1. Shen Kua Home Free Essays Book Reports Astronomy shen kua shen kua. Astronomy201 Astronomer, shen kua shen kua was born in China in the year 1026. http://www.freeessays.cc/db/7/atc18.shtml

Home Free Essays Listing Book Reports Search Paper Writing ... Top 25 Sites Our free essays, book reports and paper writing database is supported with a powerful search engine. American History Art Essays Book Reports Business Essays ... Home > Astronomy > Shen Kua Shen Kua Browse essays using search option Access free essay links resource page Need help with paper writing services? var lnk = "http://www.freeessays.cc/"; var dsc = "FreeEssays.cc - free essays, paper writing, book reports"; var str = "Bookmark our site for future reference"; document.write(str) Words: 720 Resources: Can`t Find Your Essay? Our writers can help you with any essay topic, any form of report, any essay volume and level of writing. Fill in the request form to order your custom written essay or book report today! Category: Research Sites: Visit these research sites top 25 top 50 and top 100 for assistance with high quality paper writing samples.

2. III shen kua. shen kua was the most prominent of the polymathic statesmen who flourished in the in the capital judiciary. shen kua apparently, like a number of other http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~nsivin/shen.html

III Shen Kua Shen Kua was the most prominent of the polymathic statesmen who flourished in the Northern Sung. He was born in 1031, with registration at Ch’ien-t’ang [now Hangchow, Chekiang province], China, and died at Ching-k’ou , Jun prefecture (now Chinkiang, Kiangsu province) in 1095. Shen was the son of Shen Chou (ca. 978–1052) and his wife, whose maiden name was Hsu . Shen Chou came of a gentry family with neither large landholdings nor an unbroken tradition of civil service. He spent his life in minor provincial posts, with several years in the capital judiciary. Shen Kua apparently, like a number of other important southern intellectuals of his time, received his early education from his mother. A native of Soochow, known for its flourishing manufactures, commerce, and agriculture, she was forty-four or forty-five years old when he was born. Among other things, she taught him and his brother P’i the military doctrines of her elder brother Hsu Tung (ca. 976–ca. 1016). Shen’s background made it possible for him to enter the imperial bureaucracy, the only conventional road to advancement for educated people of his time. Unlike colleagues who came from the ancient great clans, he could count on few advantages save those earned by his striving and the full use of his talents. Shortly after he was assigned to the court, he became a confidant of the emperor and played a brilliant part in resolving the crises of the time. Within slightly over a decade, his career in the capital was ended by impeachment. After exemplary service in a provincial appointment and five years of meritorious military accomplishment, he was doubly disgraced and politically burnt out. The extremes of Shen’s career and the shaping of his experience in science and technology become comprehensible only if the pivotal circumstances of his time are first considered.

3. Shen Kua --  Encyclopædia Britannica MLA style " shen kua." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2004. Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service. APA style shen kua. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved April 10, 2004, from http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=69016

4. Scientific Revolution let me dwell briefly on the case of shen kua (1031 1095), one of the most versatile figures shen kua, in the second half of the eleventh century, made his http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~nsivin/scirev.html

Why the Scientific Revolution Did Not Take Place in China Or Didn't It? N. Sivin (Published in Sivin, Science in Ancient China, (Aldershot, Hants: Variorum, 1995), chapter VII) This essay makes the case for two conclusions. First, why the scientific revolution did not take place in China is not a question that historical research can answer. It commends attention to the fallacies that lead people to ask it. Second, a scientific revolution, by the criteria that historians of science use, did take place in China in the eighteenth century. It did not, however, have the social consequences that we assume a scientific revolution will have. It suggests that those assumptions are mistaken. Anyone who has looked into the history of science, technology, and medicine in the last generation or so has been aware that all the great civilizations of the ancient world had their own sophisticated traditions. The Chinese traditions, because they are recorded so fully, and because they were more independent of European influence than the Islamic and Indian ones, are particularly fascinating if we want to compare how understanding of Nature varies in different cultural circumstances. What the Chinese knew and did was explained by Chinese and Japanese historians beginning in the 1920's. My English colleague Joseph Needham began calling their work to the attention of educated people in the West, and encouraging them to add to it, in the 1950's. By now it is one of the most flourishing fields in the history of science, with perhaps a thousand specialists in China, Japan, Europe, the United States, and elsewhere.

5. Shen_Kua shen kua. Born 1031 in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, China Died 1095in Chingk ou, China. shen kua is also known as Shen Kuo or Shen Gua. http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Shen_Kua.html

Shen Kua Born: 1031 in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, China Died: 1095 in Ching-k'ou, China Click the picture above to see a larger version Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Shen Kua is also known as Shen Kuo or Shen Gua. His father was Shen Chou and his mother's family name was Hsu. Both seem to have been quite old when Shen Kua was born; his father being around 53 years old, and his mother about 44 or 45 years old. Shen Chou was a government official who moved around between various posts in the provinces before ending his career in the legal profession in the capital Kaifeng. Shen Kua's mother came from the Soochow region of China and played an extremely important role in her son's upbringing since all his early education came from his mother. When he was about nine years old, Shen Kua began to move around the country with his father as he went from one post to the next. The type of work that officials such as Shen Chou had to undertake was very varied, for he was involved in financial matters, in technical matters such as looking after the waterways and canals and overseeing major building projects, and he would have responsibilities for agriculture in the district to which he was posted. The young boy Shen Kua learnt much from observing his father at work, and having an extremely sharp mind, he took full advantage of the opportunities presented to him. Another local administrator who Shen Chou came to know and to admire was Wang Anshi. He was 10 years older than Shen Chou's son Shen Kua and soon Shen Kua also came to admire Wang Anshi's administrative skills, and also his idealism. When Shen Kua's father died in 1051, Wang Anshi composed his epitaph. As the son of an official, Shen Kua himself could become an official after the death of his father without taking the formal examinations which others were required to sit. He was appointed to his first minor official post in 1054 and this was followed by a number of other postings.

6. Shen Biography of shen kua (10311095) shen kua is also known as Shen Kuo or Shen Gua. His father was Shen Chou and have been quite old when shen kua was born; his father being http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Shen.html

Shen This biography is now under Shen Kua You should be automatically forwarded to the correct page. If your browser leaves you on this page, then press HERE JOC/EFR January 2004

7. References For Shen_Kua References for shen kua. Biography in 35. D Holzman, shen kua and hisMengch i pi-t an, T oung Pao (Leiden) 46 (1958), 260 -292. MK http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/References/Shen_Kua.html

References for Shen Kua Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990). Biography in Encyclopaedia Britannica. Books: J-C Martzloff, A history of Chinese mathematics (Berlin-Heidelberg, 1997). J-C Martzloff, (Paris, 1987). J Needham, Science and Civilisation in China (Cambridge, 1959). Articles: J Brenier, et al., Shen Gua (1031 -1091) et les Sciences, Revue d'Histoire des Sciences et de Leurs Applications L G Feng, On Shen Kuo's mathematical thinking (Chinese), Dongbei Shida Xuebao Fu Daiwie, A Contextual and Taxonomic Study of the 'Divine Marvels' and 'Strange Occurrences' in the Mengxi bitan, Chinese Science D Holzman, Shen Kua and his Meng-ch'i pi-t'an, T'oung Pao (Leiden) M K Siu, Pyramid, pile, and sum of squares, Historia Math. Q Z Yin, Kuo Shen's mathematical thinking and methodology (Chinese), J. Baoji College Arts Sci. Nat. Sci. Main index Birthplace Maps Biographies Index History Topics ... Anniversaries for the year JOC/EFR December 2003 School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland The URL of this page is: http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/References/Shen_Kua.html

8. Shen Kua Astronomer, Shen Kua Was Born In China I... shen kua Astronomer, shen kua was born in China in the year 1026.His shen kua Astronomer, shen kua was born in China i Shen http://www.instant-essays.com/astronomy/shen-kua.shtml

Home Donate Search Links document.write("Contact"); Shen Kua Astronomer, Shen Kua was born in China i... Shen noted that the greatest planetary anamoloy happened near stationary points. He proposed a model that suggested that the planet moved in the shape of a willow leaf attached to one side of a periphery circle. The way the planets changed thier direction of motion in respect to the stars was explained by the travel from one point of the leaf to the other. This served the same purpose as the epicycle served in Europe Shen's writings were in part considered to be the highest achievement in traditional Chinese mathematical astronomy. After his impeachment from office at the age of fifty-one Shen moved to a small piece of land in the country. It was there that Shen completed three books and an atlas of China. One of these books was called "Brush Talks From The Dream Brook". This book includes some of Shen Kua's most elaborate ideas on such things as regularities underlying the phenomenal, technical skills, deliberations of materia medica, and many miscellaneous notes. Word Count: 663 Home Essays Search Links document.write("Contact");

9. Astronomy It becomes even more i shen kua Astronomer, shen kua was born in Chinai shen kua Astronomer, shen kua was born in China in the year 1026. http://www.instant-essays.com/astronomy/

Home Donate Search Links document.write("Contact"); Astronomy Asteroids Danger Asteroids Danger The universe is a shooting gallery and earth is the bullseye. The earth is always under threat of a doomesday asteroid that will wipe out civilization. There are over one thousand asteroids traveling toward earth and on... Asteroids In Asteroids In our solar system today there are over 30 000 asteroids flying around in all directions colliding with other asteroids and planets not caring about the destruction they might convey. Our planet Earth is caught right in the middle of... Big Bang Theory Big Bang Theory It is always a mystery about how the universe began, whether if and when it will end. Astronomers construct hypotheses called cosmological models that try to find the answer. There are two types of models: Big Bang and... Big Bang Theory It is always a mystery about how the universe... Big Bang Theory It is always a mystery about how the universe began, whether if and when it will end. Astronomers construct hypotheses called cosmological models that try to find the answer. There are two types of models: Big Bang and Steady State. However,... Big Bang Theory It is always a mystery abou...

10. Encyclopædia Britannica au.) see Shen Ts’ungwen, Shen-hsi (prov., China) see Shensi, Shen-hsui (Buddhistpatriarch), shen kua (Chin. astron., math. and offi.), Shen Lung (Chin. myth. http://www.britannica.com/eb/index?search=Shelley, Percy Bysshe

11. The Complete History Of The Discovery Of Cinematography - The Beginning - 900BC shen kua presented his concept and understanding of the Mohist's 'collecting place'. He called it the Needham translated shen kua's Meng Chhi Pi Than (on the inversion of http://www.precinemahistory.net/900.htm

Hand Shadows are still one of the most primitive ways to mimick animals or people in motion. Part One of this chronology covers the larger portion of time, and names some of the philosophers, scientists, scholars, mathematicians and showmen who have played a major part in the discovery of the magic lantern, camera obscura effect and other devices which are so vital to this story. We would like to stress to the reader the importance of optics, light, lenses, light-sensitive substances and early chemistry in the overall growth of photography and ultimately, the movement of pictures. In commencing, let us go back a few years . ANTIQUITY The forms of animals in movement are discovered on the walls of caves throughout the world. One of the world's most noted caves for this is the Grotte de Lascaux in France. c. 3000 B.C.

12. Creative Essays - Free Essays, Free Term Papers, Free College Essays, Free Book shen kua. Astronomy 201 Astronomer, shen kua shen kua was born in Chinain the year 1026. shen kua was born to Shen Chou and his wife Hsa. http://www.freeessay.com/creative/astronomy/atc18.shtml

FREE COLLEGE ESSAYS Home Search Links document.write("Contact"); Top 100 Essay Sites Shen Kua Words: 720 Part of the

13. Timeline China To 1925 10301093 In China shen kua was an engineer and high official Chinese astronomer. In his1086 work "Dream Pool Essays " shen kua made the first reference to the magnetic compass http://www.timelines.ws/countries/CHINA.HTML

Timeline China to 1925 Return to algis.com China Business Strategy CIA Factbok: http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/ch.html Leon Poon: http://www-chaos.umd.edu/history/welcome.html ICL: http://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/law/chindx.html 3D Atlas: http://www.3DAtlas.com/countries/co_china.html Asian Studies: http://www.tntech.edu/www/acad/hist/asian.html Seke Wei: http://133.1.96.43/~seke/tsaou/romanize/eraname.html China means middle kingdom. (SFC, 11/23/96, p.E4) 580 Million BP Fossils of primitive multi-celled embryos with no bones or shells, possibly dating to this time, were found in 1998 in a phosphate mine near the town of Weng 'an in China's Guizhou province. (SFC, 2/5/98, p.A1,11) 530 Million Chengjiang fauna from the Yunnan Province of China. Specimens include: the arthropod Jianfengia, Facivermis, Trilobites (arthropod to 27"), Eldonia (a possible echinoderm), Microdictyon, Dinomischus, Sponges, Hyolith (possible mollusk), Anomalocaris, Xianguangia, and early brachiopods. (NG, V184, No. 4, Oct. 1993, R. Gore, p.133) 530 Million Fishlike creatures, early agnathans, with marks of an early spine were found in 1998 in the Chengjiang fossil field.

14. Shen shen kua. Born 1031 in shen kua commanded troops which defended hisprovince from attacks of the Khitan tribes. His troops lost http://intranet.woodvillehs.sa.edu.au/pages/resources/maths/History/Shn.htm

Shen Kua Born: 1031 in Ch'ien-t'ang, Chekiang province (now Zhejiang), China Died: 1095 in Ching-k'ou, China Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Welcome page Shen Kua commanded troops which defended his province from attacks of the Khitan tribes. His troops lost a battle and sustained heavy losses so he was relieved from his command and banished. This seems to have been fortunate as far as science is concerned since after he was banished he wrote his scientific works. He is famous for the first reference to a magnetic compass which occurs in his work Meng ch'i pi t'an (Dream Pool Essays). This book also contains his work on mathematics, astronomy, cartography, optics and medicine. Shen is also said to have constructed a celestial sphere and a bronze gnomon, a pointer whose shadow gives the time. In 1074 Shen devised a new calendar. Around 1080 Shen Kua claimed that fossilised plants were evidence for changes in climate. He recognised fossils of certain sea creatures in rock far from the sea and understood what this meant. Observing seashells in strata of the T'ai-hang Shan mountains, he deduced that these mountains, though now far from the sea, must once have been a sea shore. References (3 books/articles) Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Welcome page History Topics Index Famous curves index ... Search Suggestions JOC/EFR December 1996 The URL of this page is: http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Shen.html

15. Secured Online Order Form 1. shen kua (Added May.2004). Astronomer, shen kua was born in China in theyear 1026. His family had an unbroken tradition of being civil servants. http://www.activepapers.com/Essays/front/search.asp?category=141

16. Chinese Mathematics: Rebecca And Tommy Hsing. shen kua the author of Meng Chhi Pi Than discusses IHsing smethod. Infact, according to Needham J (1959), shen kua says-. http://www.roma.unisa.edu.au/07305/pc.htm

Permutations and Combinations In relation to the discovery of Permutations and Combinations is the chessboard problem. It is generally viewed that the chessboard problem reached Europe from China. The invention of chess in its modern form involves work with series, permutations and combinations and probability. One of the best known European medieval problems related to the Chinese chessboard is the problem involving the grains. The problem involves placing a number of grains on the chessboard i.e. one being put on the first square, two on the second, four on the third and so on in a geometrical progression. In the end the total amounts to:- Another famous problem is associated with a Thang monk by the name of I-Hsing. Shen Kua the author of Meng Chhi Pi Than discusses I-Hsing's method. Infact, according to Needham J (1959), Shen Kua says:- "The story tellers say that I-Hsing once calculated the total number of possible situations in chess and found he could exhaust them all. I thought about this a good deal and came to the conclusion that it is quite easy. But the number's involved cannot be expressed in the commonly used terms for number's. I will only briefly mention the large number's which have to be used. With two row (fang erh lu) and four pieces (tzu) the number of probable situations will be of 81 different kinds. With three rows and nine pieces the number will be 19,683. Using four rows and sixteen pieces the number will be 43,046,721 ... When the whole 361 places are used, the number will come to some figure (of the order of)

17. History Of Magnetism, Physics , Trinity College Dublin The Compass shen kua describes the magnetic device that changed theworld. This is one of the earliest magnetic compasses A floating http://www.tcd.ie/Physics/Schools/what/materials/magnetism/two.html

Introduction Myths and Origins Animal Magnetism The Electromagnetic Revolution ... Modern Magnets The Compass: Shen Kua describes the magnetic device that changed the world. This is one of the earliest magnetic compasses: A floating fish-shaped iron leaf, mentioned in the Wu Ching Tsung Yao which was written around 1040. The book describes how iron can be heated and quenched to produce thermoremanent magnetisation. The first clear account of suspended magnetic compasses in any language was written by Shen Kua in 1088. (left) Chinese and Portuguese compasses from the 16th century. The compass changed the world. It allowed Columbus' ship, the Santa Maria , to follow a Westerly course day and night to land on the coast of Hispaniola: The discovery of America in 1492. Chinese oceangoing junks, led by the eunuch admiral Shen He, plied routes to Cambodia, Ceylon, Java and discovered Africa. But such exploration was stopped in the Ming period, leaving the globe open for voyages of discovery by the European powers. Hard steel wire for the needles, originally exported from Damascus and Hyderabad, was later manufactured world-wide, although in these two pictures, both drawn around the 16th century, we can see quite a contrast in the working conditions prevalent in China and in England!

18. The First Magnetic Device - Magnetism And Spin Electronics - Physics - Trinity C The Compass shen kua describes the magnetic device that changed theworld. This is one of the earliest magnetic compasses A floating http://www.tcd.ie/Physics/Magnetism/Guide/compass.php

The First Magnetic Device Home News The Group Research ... CINSE The Compass: Shen Kua describes the magnetic device that changed the world This is one of the earliest magnetic compasses: A floating fish-shaped iron leaf, mentioned in the Wu Ching Tsung Yao which was written around 1040. The book describes how iron can be heated and quenched to produce thermoremanent magnetisation. The first clear account of suspended magnetic compasses in any language was written by Shen Kua in 1088. Chinese Compass Portuguese Compass The compass changed the world. It allowed Columbus' ship, the Santa Maria, to follow a Westerly course day and night to land on the coast of Hispaniola: The discovery of America in 1492. Chinese oceangoing junks, led by the eunuch admiral Shen He, plied routes to Cambodia, Ceylon, Java and discovered Africa. But such exploration was stopped in the Ming period, leaving the globe open for voyages of discovery by the European powers. Hard steel wire for the needles, originally exported from Damascus and Hyderabad, was later manufactured world-wide, although in these two pictures, both drawn around the 16th century, we can see quite a contrast in the working conditions prevalent in China and in England!

19. Decades History Search 1086, In China shen kua (10301093) gave an account of a magnetic compass fornavigation in his work “Dream Pool Essays.” The work also gave the first http://www.decades.com/ByDecade/1080-1089/1.htm

Historical Marker May 31, 1889 - A dam accross the Little Conemaugh River burst after heavy rains, sending a wall of water into Johnstown, PA. 2,209 people were killed. Jump to this decade... Subscribe... Battles of the Civil War See our new section... Decades Ago (May 31) Union defeats Confeder- ates at Battle of Fair Oaks Dam above Johnstown, PA bursts killing 2,209 people US troops arrive in Pe- king to help against Boxer Reb. Treaty of Vereeniging ends Boer War in South Africa Momotombo volcano erupts in Nicaragua 10,000 killed during naval Battle of Jutland 35 blocks of Tulsa, OK burned during race riots South Africa gains independence from Britain US offers peace proposal to North Vietnam more decades... Search For Search Keyword(s): (no keywords entered) Search Date(s): decade 1080-1089 Other Criteria: adjust settings must fall entirely in date range 10 Records Found Page: 1 of 1 Pages Select A Decade decades Albania and Albanians were mentioned for the first time in a historical record by a Byzantine emperor. ref#152 Henry V, Roman German king, emperor (1098/1111-25), was born.

20. Special Interest Around 1050 ad shen kua proposed that fossilized plants discovered near Yenchouwere evidence of radical change in climatic conditions in ages past. http://www.struggler.org/PetrifiedForest.html

Special Interest Petrified Forest National Park Their waters have roared and been troubled, the mountains have been troubled by His might. The mountains skipped like rams, and the hills like lambs. The earth trembled at the presence of the Lord. Fifteen cubits upward was the waters raised, and it covered all the high mountains. And there died all flesh that moved upon the earth, of flying creatures and cattle, and of wild beasts, and every reptile moving upon the earth (Psalms 45:3, 113:4; Genesis 7:20–21). So is this great and spacious sea, therein are things creeping innumerable, small living creatures with the great. . . there this dragon, whom Thou hast made to play therein (Psalm 103:27–28). All things hast Thou subjected under his feet . . . The birds of the air, and the fish of the sea, the things that pass through the paths of the sea. O Lord, our Lord, how wonderful is Thy name in all the earth (Psalm 8:6–8). About ninety years ago , Charles Fletcher Lummis, American author and editor (1859–1928), delivered himself of an "agnostic" judgment about Arizona's Petrified Forest. It may still be considered valid: "When you come to the Petrified Forest — well, one guess may be as good as another! The greatest geologists, the greatest botanists, have bumped their inconclusive heads against it in vain. . . It is the prime mystery in geology — the hardest nut, and the hardest wood, in the world." Although fascination with dinosaurs beginning in the nineteenth century led quickly to a common decision about the general significance of the Petrified Forest, the full story of this beautiful natural site is far from in.

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