Invention of Movable Type. By shen kua. As late as the Tang dynasty the productionof books by block printing was still practiced on a limited scale. http://www.silk-road.com/artl/movableprt.shtml

The Invention of Movable Type By Shen Kua As late as the Tang dynasty the production of books by block printing was still practiced on a limited scale. It was not until the time of the Late Tang (923-936) that the government, upon the recommendation of its prime minister Feng Tao, first sponsored the reproduction of the Five Classics by block printing. From then on practically all important books were produced by block printing. During the Ch'ing-li period (1041-1048) a commoner named Pi Sheng first invented the movable type. Each type was made of moistened clay upon which was carved one Chinese character. The portion that formed the character was as thin as the edge of a small coin. The type was then hardened by fire and thus made permanent. To proceed with the process of printing, a printer smeared an iron plate with a mixture of turpentine, resin, wax, and burned paper ash. Pieces of movable type were then placed on the plate closely together and were arranged in such a way as to reflect the text of a book to be printed. They were confined within the plate by an iron fence fastened tightly to the plate. The iron plate was then placed on a gentle fire in order to melt the mixture type so that the heads of all pieces would appear on the same level. The plate was then ready for printing.

48. Sketches Of The History Of Electromagnetics southnorth orientation. 1086, shen kua s Dream Pool Essays make thefirst reference to compasses used in navigation. 1155 - 1160, http://history.hyperjeff.net/electromagnetism_slim.html

Back to the Full version Jeff Biggus Part of the HyperJeff Network Sketches of a History of Classical Electromagnetism (Optics, Magnetism, Electricity, Electromagnetism) last updated Monday, 14-Jan-2002 00:20:30 CST A n t i q u i t y Many things are known about optics: the rectilinearity of light rays; the law of reflection; transparency of materials; that rays passing obliquely from less dense to more dense medium is refracted toward the perpendicular of the interface; general laws for the relationship between the apparent location of an object in reflections and refractions; the existence of metal mirrors (glass mirrors being a 19th century invention). ca BC Euclid of Alexandria (ca 325 BC - ca 265 BC) writes, among many other works, Optics, dealing with vision theory and perspective. Convex lenses in existence at Carthage. cent BC Chinese fortune tellers begin using loadstone to construct their divining boards, eventually leading to the first compasses. (Mentioned in Wang Ch'ung's Discourses weighed in the balance of 83 B.C.)

49. Timelinescience - 1000 To 1100 shen kua, a Chinese scientist, writes his Dream Pool Essays in 1086.In these he outlines the principles of erosion, sedimentation http://www.timelinescience.org/years/1100.htm

1001 to 1100 Setting the scene The world is still largely undiscovered. People in one country or continent know little or nothing about people or ideas elsewhere. Much of the flourishing of scientific thought is taking place in China and what is now known as the Middle East. The science Omar Khayyam makes observations which allow the Muslim calendar to be reformed so that it agrees with the movements of stars in the heavens. In 1066 a large comet is sighted. In Britain it is thought to be connected to the invasion of William the Conqueror from France. It will revisit Earth in 1985/6 - we know it today as Halley's comet. Tseng Kung-Liang describes magnetised 'iron fish' that float in water and can be used for finding south. Shen Kua , a Chinese scientist, writes his Dream Pool Essays in 1086. In these he outlines the principles of erosion, sedimentation and uplift which are still used in earth science today. He also makes the first known reference to the use of a magnetic compass for navigation. In most regions where records are kept, disease is regarded as the result of evil spirits or a punishment from the gods. Treatment is very hit-and-miss, using herbs and local ingredients. Even when it works - as it sometimes does - the reasons are not understood.

50. Hanson Gallery Carmel shen kua, a critic of Chinese painting during the eleventh century, suggests, that a painting is a fragment, chosen as it were at random, yet profoundly http://www.hansongallerycarmel.com/alexia_scott/

ARTISTS EVENTS STAFF NEWS HOME Alexia Scott California Rt. 166 #2 Big Sur Everglades #3 1963 North Dakota Road #2 ... Russian River, CA Shen Kua, a critic of Chinese painting during the eleventh century, suggests, "that a painting is a fragment, chosen as it were at random, yet profoundly significant of eternity. What the artist records is not a single visual confrontation but an accumulation of experience touched off by one moment’s exaltation before the beauty of nature." This ideology of painting is the basis, and working structure for the pastel landscapes of Alexia Scott. Her landscapes began as an experiment in color and form. They are an attempt to distill the first impression from the landscape; creating the visual evidence and enthusiasm for a moment, or an event of nature. Many of her landscapes are created on location as well as in the studio; both using the experience of each other to create the new work. Once away from the location, the memory of the event, and her knowledge of the visual expression dominate the work. The artist relates that, "The work now becomes what I want to say; not a copy of what I have seen." Ms. Scott is influenced by the philosophy of ink painting; mentally forming the work; then spontaneously constructing the work, which allows for the greatest enthusiasm and spirit visible in the painting.

51. HTML\Wetenschap\990202weet03 Het is de Chinees shen kua die in 1088 als eerste beschrijft hoe een magnetisch gemaaktenaald op de rand van een beker of drijvend in water zichzelf altijd in http://oud.refdag.nl/series/uitvindingen/990202weet03.html

Wetenschap 2 februari 1999 Het 'klokje' dat altijd naar het noorden wijst Door W. G. Hulsman Een kompas is iets voor tovenaars, niet voor zeelui. Kapiteins van Europese schepen wagen zich in de 12e en 13e eeuw niet aan zo'n apparaat. Van Arabieren hebben ze pas nog over de grote Magneetberg gehoord. Van achter de horizon trekt die alle schepen met een kompas naar zich toe. Levensgevaarlijk. Lang staan de Europese zeevaarders wantrouwend tegenover het 'klokje' dat altijd naar het noorden wijst. De Arabieren hebben het instrument wel al volop in gebruik. Een Arabische handelaar heeft het hulpmiddel meegebracht uit het Verre Oosten. Het schijnt een vinding van de Chinezen te zijn. Peregrinus Via handelaars komt het handige 'wegwijzertje' in het Midden-Oosten en uiteindelijk in Europa terecht. Of kenden de Grieken het kompas al ? In de volgende eeuw komt de kompasnaald op een punt te staan, eerst vrij in de lucht, later in water, waardoor de naald vrijwel wrijvingsloos en vrij van trillingen kan draaien. Al snel daarna verschijnt de wind- of kompasroos onder de naald. Nu is direct af te lezen in welke windrichting de reis gaat. Scheepslieden kunnen inmiddels niet meer zonder het navigatiemiddel. Voor het kompas in gebruik raakt, varen ze vooral op het zicht, op eerdere ervaringen en op de stand van zon en sterren. Nu hebben ze een handig hulpmiddel om de koers te bepalen. Noord is noord.

52. Web-Kindler : Index Nach Den Namen Der Verfasser Translate this page Renshi zhuan .. HSG N 15 411 shen kua .. s. SHENGua .. SHEN Tao .. s. SHEN Dao .. http://www.ude.de/wk/verfasser.html

W EB -K INDLER Werke chinesischer Literatur im "Kindler" Index nach den Namen der Verfasser Die Quellenangaben verweisen durch ein "K" auf das Kindlers Literaturlexikon oder durch ein "N" auf das Neues Kindler Literaturlexikon, danach folgt jeweils die Angabe des Bandes und die Spalten- bzw. Seitenzahl. Web-Kindler Verfasser Titel dt. Titel ... Albrecht Ude Berlin Version 5.2 www.ude.de/wk/verfasser.html Web-Kindler Verfasser Titel deutsche Titel ... Seitenanfang

53. Chinese And China Resources. China And Mathematics Includes information about Chung Ch i, Yang Hui, shen kua, Ch in ChiuShao, Zhang Heng, Hsien Chung Wang and Chu ShihChien. Development http://www.the-gallery-of-china.com/chinese-math.html

Chinese Paintings The Galleries Link to this page The Gallery of China First-time Visitor? Visit our Chinese Art Homepage Chinese Mathematics Add your site Tsinghua University, Applied Mathematics Department Information about the department and courses, plus links. In Chinese and English History of Chinese Mathematics An outline of the history of Chinese mathematics, including a chronology of mathematicians and mathematical works Mathematics and Mathematicians in Ancient China Includes information about Chung Ch'i, Yang Hui, Shen Kua, Ch'in Chiu Shao, Zhang Heng, Hsien Chung Wang and Chu Shih-Chien Development of Mathematics in Ancient China Shang numerals, Chinese mathematics texts, the discovery of zero. The art of calculation (suan chu) was both a practical and spiritual one, and covered a wide range of subjects from religion and astronomy to water control and administration Chinese Committees and Societies of Mathematics Includes the National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Academia Sinica, Institute of Mathematics, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of Mathematics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan Matteo Ricci Matteo Ricci, the Jesuit Priest, arrived in China in 1582 and was perhaps responsible for the first interaction between European and Chinese mathematics. Information and relevant links

54. Newton's Apple Season 15: Wilderness Training Almost a thousand years ago, the Chinese writer shen kua first describedthe use of a magnetic compass in navigation. At the time http://www.ktca.org/newtons/15/wilderness.html

To Purchase NEWTON'S APPLE videos and other science stuff, call 1-800-588-NEWTON Begin the lesson by asking these questions: Do you like hiking in the woods? What equipment do you take on a camping trip? Most camping areas have at least some comforts, such as trash removal, trails, and rest rooms, but real wilderness has none of those things. How would you plan for wilderness travel, such as climbing a mountain? How much and what kinds of food would you take? How would you find shelter, build a fire, and stay warm? How would you navigate with no trails or constructed landmarks? How would you avoid falling on a steep slope? What specialized equipment would you need? In 1997, four teenagers from Oregon won the Outside Adventure Grant for their proposal to climb Mt. Sir Sanford, a remote peak in the Canadian Rockies. To get there, these wilderness enthusiasts had to kayak and hike to the base of the mountain and then climb up a glacier to the peak. The group's winning proposal included tracking and documenting the habits of an endangered species of caribou along the way. The grant outfitted them for their expedition. As these outdoor adventurers could tell you, alpine climbing and snow travel require particular skills and knowledge. Climbers must have good strength and endurance. They must work effectively in the thin air at high altitude.

55. Magnetic Compass 1086 Magnetic Compass. Chinese scientist shen kua gives an accountof magnetic compass for navigation. Further info Magnetism http http://www.chemsoc.org/timeline/pages/1086.html

Magnetic Compass Chinese scientist Shen Kua gives an account of magnetic compass for navigation. Further info: Magnetism - http://www.tcd.ie/Physics/Magnetism/Magnetism/two.html National Maritime Museum - http://www.nmm.ac.uk/education/fact_files/fact_compass.html

56. Timeline 1000 To 1099 1030 The city of Tartu in Estonia was founded. (Hem, 4/96, p.24). 10301093In China shen kua was an engineer and high official Chinese astronomer. http://timelines.ws/1000_1099.HTML

Timeline Eleventh Century 1000-1099 CE Return to algis.com 1000 Jan 1, Stephen became the first king of Hungary. (SFEC, 8/8/99, p.T5) 1000 Oct 9, Leif Ericson discovered "Vinland." [see 1001] (MC, 10/9/01) c1000 An early Andean culture known as the Huari cultivated crops with complex irrigation systems back to this time. (NH, 10/02, p.62) 1000 AD Gunpowder was invented in China about this time. (V.D.-H.K.p.179) 1000 AD Scientists suspect that the sun was particularly bright for a period of time that is called the Medieval Optimum with global temperatures about 1 to 2 degrees higher than today. (NOHY, 3/90, p.127) c1000 The Sinagua Indians, in what is now Arizona, made granaries in the cliffs along the Verde River some 100 miles north of Phoenix. (SFEC, 9/28/97, p.T6) c1000 The Numic-speaking Shoshone Indians took part in a widespread migration out of the Cosos Mountains on the northwestern edge of the Mojave Desert about this time and populated a large portion of the western US. c1000 The Cahokia settlement in Southern Illinois numbered about 30,000.

57. À§´ëÇѼöÇÐÀÚ ¸ñ·Ï guberniya, Russia Died 27 March 1929 in Odessa, USSR Shen, shen kua Born 1031in Ch ient ang, Chekiang province (now Zhejiang), China Died 1095 in Ching-k http://www.mathnet.or.kr/API/?MIval=people_seek_great&init=S

58. PEHD 202 History The first mention of the magnetic compass was by shen kua, in Chinain 1088 AD Compasses for marine use took off in the 14001500 period. http://www.cofc.edu/~crsweb/sessoms/map&compass.htm

PEHD 252 – Outdoor Education May 2004 Maps Types of maps planimetric , topographic, land use, land cover, nautical, celestial, etc. Map Legend information typically found here includes: orientation, map scale, key, latitude and longitude, survey dates, photo revisions, declination, contour interval, tidal range, coordinates, quadrangle names, distance scale. Norths true north, magnetic north, and grid north. Contour lines a topographical map attempts to show a three dimensional perspective of the area by the use of contour lines which indicate changes in elevation. Map symbols the symbols are not to scale but are geometrically centered. Where do you find the key to these symbols? Common map scales 7.5 minute series map - displays an area of 7.5 minutes of latitude and longitude. 1:24,000 = 2.5 inches per mile. 15 minute series map - because it displays an area of 15 minutes of latitude and longitude. 1:62,500 = 1 inch per mile. Other map scales include the 1:100,000 and the 1:250,000 units of measure. Easy Map Reading Contours A contour line (CL) connects points of equal elevation.

59. 1070 To 1089 World History - Din Timelines x China ?+ shen kua b.1030 d.1093 gave an account of a magnetic compass for navigationin his work Dream Pool Essays. and other scientific observations. http://din-timelines.com/1070-1089_timeline.shtml

Din Timelines World History Timelines 1070 to 1089 x England ? Lanfranc becomes Archbishop of Canterbury. x Egypt ? A famine forced Al-Mustansir to send the women of Cairo to Baghdad to escape starvation. x England Castle at Old Sarum. x Possible founding date of the Hospital of St. John in Jerusalem + by Amalfi merchants x England Castles at Chester and Stafford begun. jun England Hereward the Wake sacks Peterborough Abbey. x Manzikert, the Byzantine army destroyed. x England ? Ely castle ordered. x England William I + puts down revolt. x Turks conquer Syria, Jerusalem + and parts of Palestine. x Seljuks defeat Byzantine army at Battle of Manzikert; they capture Jerusalem in 1076 x England Canterbury Cathedral rebuilt by Lanfranc. x England ? First Cathedral at Lincoln begun. x England Treaty of Abernethy. x Japan ? Ga-Sanjo abdicates in favor of his son Sadahito (the Emperor Shirakawa) but continues to work for Imperial independance from the Fujiwara. While most likely not the creator of the Insei (rule through cloistered emperors) system as he is sometimes described, Go-Sanjo and his son Shirakawa greatly diminish the Fujiwara influence at court. x England Old Sarum Cathedral.

60. An Ancient City And Capital people. The scientific figure shen kua and Bi Sheng, who invented movabletype, furthered the progress of Chinese civilization. These http://www.wl-expo.com/20030101/ca424890.htm

Home Summary News Projects ... leisureyou An Ancient City and Capital As the old saying has it ¡°On high, Heaven On Earth, Hangzhou and Suzhou¡±. This heavenly city, Hangzhou, has long been known as a paradise of leisure activities. As the venue of the 2006 World Leisure Expo, Hangzhou will achieve world-wide recognition as an ¡°Oriental Leisure Metropolis¡±. The 2006 Expo will also greatly promote the growth of Hangzhou¡¯s leisure enterprises as well as the city¡¯s popularity with tourists. For almost 10,000 years there have been people living in the Hangzhou area; we have already mentioned the Liangzhu Civilization. In the twenty-first Century BC, during his many travels to further hydraulic engineering in China, Emperor Yu of the Xia Dynasty once moored his boat by the town; a fact which gave Hangzhou its name. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty constructed the Grand Canal with its southern terminus at Hangzhou which greatly facilitated the city¡¯s economic and cultural development. In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries the Southern Song Dynasty had its capital in Hangzhou, bringing the city into the heart of national politics, economics and culture. Hangzhou then was not only the largest city in the whole country, but also one of the most prosperous metropolises in the world. Ever since ancient times Hangzhou has flourished as a southeastern scenic resort. During the course of its history, many national heroes have originated from Hangzhou, ranging from Yue Fei, the well-known anti-Tartar general during the Southern Song Period to Qiu Jin, heroine and martyr of the Revolution of 1911. The immortal poets, Bai Juyi of the Tang, and Su Dongpo of the Song were both governors of Hangzhou and both popular for their thoughtfulness to the common people. The scientific figure Shen Kua and Bi Sheng, who invented movable type, furthered the progress of Chinese civilization. These notable personages and a multitude of others have created the image of Hangzhou as a center of culture and civilization.

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